DEV: Upgrade Rails to version 7.1 (#27539)

* DEV: Upgrade Rails to 7.1

* FIX: Remove references to `Rails.logger.chained`

`Rails.logger.chained` was provided by Logster before Rails 7.1
introduced their broadcast logger. Now all the loggers are added to
`Rails.logger.broadcasts`.

Some code in our initializers was still using `chained` instead of
`broadcasts`.

* DEV: Make parameters optional to all FakeLogger methods

* FIX: Set `override_level` on Logster loggers (#27519)

A followup to f595d599dd

* FIX: Don’t duplicate Rack response

---------

Co-authored-by: Jarek Radosz <jradosz@gmail.com>

Gemfile

@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ source "https://rubygems.org"
 
 gem "bootsnap", require: false, platform: :mri
 
-gem "actionmailer", "< 7.1"
-gem "actionpack", "< 7.1"
-gem "actionview", "< 7.1"
-gem "activemodel", "< 7.1"
-gem "activerecord", "< 7.1"
-gem "activesupport", "< 7.1"
-gem "railties", "< 7.1"
+gem "actionmailer", "~> 7.1.0"
+gem "actionpack", "~> 7.1.0"
+gem "actionview", "~> 7.1.0"
+gem "activemodel", "~> 7.1.0"
+gem "activerecord", "~> 7.1.0"
+gem "activesupport", "~> 7.1.0"
+gem "railties", "~> 7.1.0"
 gem "sprockets-rails"
 
 gem "json"