chore: use postgres 17 (#10797)

# Which Problems Are Solved

The current cache interface implementation for postgres is not
compatible with Postgres18, since we rely on partitioned unlogged
tables, which are no longer supported.

# How the Problems Are Solved

Use postgres 17 and update compatibility in the docs.

# Additional Changes

None

# Additional Context

- requires backport to v3.x, v4.x

(cherry picked from commit f7fbd0cdfd)

.github/workflows/core-integration-test.yml

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ jobs:
       group: zitadel-public
     services:
       postgres:
-        image: postgres
+        image: postgres:17
         ports:
           - 5432:5432
         env: