Grafana ships with built-in support for CloudWatch. This topic describes queries, templates, variables, and other configuration specific to the CloudWatch data source. For instructions on how to add a data source to Grafana, refer to [Add a data source]({{< relref "../add-a-data-source.md" >}}). Only users with the organization admin role can add data sources.
To access data source settings, hover your mouse over the **Configuration** (gear) icon, then click **Data Sources**, and then click the AWS Cloudwatch data source.
Grafana needs permissions granted via IAM to be able to read CloudWatch metrics and EC2 tags/instances/regions/alarms. You can attach these permissions to the IAM role or IAM user configured in the previous step.
Grafana is not able to load custom namespaces through the GetMetricData API. If you still want your custom metrics to show up in the fields in the query editor, you can specify the names of the namespaces containing the custom metrics in the _Namespaces of Custom Metrics_ field. The field accepts a multiple namespaces, separated by a comma.
#### X-Ray trace links
Link an X-Ray data source in the "X-Ray trace link" section of the configuration page to automatically add links in your logs when the log contains `@xrayTraceId` field.
The data source select will contain only existing data source instances of type X-Ray so in order to use this feature you need to have existing X-Ray data source already configured, see [X-Ray docs](https://grafana.com/grafana/plugins/grafana-x-ray-datasource/) for details.
The X-Ray link will then appear in the log details section which is accessible by clicking on the log row either in Explore or in dashboard [Logs panel]({{< relref "../../visualizations/logs-panel.md" >}}). To log the `@xrayTraceId` in your logs see the [AWS X-Ray documentation](https://docs.amazonaws.cn/en_us/xray/latest/devguide/xray-services.html). To provide the field to Grafana your log queries also have to contain the `@xrayTraceId` field, for example using query `fields @message, @xrayTraceId`.
The CloudWatch data source can query data from both CloudWatch metrics and CloudWatch Logs APIs, each with its own specialized query editor. You select which API you want to query with using the query mode switch on top of the editor.
To create a valid Metric Search query specify the namespace, metric name and at least one statistic.
If `Match Exact` is enabled, you also need to specify all the dimensions of the metric you’re querying, so that the [metric schema](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonCloudWatch/latest/monitoring/search-expression-syntax.html) matches exactly. If `Match Exact` is disabled, you can specify any number of dimensions by which you’d like to filter. Up to 100 metrics matching your filter criteria will be returned.
In this example, the query returns all metrics in the namespace `AWS/EC2` with a metric name of `CPUUtilization` and ANY value for the `InstanceId` dimension are queried. This can help you monitor metrics for AWS resources, like EC2 instances or containers. When new instances are created as part of an auto scaling event, they will automatically appear in the graph without you having to track the new instance IDs. This capability is currently limited to retrieving up to 100 metrics.
You can expand the [Query inspector](https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/panels/queries/#query-inspector-button) button and click `Meta Data` to see the search expression that is automatically built to support wildcards. To learn more about search expressions, visit the [CloudWatch documentation](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonCloudWatch/latest/monitoring/search-expression-syntax.html). By default, the search expression is defined in such a way that the queried metrics must match the defined dimension names exactly. This means that in the example only metrics with exactly one dimension with the name ‘InstanceId’ will be returned.
You can disable `Match Exact` to include metrics that have other dimensions defined. Disabling `Match Exact` also creates a search expression even if you don’t use wildcards. We simply search for any metric that matches at least the namespace, metric name, and all defined dimensions.
When defining dimension values based on multi-valued template variables, a search expression is used to query for the matching metrics. This enables the use of multiple template variables in one query and also allows you to use template variables for queries that have the `Match Exact` option disabled.
Search expressions are currently limited to 1024 characters, so your query may fail if you have a long list of values. We recommend using the asterisk (`*`) wildcard instead of the `All` option if you want to query all metrics that have any value for a certain dimension name.
The use of multi-valued template variables is only supported for dimension values. Using multi-valued template variables for `Region`, `Namespace`, or `Metric Name` is not supported.
You can create new time series metrics by operating on top of CloudWatch metrics using mathematical functions. Arithmetic operators, unary subtraction and other functions are supported and can be applied to CloudWatch metrics. More details on the available functions can be found on [AWS Metric Math](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonCloudWatch/latest/monitoring/using-metric-math.html)
As an example, if you want to apply arithmetic operations on a metric, you can do it by giving an id (a unique string) to the raw metric as shown below. You can then use this id and apply arithmetic operations to it in the Expression field of the new metric.
Please note that in the case you use the expression field to reference another query, like `queryA * 2`, it will not be possible to create an alert rule based on that query.
Left clicking a time series in the panel shows a context menu with a link to `View in CloudWatch console`. Clicking that link will open a new tab that will take you to the CloudWatch console and display all the metrics for that query. If you're not currently logged in to the CloudWatch console, the link will forward you to the login page. The provided link is valid for any account but will only display the right metrics if you're logged in to the account that corresponds to the selected data source in Grafana.
Metrics Query in the CloudWatch plugin is what is referred to as **Metric Insights** in the AWS console. It's a fast, flexible, SQL-based query engine that enables you to identify trends and patterns across millions of operational metrics in real time. It uses a dialect of SQL. The query syntax is as follows.
The following table provides basic explanation of the query keywords. For details about the Metrics Insights syntax, refer to the [AWS documentation](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/console/cloudwatch/metricsinsights-syntax).
| `FUNCTION` | Required. Specifies the aggregate function to use, and also specifies the name of the metric that is to be queried. Valid values are AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN, and SUM |
| `MetricName` | Required. For example, `CPUUtilization`. |
| `FROM` | Required. Specifies the source of the metric. You can specify either the metric namespace that contains the metric that is to be queried, or a SCHEMA table function. Some namespace examples are 1`AWS/EC2`, `AWS/Lambda`. |
| `SCHEMA` | Optional. Allows you to narrow down the query results to only the metrics that is an exact match or to metrics that do noy match. |
| `WHERE` | Optional. Filters the results to only those metrics that match your specified expression. For example, `WHERE InstanceType != 'c3.4xlarge'`. |
| `GROUP BY` | Optional. Groups the query results into multiple time series. For example, `GROUP BY ServiceName`. |
| `ORDER BY` | Optional. Specifies the order of time series that are returned. Options are `ASC`, `DESC`. |
| `LIMIT` | Optional. Limits the number of time series returned. |
For information about limits for the Metrics Insights, please refer to the [AWS documentation](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/console/cloudwatch/metricsinsights).
The code editor has a built in autocomplete feature that gives suggestions for keywords, aggregations, namespaces, metrics, labels and label values. The suggestions are shown when hitting space, comma or dollar character. You can also use the keyboard combination CTRL+Space.
The GetMetricData API requires that all queries have a unique ID. Use this field to specify an ID of choice. The ID can include numbers, letters, and underscore, and must start with a lowercase letter. If no ID is specified, grafana will generate an ID using the following pattern `query[refId of the current query row]`, e.g `queryA` for the first query row in the panel editor.
A period is the length of time associated with a specific Amazon CloudWatch statistic. Periods are defined in numbers of seconds, and valid values for period are 1, 5, 10, 30, or any multiple of 60.
If the period field is left blank or set to `auto`, then it calculates automatically based on the time range and [cloudwatch's retention policy](https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2016/11/cloudwatch-extends-metrics-retention-and-new-user-interface/). The formula used is `time range in seconds / 2000`, and then it snaps to the next higher value in an array of predefined periods `[60, 300, 900, 3600, 21600, 86400]` after removing periods based on retention. By clicking `Show Query Preview` in the query editor, you can see what period Grafana used.
1. Select the region and up to 20 log groups which you want to query.
1. Use the main input area to write your query in [CloudWatch Logs Query Language](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonCloudWatch/latest/logs/CWL_QuerySyntax.html).
You can also write queries returning time series data by using the [`stats` command](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonCloudWatch/latest/logs/CWL_Insights-Visualizing-Log-Data.html). When making `stats` queries in Explore, you have to make sure you are in Metrics Explore mode.
{{<figuresrc="/static/img/docs/v70/cloudwatch-logs-deep-linking.png"max-width="500px"class="docs-image--right"caption="CloudWatch Logs deep linking">}}
If you'd like to view your query in the CloudWatch Logs Insights console, simply click the `CloudWatch Logs Insights` button next to the query editor.
If you're not currently logged in to the CloudWatch console, the link will forward you to the login page. The provided link is valid for any account but will only display the right metrics if you're logged in to the account that corresponds to the selected data source in Grafana.
The Grafana [configuration]({{< relref "../../administration/configuration.md#aws" >}}) file includes an `AWS` section where you can customize the data source.
| `allowed_auth_providers` | Specifies which authentication providers are allowed for the CloudWatch data source. The following providers are enabled by default in OSS Grafana: `default` (AWS SDK default), keys (Access and secret key), credentials (Credentials file), ec2_IAM_role (EC2 IAM role). |
| `assume_role_enabled` | Allows you to disable `assume role (ARN)` in the CloudWatch data source. By default, assume role (ARN) is enabled for OSS Grafana. |
| `list_metrics_page_limit` | When a custom namespace is specified in the query editor, the [List Metrics API](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonCloudWatch/latest/APIReference/API_ListMetrics.html) is used to populate the _Metrics_ field and the _Dimension_ fields. The API is paginated and returns up to 500 results per page. The CloudWatch data source also limits the number of pages to 500. However, you can change this limit using the `list_metrics_page_limit` variable in the [grafana configuration file](https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/administration/configuration/#aws). |
Every time you pick a dimension in the query editor Grafana will issue a ListMetrics request. Whenever you make a change to the queries in the query editor, one new request to GetMetricData will be issued.
In Grafana version 6.5 or higher, all API requests to GetMetricStatistics have been replaced with calls to GetMetricData to provide better support for CloudWatch metric math and enables the automatic generation of search expressions when using wildcards or disabling the `Match Exact` option. While GetMetricStatistics qualified for the CloudWatch API free tier, this is not the case for GetMetricData calls.
AWS defines quotas, or limits, for resources, actions, and items in your AWS account. Depending on the number of queries in your dashboard and the number of users accessing the dashboard, you may reach the usage limits for various CloudWatch and CloudWatch Logs resources. Note that quotas are defined per account and per region. If you're using multiple regions or have set up more than one CloudWatch data source to query against multiple accounts, you need to request a quota increase for each account and each region in which you hit the limit.
To request a quota increase, visit the [AWS Service Quotas console](https://console.aws.amazon.com/servicequotas/home?r#!/services/monitoring/quotas/L-5E141212). For more information, refer to the AWS documentation for [Service Quotas](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/servicequotas/latest/userguide/intro.html) and [CloudWatch limits](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonCloudWatch/latest/monitoring/cloudwatch_limits.html).
