Prometheus: Introduce prometheus backend library (#83952)

* Move files to prometheus-library

* refactor core prometheus to use prometheus-library

* modify client transport options

* mock

* have a type

* import aliases

* rename

* call the right method

* remove unrelated test from the library

* update codeowners

* go work sync

* update go.work.sum

* make swagger-clean && make openapi3-gen

* add promlib to makefile

* remove clilogger

* Export the function

* update unit test

* add prometheus_test.go

* fix mock type

* use mapUtil from grafana-plugin-sdk-go

pkg/promlib/client/client.go

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+package client
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"path"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/models"
+)
+
+type doer interface {
+	Do(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error)
+}
+
+// Client is a custom Prometheus client. Reason for this is that Prom Go client serializes response into its own
+// objects, we have to go through them and then serialize again into DataFrame which isn't very efficient. Using custom
+// client we can parse response directly into DataFrame.
+type Client struct {
+	doer    doer
+	method  string
+	baseUrl string
+}
+
+func NewClient(d doer, method, baseUrl string) *Client {
+	return &Client{doer: d, method: method, baseUrl: baseUrl}
+}
+
+func (c *Client) QueryRange(ctx context.Context, q *models.Query) (*http.Response, error) {
+	tr := q.TimeRange()
+	qv := map[string]string{
+		"query": q.Expr,
+		"start": formatTime(tr.Start),
+		"end":   formatTime(tr.End),
+		"step":  strconv.FormatFloat(tr.Step.Seconds(), 'f', -1, 64),
+	}
+
+	req, err := c.createQueryRequest(ctx, "api/v1/query_range", qv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return c.doer.Do(req)
+}
+
+func (c *Client) QueryInstant(ctx context.Context, q *models.Query) (*http.Response, error) {
+	// We do not need a time range here.
+	// Instant query evaluates at a single point in time.
+	// Using q.TimeRange is aligning the query range to step.
+	// Which causes a misleading time point.
+	// Instead of aligning we use time point directly.
+	// https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/querying/api/#instant-queries
+	qv := map[string]string{"query": q.Expr, "time": formatTime(q.End)}
+	req, err := c.createQueryRequest(ctx, "api/v1/query", qv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return c.doer.Do(req)
+}
+
+func (c *Client) QueryExemplars(ctx context.Context, q *models.Query) (*http.Response, error) {
+	tr := q.TimeRange()
+	qv := map[string]string{
+		"query": q.Expr,
+		"start": formatTime(tr.Start),
+		"end":   formatTime(tr.End),
+	}
+
+	req, err := c.createQueryRequest(ctx, "api/v1/query_exemplars", qv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return c.doer.Do(req)
+}
+
+func (c *Client) QueryResource(ctx context.Context, req *backend.CallResourceRequest) (*http.Response, error) {
+	// The way URL is represented in CallResourceRequest and what we need for the fetch function is different
+	// so here we have to do a bit of parsing, so we can then compose it with the base url in correct way.
+	reqUrlParsed, err := url.Parse(req.URL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	u, err := c.createUrl(req.Path, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	u.RawQuery = reqUrlParsed.RawQuery
+
+	// We use method from the request, as for resources front end may do a fallback to GET if POST does not work
+	// nad we want to respect that.
+	httpRequest, err := createRequest(ctx, req.Method, u, bytes.NewReader(req.Body))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return c.doer.Do(httpRequest)
+}
+
+func (c *Client) createQueryRequest(ctx context.Context, endpoint string, qv map[string]string) (*http.Request, error) {
+	if strings.ToUpper(c.method) == http.MethodPost {
+		u, err := c.createUrl(endpoint, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		v := make(url.Values)
+		for key, val := range qv {
+			v.Set(key, val)
+		}
+
+		return createRequest(ctx, c.method, u, strings.NewReader(v.Encode()))
+	}
+
+	u, err := c.createUrl(endpoint, qv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return createRequest(ctx, c.method, u, http.NoBody)
+}
+
+func (c *Client) createUrl(endpoint string, qs map[string]string) (*url.URL, error) {
+	finalUrl, err := url.ParseRequestURI(c.baseUrl)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	finalUrl.Path = path.Join(finalUrl.Path, endpoint)
+
+	// don't re-encode the Query if not needed
+	if len(qs) != 0 {
+		urlQuery := finalUrl.Query()
+
+		for key, val := range qs {
+			urlQuery.Set(key, val)
+		}
+
+		finalUrl.RawQuery = urlQuery.Encode()
+	}
+
+	return finalUrl, nil
+}
+
+func createRequest(ctx context.Context, method string, u *url.URL, bodyReader io.Reader) (*http.Request, error) {
+	request, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, method, u.String(), bodyReader)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if strings.ToUpper(method) == http.MethodPost {
+		// This may not be true but right now we don't have more information here and seems like we send just this type
+		// of encoding right now if it is a POST
+		request.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
+		// This allows transport to retry request. See https://github.com/prometheus/client_golang/pull/1022
+		// It's set to nil so it is not actually sent over the wire, just used in Go http lib to retry requests.
+		request.Header["Idempotency-Key"] = nil
+	}
+	return request, nil
+}
+
+func formatTime(t time.Time) string {
+	return strconv.FormatFloat(float64(t.Unix())+float64(t.Nanosecond())/1e9, 'f', -1, 64)
+}

pkg/promlib/client/client_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+package client
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/models"
+)
+
+type MockDoer struct {
+	Req *http.Request
+}
+
+func (doer *MockDoer) Do(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	doer.Req = req
+	return &http.Response{
+		StatusCode: http.StatusOK,
+		Status:     "200 OK",
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func TestClient(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("QueryResource", func(t *testing.T) {
+		doer := &MockDoer{}
+		// The method here does not really matter for resource calls
+		client := NewClient(doer, http.MethodGet, "http://localhost:9090")
+
+		t.Run("sends correct POST request", func(t *testing.T) {
+			req := &backend.CallResourceRequest{
+				PluginContext: backend.PluginContext{},
+				Path:          "/api/v1/series",
+				Method:        http.MethodPost,
+				URL:           "/api/v1/series",
+				Body:          []byte("match%5B%5D: ALERTS\nstart: 1655271408\nend: 1655293008"),
+			}
+			res, err := client.QueryResource(context.Background(), req)
+			defer func() {
+				if res != nil && res.Body != nil {
+					if err := res.Body.Close(); err != nil {
+						fmt.Println("Error", "err", err)
+					}
+				}
+			}()
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.NotNil(t, doer.Req)
+			require.Equal(t, http.MethodPost, doer.Req.Method)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(doer.Req.Body)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Equal(t, []byte("match%5B%5D: ALERTS\nstart: 1655271408\nend: 1655293008"), body)
+			require.Equal(t, "http://localhost:9090/api/v1/series", doer.Req.URL.String())
+		})
+
+		t.Run("sends correct GET request", func(t *testing.T) {
+			req := &backend.CallResourceRequest{
+				PluginContext: backend.PluginContext{},
+				Path:          "/api/v1/series",
+				Method:        http.MethodGet,
+				URL:           "api/v1/series?match%5B%5D=ALERTS&start=1655272558&end=1655294158",
+			}
+			res, err := client.QueryResource(context.Background(), req)
+			defer func() {
+				if res != nil && res.Body != nil {
+					if err := res.Body.Close(); err != nil {
+						fmt.Println("Error", "err", err)
+					}
+				}
+			}()
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.NotNil(t, doer.Req)
+			require.Equal(t, http.MethodGet, doer.Req.Method)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(doer.Req.Body)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Equal(t, []byte{}, body)
+			require.Equal(t, "http://localhost:9090/api/v1/series?match%5B%5D=ALERTS&start=1655272558&end=1655294158", doer.Req.URL.String())
+		})
+	})
+
+	t.Run("QueryRange", func(t *testing.T) {
+		doer := &MockDoer{}
+
+		t.Run("sends correct POST query", func(t *testing.T) {
+			client := NewClient(doer, http.MethodPost, "http://localhost:9090")
+			req := &models.Query{
+				Expr:       "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [$__rate_interval]})",
+				Start:      time.Unix(0, 0),
+				End:        time.Unix(1234, 0),
+				RangeQuery: true,
+				Step:       1 * time.Second,
+			}
+			res, err := client.QueryRange(context.Background(), req)
+			defer func() {
+				if res != nil && res.Body != nil {
+					if err := res.Body.Close(); err != nil {
+						fmt.Println("Error", "err", err)
+					}
+				}
+			}()
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.NotNil(t, doer.Req)
+			require.Equal(t, http.MethodPost, doer.Req.Method)
+			require.Equal(t, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", doer.Req.Header.Get("Content-Type"))
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(doer.Req.Body)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Equal(t, []byte("end=1234&query=rate%28ALERTS%7Bjob%3D%22test%22+%5B%24__rate_interval%5D%7D%29&start=0&step=1"), body)
+			require.Equal(t, "http://localhost:9090/api/v1/query_range", doer.Req.URL.String())
+		})
+
+		t.Run("sends correct GET query", func(t *testing.T) {
+			client := NewClient(doer, http.MethodGet, "http://localhost:9090")
+			req := &models.Query{
+				Expr:       "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [$__rate_interval]})",
+				Start:      time.Unix(0, 0),
+				End:        time.Unix(1234, 0),
+				RangeQuery: true,
+				Step:       1 * time.Second,
+			}
+			res, err := client.QueryRange(context.Background(), req)
+			defer func() {
+				if res != nil && res.Body != nil {
+					if err := res.Body.Close(); err != nil {
+						fmt.Println("Error", "err", err)
+					}
+				}
+			}()
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.NotNil(t, doer.Req)
+			require.Equal(t, http.MethodGet, doer.Req.Method)
+			body, err := io.ReadAll(doer.Req.Body)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Equal(t, []byte{}, body)
+			require.Equal(t, "http://localhost:9090/api/v1/query_range?end=1234&query=rate%28ALERTS%7Bjob%3D%22test%22+%5B%24__rate_interval%5D%7D%29&start=0&step=1", doer.Req.URL.String())
+		})
+	})
+}

pkg/promlib/client/transport.go

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package client
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+	sdkhttpclient "github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/httpclient"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/data/utils/maputil"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/log"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/middleware"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/utils"
+)
+
+// CreateTransportOptions creates options for the http client.
+func CreateTransportOptions(ctx context.Context, settings backend.DataSourceInstanceSettings, logger log.Logger) (*sdkhttpclient.Options, error) {
+	opts, err := settings.HTTPClientOptions(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error getting HTTP options: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	jsonData, err := utils.GetJsonData(settings)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error reading settings: %w", err)
+	}
+	httpMethod, _ := maputil.GetStringOptional(jsonData, "httpMethod")
+
+	opts.Middlewares = middlewares(logger, httpMethod)
+
+	return &opts, nil
+}
+
+func middlewares(logger log.Logger, httpMethod string) []sdkhttpclient.Middleware {
+	middlewares := []sdkhttpclient.Middleware{
+		// TODO: probably isn't needed anymore and should by done by http infra code
+		middleware.CustomQueryParameters(logger),
+		sdkhttpclient.CustomHeadersMiddleware(),
+	}
+
+	// Needed to control GET vs POST method of the requests
+	if strings.ToLower(httpMethod) == "get" {
+		middlewares = append(middlewares, middleware.ForceHttpGet(logger))
+	}
+
+	return middlewares
+}

pkg/promlib/client/transport_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package client
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestCreateTransportOptions(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("creates correct options object", func(t *testing.T) {
+		settings := backend.DataSourceInstanceSettings{
+			BasicAuthEnabled: false,
+			BasicAuthUser:    "",
+			JSONData:         []byte(`{"httpHeaderName1": "foo"}`),
+			DecryptedSecureJSONData: map[string]string{
+				"httpHeaderValue1": "bar",
+			},
+		}
+		opts, err := CreateTransportOptions(context.Background(), settings, backend.NewLoggerWith("logger", "test"))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, map[string]string{"foo": "bar"}, opts.Headers)
+		require.Equal(t, 2, len(opts.Middlewares))
+	})
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/prom_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+package converter
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	sdkjsoniter "github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/data/utils/jsoniter"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/experimental"
+	jsoniter "github.com/json-iterator/go"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+const update = false
+
+var files = []string{
+	"prom-labels",
+	"prom-matrix",
+	"prom-matrix-with-nans",
+	"prom-matrix-histogram-no-labels",
+	"prom-matrix-histogram-partitioned",
+	"prom-vector-histogram-no-labels",
+	"prom-vector",
+	"prom-string",
+	"prom-scalar",
+	"prom-series",
+	"prom-warnings",
+	"prom-error",
+	"prom-exemplars-a",
+	"prom-exemplars-b",
+	"prom-exemplars-diff-labels",
+	"loki-streams-a",
+	"loki-streams-b",
+	"loki-streams-c",
+}
+
+func TestReadPromFrames(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, name := range files {
+		t.Run(name, runScenario(name, Options{}))
+	}
+}
+
+func runScenario(name string, opts Options) func(t *testing.T) {
+	return func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Safe to disable, this is a test.
+		// nolint:gosec
+		f, err := os.Open(path.Join("testdata", name+".json"))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		iter := jsoniter.Parse(sdkjsoniter.ConfigDefault, f, 1024)
+		rsp := ReadPrometheusStyleResult(iter, opts)
+
+		if strings.Contains(name, "error") {
+			require.Error(t, rsp.Error)
+			return
+		}
+		require.NoError(t, rsp.Error)
+
+		fname := name + "-frame"
+		experimental.CheckGoldenJSONResponse(t, "testdata", fname, &rsp, update)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTimeConversions(t *testing.T) {
+	// include millisecond precision
+	assert.Equal(t,
+		time.Date(2020, time.September, 14, 15, 22, 25, 479000000, time.UTC),
+		timeFromFloat(1600096945.479))
+
+	ti, err := timeFromLokiString("1645030246277587968")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	// Loki date parsing
+	assert.Equal(t,
+		time.Date(2022, time.February, 16, 16, 50, 46, 277587968, time.UTC),
+		ti)
+
+	ti, err = timeFromLokiString("2000000000000000000")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t,
+		time.Date(2033, time.May, 18, 3, 33, 20, 0, time.UTC),
+		ti)
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/loki-streams-a-frame.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+//  
+//  Frame[0] {
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "stats": {
+//              "ingester": {
+//                  "compressedBytes": 0,
+//                  "decompressedBytes": 0,
+//                  "decompressedLines": 0,
+//                  "headChunkBytes": 0,
+//                  "headChunkLines": 0,
+//                  "totalBatches": 0,
+//                  "totalChunksMatched": 0,
+//                  "totalDuplicates": 0,
+//                  "totalLinesSent": 0,
+//                  "totalReached": 0
+//              },
+//              "store": {
+//                  "chunksDownloadTime": 0.000390958,
+//                  "compressedBytes": 31432,
+//                  "decompressedBytes": 7772,
+//                  "decompressedLines": 55,
+//                  "headChunkBytes": 0,
+//                  "headChunkLines": 0,
+//                  "totalChunksDownloaded": 2,
+//                  "totalChunksRef": 2,
+//                  "totalDuplicates": 0
+//              },
+//              "summary": {
+//                  "bytesProcessedPerSecond": 3507022,
+//                  "execTime": 0.002216125,
+//                  "linesProcessedPerSecond": 24818,
+//                  "totalBytesProcessed": 7772,
+//                  "totalLinesProcessed": 55
+//              }
+//          }
+//      }
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 4 Fields by 6 Rows
+//  +---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+---------------------+
+//  | Name: __labels                        | Name: Time                              | Name: Line       | Name: TS            |
+//  | Labels:                               | Labels:                                 | Labels:          | Labels:             |
+//  | Type: []json.RawMessage               | Type: []time.Time                       | Type: []string   | Type: []string      |
+//  +---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+---------------------+
+//  | {"level":"error","location":"moon🌙"} | 2022-02-16 16:50:44.81075712 +0000 UTC  | log line error 1 | 1645030244810757120 |
+//  | {"level":"info","location":"moon🌙"}  | 2022-02-16 16:50:47.02773504 +0000 UTC  | log line info 1  | 1645030247027735040 |
+//  | {"level":"info","location":"moon🌙"}  | 2022-02-16 16:50:46.277587968 +0000 UTC | log line info 2  | 1645030246277587968 |
+//  | {"level":"info","location":"moon🌙"}  | 2022-02-16 16:50:46.277587968 +0000 UTC | log line info 2  | 1645030246277587968 |
+//  | {"level":"info","location":"moon🌙"}  | 2022-02-16 16:50:45.539423744 +0000 UTC | log line info 3  | 1645030245539423744 |
+//  | {"level":"info","location":"moon🌙"}  | 2022-02-16 16:50:44.091700992 +0000 UTC | log line info 4  | 1645030244091700992 |
+//  +---------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+---------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "status": 200,
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "stats": {
+              "ingester": {
+                "compressedBytes": 0,
+                "decompressedBytes": 0,
+                "decompressedLines": 0,
+                "headChunkBytes": 0,
+                "headChunkLines": 0,
+                "totalBatches": 0,
+                "totalChunksMatched": 0,
+                "totalDuplicates": 0,
+                "totalLinesSent": 0,
+                "totalReached": 0
+              },
+              "store": {
+                "chunksDownloadTime": 0.000390958,
+                "compressedBytes": 31432,
+                "decompressedBytes": 7772,
+                "decompressedLines": 55,
+                "headChunkBytes": 0,
+                "headChunkLines": 0,
+                "totalChunksDownloaded": 2,
+                "totalChunksRef": 2,
+                "totalDuplicates": 0
+              },
+              "summary": {
+                "bytesProcessedPerSecond": 3507022,
+                "execTime": 0.002216125,
+                "linesProcessedPerSecond": 24818,
+                "totalBytesProcessed": 7772,
+                "totalLinesProcessed": 55
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "__labels",
+            "type": "other",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "json.RawMessage"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Line",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "TS",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            {
+              "level": "error",
+              "location": "moon🌙"
+            },
+            {
+              "level": "info",
+              "location": "moon🌙"
+            },
+            {
+              "level": "info",
+              "location": "moon🌙"
+            },
+            {
+              "level": "info",
+              "location": "moon🌙"
+            },
+            {
+              "level": "info",
+              "location": "moon🌙"
+            },
+            {
+              "level": "info",
+              "location": "moon🌙"
+            }
+          ],
+          [
+            1645030244810,
+            1645030247027,
+            1645030246277,
+            1645030246277,
+            1645030245539,
+            1645030244091
+          ],
+          [
+            "log line error 1",
+            "log line info 1",
+            "log line info 2",
+            "log line info 2",
+            "log line info 3",
+            "log line info 4"
+          ],
+          [
+            "1645030244810757120",
+            "1645030247027735040",
+            "1645030246277587968",
+            "1645030246277587968",
+            "1645030245539423744",
+            "1645030244091700992"
+          ]
+        ],
+        "nanos": [
+          null,
+          [
+            757120,
+            735040,
+            587968,
+            587968,
+            423744,
+            700992
+          ],
+          null,
+          null
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/loki-streams-a.json

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+{
+    "status": "success",
+    "data": {
+      "resultType": "streams",
+      "result": [
+        {
+          "stream": {
+            "level": "error",
+            "location": "moon🌙"
+          },
+          "values": [
+            [
+              "1645030244810757120",
+                          "log line error 1"
+            ]
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "stream": {
+            "level": "info",
+            "location": "moon🌙"
+          },
+          "values": [
+            [
+              "1645030247027735040",
+                          "log line info 1"
+            ],
+            [
+              "1645030246277587968",
+                          "log line info 2"
+            ],
+            [
+              "1645030246277587968",
+                          "log line info 2"
+            ],
+            [
+              "1645030245539423744",
+                          "log line info 3"
+            ],
+            [
+              "1645030244091700992",
+                          "log line info 4"
+            ]
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "stats": {
+        "summary": {
+          "bytesProcessedPerSecond": 3507022,
+          "linesProcessedPerSecond": 24818,
+          "totalBytesProcessed": 7772,
+          "totalLinesProcessed": 55,
+          "execTime": 0.002216125
+        },
+        "store": {
+          "totalChunksRef": 2,
+          "totalChunksDownloaded": 2,
+          "chunksDownloadTime": 0.000390958,
+          "headChunkBytes": 0,
+          "headChunkLines": 0,
+          "decompressedBytes": 7772,
+          "decompressedLines": 55,
+          "compressedBytes": 31432,
+          "totalDuplicates": 0
+        },
+        "ingester": {
+          "totalReached": 0,
+          "totalChunksMatched": 0,
+          "totalBatches": 0,
+          "totalLinesSent": 0,
+          "headChunkBytes": 0,
+          "headChunkLines": 0,
+          "decompressedBytes": 0,
+          "decompressedLines": 0,
+          "compressedBytes": 0,
+          "totalDuplicates": 0
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/loki-streams-b-frame.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+//  
+//  Frame[0] {
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "stats": {
+//              "ingester": {
+//                  "compressedBytes": 0,
+//                  "decompressedBytes": 0,
+//                  "decompressedLines": 0,
+//                  "headChunkBytes": 0,
+//                  "headChunkLines": 0,
+//                  "totalBatches": 0,
+//                  "totalChunksMatched": 0,
+//                  "totalDuplicates": 0,
+//                  "totalLinesSent": 0,
+//                  "totalReached": 0
+//              },
+//              "store": {
+//                  "chunksDownloadTime": 0.000390958,
+//                  "compressedBytes": 31432,
+//                  "decompressedBytes": 7772,
+//                  "decompressedLines": 55,
+//                  "headChunkBytes": 0,
+//                  "headChunkLines": 0,
+//                  "totalChunksDownloaded": 2,
+//                  "totalChunksRef": 2,
+//                  "totalDuplicates": 0
+//              },
+//              "summary": {
+//                  "bytesProcessedPerSecond": 3507022,
+//                  "execTime": 0.002216125,
+//                  "linesProcessedPerSecond": 24818,
+//                  "totalBytesProcessed": 7772,
+//                  "totalLinesProcessed": 55
+//              }
+//          }
+//      }
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 4 Fields by 5 Rows
+//  +-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+---------------------+
+//  | Name: __labels                      | Name: Time                              | Name: Line       | Name: TS            |
+//  | Labels:                             | Labels:                                 | Labels:          | Labels:             |
+//  | Type: []json.RawMessage             | Type: []time.Time                       | Type: []string   | Type: []string      |
+//  +-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+---------------------+
+//  | {"level":"error","location":"moon"} | 2022-02-16 16:50:44.81075712 +0000 UTC  | log line error 1 | 1645030244810757120 |
+//  | {"level":"info","location":"moon"}  | 2022-02-16 16:50:47.02773504 +0000 UTC  | log line info 1  | 1645030247027735040 |
+//  | {"level":"info","location":"moon"}  | 2022-02-16 16:50:46.277587968 +0000 UTC | log line info 2  | 1645030246277587968 |
+//  | {"level":"info","location":"moon"}  | 2022-02-16 16:50:45.539423744 +0000 UTC | log line info 3  | 1645030245539423744 |
+//  | {"level":"info","location":"moon"}  | 2022-02-16 16:50:44.091700992 +0000 UTC | log line info 4  | 1645030244091700992 |
+//  +-------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+------------------+---------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "status": 200,
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "stats": {
+              "ingester": {
+                "compressedBytes": 0,
+                "decompressedBytes": 0,
+                "decompressedLines": 0,
+                "headChunkBytes": 0,
+                "headChunkLines": 0,
+                "totalBatches": 0,
+                "totalChunksMatched": 0,
+                "totalDuplicates": 0,
+                "totalLinesSent": 0,
+                "totalReached": 0
+              },
+              "store": {
+                "chunksDownloadTime": 0.000390958,
+                "compressedBytes": 31432,
+                "decompressedBytes": 7772,
+                "decompressedLines": 55,
+                "headChunkBytes": 0,
+                "headChunkLines": 0,
+                "totalChunksDownloaded": 2,
+                "totalChunksRef": 2,
+                "totalDuplicates": 0
+              },
+              "summary": {
+                "bytesProcessedPerSecond": 3507022,
+                "execTime": 0.002216125,
+                "linesProcessedPerSecond": 24818,
+                "totalBytesProcessed": 7772,
+                "totalLinesProcessed": 55
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "__labels",
+            "type": "other",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "json.RawMessage"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Line",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "TS",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            {
+              "level": "error",
+              "location": "moon"
+            },
+            {
+              "level": "info",
+              "location": "moon"
+            },
+            {
+              "level": "info",
+              "location": "moon"
+            },
+            {
+              "level": "info",
+              "location": "moon"
+            },
+            {
+              "level": "info",
+              "location": "moon"
+            }
+          ],
+          [
+            1645030244810,
+            1645030247027,
+            1645030246277,
+            1645030245539,
+            1645030244091
+          ],
+          [
+            "log line error 1",
+            "log line info 1",
+            "log line info 2",
+            "log line info 3",
+            "log line info 4"
+          ],
+          [
+            "1645030244810757120",
+            "1645030247027735040",
+            "1645030246277587968",
+            "1645030245539423744",
+            "1645030244091700992"
+          ]
+        ],
+        "nanos": [
+          null,
+          [
+            757120,
+            735040,
+            587968,
+            423744,
+            700992
+          ],
+          null,
+          null
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/loki-streams-b.json

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+{
+  "status": "success",
+  "data": {
+    "resultType": "streams",
+    "result": [
+      {
+        "stream": {
+          "level": "error",
+          "location": "moon"
+        },
+        "values": [
+          [
+            "1645030244810757120",
+						"log line error 1"
+          ]
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "stream": {
+          "level": "info",
+          "location": "moon"
+        },
+        "values": [
+          [
+            "1645030247027735040",
+						"log line info 1"
+          ],
+          [
+            "1645030246277587968",
+						"log line info 2"
+          ],
+          [
+            "1645030245539423744",
+						"log line info 3"
+          ],
+          [
+            "1645030244091700992",
+						"log line info 4"
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    ],
+    "stats": {
+      "summary": {
+        "bytesProcessedPerSecond": 3507022,
+        "linesProcessedPerSecond": 24818,
+        "totalBytesProcessed": 7772,
+        "totalLinesProcessed": 55,
+        "execTime": 0.002216125
+      },
+      "store": {
+        "totalChunksRef": 2,
+        "totalChunksDownloaded": 2,
+        "chunksDownloadTime": 0.000390958,
+        "headChunkBytes": 0,
+        "headChunkLines": 0,
+        "decompressedBytes": 7772,
+        "decompressedLines": 55,
+        "compressedBytes": 31432,
+        "totalDuplicates": 0
+      },
+      "ingester": {
+        "totalReached": 0,
+        "totalChunksMatched": 0,
+        "totalBatches": 0,
+        "totalLinesSent": 0,
+        "headChunkBytes": 0,
+        "headChunkLines": 0,
+        "decompressedBytes": 0,
+        "decompressedLines": 0,
+        "compressedBytes": 0,
+        "totalDuplicates": 0
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/loki-streams-c-frame.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+//  
+//  Frame[0] {
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ]
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 4 Fields by 2 Rows
+//  +-------------------------+-------------------------------+----------------+---------------------+
+//  | Name: __labels          | Name: Time                    | Name: Line     | Name: TS            |
+//  | Labels:                 | Labels:                       | Labels:        | Labels:             |
+//  | Type: []json.RawMessage | Type: []time.Time             | Type: []string | Type: []string      |
+//  +-------------------------+-------------------------------+----------------+---------------------+
+//  | {"label1":"value1"}     | 2022-06-17 06:49:51 +0000 UTC | text1          | 1655448591000000000 |
+//  | {"label2":"value2"}     | 2022-06-17 06:49:52 +0000 UTC | text2          | 1655448592000000000 |
+//  +-------------------------+-------------------------------+----------------+---------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "status": 200,
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ]
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "__labels",
+            "type": "other",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "json.RawMessage"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Line",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "TS",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            {
+              "label1": "value1"
+            },
+            {
+              "label2": "value2"
+            }
+          ],
+          [
+            1655448591000,
+            1655448592000
+          ],
+          [
+            "text1",
+            "text2"
+          ],
+          [
+            "1655448591000000000",
+            "1655448592000000000"
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/loki-streams-c.json

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+{
+  "status": "success",
+  "data": {
+    "resultType": "streams",
+    "result": [
+      {
+        "stream": {  "label1": "value1" },
+        "values": [["1655448591000000000", "text1"]
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "stream": { "label2": "value2"},
+        "values": [["1655448592000000000", "text2"]]
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/loki-streams-structured-metadata-frame.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+//  
+//  Frame[0] {
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ]
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 5 Fields by 1 Rows
+//  +----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
+//  | Name: __labels                         | Name: Time                        | Name: Line     | Name: TS            | Name: __labelTypes             |
+//  | Labels:                                | Labels:                           | Labels:        | Labels:             | Labels:                        |
+//  | Type: []json.RawMessage                | Type: []time.Time                 | Type: []string | Type: []string      | Type: []json.RawMessage        |
+//  +----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
+//  | {"label":"value","nonIndexed":"value"} | 2023-10-11 11:55:10.236 +0000 UTC | text           | 1697025310236000000 | {"nonIndexed":"S","label":"I"} |
+//  +----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "status": 200,
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ]
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "__labels",
+            "type": "other",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "json.RawMessage"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Line",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "TS",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "__labelTypes",
+            "type": "other",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "json.RawMessage"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            {
+              "label": "value",
+              "nonIndexed": "value"
+            }
+          ],
+          [
+            1697025310236
+          ],
+          [
+            "text"
+          ],
+          [
+            "1697025310236000000"
+          ],
+          [
+            {
+              "nonIndexed": "S",
+              "label": "I"
+            }
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/loki-streams-structured-metadata.json

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+{
+  "status": "success",
+  "data": {
+    "encodingFlags": [
+      "categorize-labels"
+    ],
+    "resultType": "streams",
+    "result": [
+      {
+        "stream": {
+          "label": "value"
+        },
+        "values": [
+          [
+            "1697025310236000000",
+            "text",
+            {
+              "structuredMetadata": {
+                "nonIndexed": "value"
+              }
+            }
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-error-frame.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//  
+//  ERROR: bad_data: invalid parameter "start": cannot parse "" to a valid timestamp🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "error": "bad_data: invalid parameter \"start\": cannot parse \"\" to a valid timestamp"
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-error.json

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+   "status": "error",
+   "errorType": "bad_data",
+   "error": "invalid parameter \"start\": cannot parse \"\" to a valid timestamp"
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-exemplars-a-frame.json

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+{
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "exemplar"
+          }
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {
+              "__name__": "test_exemplar_metric_total",
+              "instance": "localhost:8090",
+              "job": "prometheus",
+              "service": "bar"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "traceID",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "a",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1600096945479
+          ],
+          [
+            6
+          ],
+          [
+            "EpTxMJ40fUus7aGY"
+          ],
+          [
+            "not in next"
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "exemplar"
+          }
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {
+              "__name__": "test_exemplar_metric_total",
+              "instance": "localhost:8090",
+              "job": "prometheus",
+              "service": "foo"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "traceID",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1600096955479,1600096965489
+          ],
+          [
+            19,20
+          ],
+          [
+            "Olp9XHlq763ccsfa","hCtjygkIHwAN9vs4"
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-exemplars-a-frame.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+//  
+//  Frame[0] {
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "exemplar"
+//      }
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 4 Fields by 1 Rows
+//  +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+----------------+
+//  | Name: Time                        | Name: Value                                                                                       | Name: traceID    | Name: a        |
+//  | Labels:                           | Labels: __name__=test_exemplar_metric_total, instance=localhost:8090, job=prometheus, service=bar | Labels:          | Labels:        |
+//  | Type: []time.Time                 | Type: []float64                                                                                   | Type: []string   | Type: []string |
+//  +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+----------------+
+//  | 2020-09-14 15:22:25.479 +0000 UTC | 6                                                                                                 | EpTxMJ40fUus7aGY | not in next    |
+//  +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+----------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  
+//  Frame[1] {
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "exemplar"
+//      }
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 3 Fields by 2 Rows
+//  +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
+//  | Name: Time                        | Name: Value                                                                                       | Name: traceID    |
+//  | Labels:                           | Labels: __name__=test_exemplar_metric_total, instance=localhost:8090, job=prometheus, service=foo | Labels:          |
+//  | Type: []time.Time                 | Type: []float64                                                                                   | Type: []string   |
+//  +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
+//  | 2020-09-14 15:22:35.479 +0000 UTC | 19                                                                                                | Olp9XHlq763ccsfa |
+//  | 2020-09-14 15:22:45.489 +0000 UTC | 20                                                                                                | hCtjygkIHwAN9vs4 |
+//  +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "status": 200,
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "exemplar"
+          }
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {
+              "__name__": "test_exemplar_metric_total",
+              "instance": "localhost:8090",
+              "job": "prometheus",
+              "service": "bar"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "traceID",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "a",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1600096945479
+          ],
+          [
+            6
+          ],
+          [
+            "EpTxMJ40fUus7aGY"
+          ],
+          [
+            "not in next"
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "exemplar"
+          }
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {
+              "__name__": "test_exemplar_metric_total",
+              "instance": "localhost:8090",
+              "job": "prometheus",
+              "service": "foo"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "traceID",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1600096955479,
+            1600096965489
+          ],
+          [
+            19,
+            20
+          ],
+          [
+            "Olp9XHlq763ccsfa",
+            "hCtjygkIHwAN9vs4"
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-exemplars-a-golden.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+
+Frame[0] {
+    "custom": {
+        "resultType": "exemplar"
+    }
+}
+Name: 
+Dimensions: 4 Fields by 1 Rows
++-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+----------------+
+| Name: Time                        | Name: Value                                                                                       | Name: traceID    | Name: a        |
+| Labels:                           | Labels: __name__=test_exemplar_metric_total, instance=localhost:8090, job=prometheus, service=bar | Labels:          | Labels:        |
+| Type: []time.Time                 | Type: []float64                                                                                   | Type: []string   | Type: []string |
++-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+----------------+
+| 2020-09-14 15:22:25.479 +0000 UTC | 6                                                                                                 | EpTxMJ40fUus7aGY | not in next    |
++-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+----------------+
+
+
+
+Frame[1] {
+    "custom": {
+        "resultType": "exemplar"
+    }
+}
+Name: 
+Dimensions: 3 Fields by 2 Rows
++-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
+| Name: Time                        | Name: Value                                                                                       | Name: traceID    |
+| Labels:                           | Labels: __name__=test_exemplar_metric_total, instance=localhost:8090, job=prometheus, service=foo | Labels:          |
+| Type: []time.Time                 | Type: []float64                                                                                   | Type: []string   |
++-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
+| 2020-09-14 15:22:35.479 +0000 UTC | 19                                                                                                | Olp9XHlq763ccsfa |
+| 2020-09-14 15:22:45.489 +0000 UTC | 20                                                                                                | hCtjygkIHwAN9vs4 |
++-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
+
+
+====== TEST DATA RESPONSE (arrow base64) ======
+FRAME=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
+FRAME=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

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-exemplars-a.json

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+{
+    "status": "success",
+    "data": [
+        {
+            "seriesLabels": {
+                "__name__": "test_exemplar_metric_total",
+                "instance": "localhost:8090",
+                "job": "prometheus",
+                "service": "bar"
+            },
+            "exemplars": [
+                {
+                    "labels": {
+                        "traceID": "EpTxMJ40fUus7aGY",
+                        "a": "not in next"
+                    },
+                    "value": "6",
+                    "timestamp": 1600096945.479
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "seriesLabels": {
+                "__name__": "test_exemplar_metric_total",
+                "instance": "localhost:8090",
+                "job": "prometheus",
+                "service": "foo"
+            },
+            "exemplars": [
+                {
+                    "labels": {
+                        "traceID": "Olp9XHlq763ccsfa"
+                    },
+                    "value": "19",
+                    "timestamp": 1600096955.479
+                },
+                {
+                    "labels": {
+                        "traceID": "hCtjygkIHwAN9vs4"
+                    },
+                    "value": "20",
+                    "timestamp": 1600096965.489
+                }
+            ]
+        }
+    ]
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-exemplars-diff-labels-frame.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+//  
+//  Frame[0] {
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "exemplar"
+//      }
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 4 Fields by 2 Rows
+//  +-----------------------------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
+//  | Name: Time                        | Name: Value     | Name: traceID    | Name: ztraceID   |
+//  | Labels:                           | Labels:         | Labels:          | Labels:          |
+//  | Type: []time.Time                 | Type: []float64 | Type: []string   | Type: []string   |
+//  +-----------------------------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
+//  | 2020-09-14 15:22:35.479 +0000 UTC | 19              | Olp9XHlq763ccsfa |                  |
+//  | 2020-09-14 15:22:45.489 +0000 UTC | 20              |                  | hCtjygkIHwAN9vs4 |
+//  +-----------------------------------+-----------------+------------------+------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "status": 200,
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "exemplar"
+          }
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {}
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "traceID",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "ztraceID",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1600096955479,
+            1600096965489
+          ],
+          [
+            19,
+            20
+          ],
+          [
+            "Olp9XHlq763ccsfa",
+            ""
+          ],
+          [
+            "",
+            "hCtjygkIHwAN9vs4"
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-exemplars-diff-labels.json

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+    "status": "success",
+    "data": [
+        {
+            "exemplars": [
+                {
+                    "labels": {
+                        "traceID": "Olp9XHlq763ccsfa"
+                    },
+                    "value": "19",
+                    "timestamp": 1600096955.479
+                },
+                {
+                    "labels": {
+                        "ztraceID": "hCtjygkIHwAN9vs4"
+                    },
+                    "value": "20",
+                    "timestamp": 1600096965.489
+                }
+            ]
+        }
+    ]
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-exemplars-frame.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+//  
+//  Frame[0] {
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "exemplar"
+//      }
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 4 Fields by 1 Rows
+//  +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+----------------+
+//  | Name: Time                        | Name: Value                                                                                       | Name: traceID    | Name: a        |
+//  | Labels:                           | Labels: __name__=test_exemplar_metric_total, instance=localhost:8090, job=prometheus, service=bar | Labels:          | Labels:        |
+//  | Type: []time.Time                 | Type: []float64                                                                                   | Type: []string   | Type: []string |
+//  +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+----------------+
+//  | 2020-09-14 15:22:25.479 +0000 UTC | 6                                                                                                 | EpTxMJ40fUus7aGY | not in next    |
+//  +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+----------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  
+//  Frame[1] {
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "exemplar"
+//      }
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 3 Fields by 2 Rows
+//  +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
+//  | Name: Time                        | Name: Value                                                                                       | Name: traceID    |
+//  | Labels:                           | Labels: __name__=test_exemplar_metric_total, instance=localhost:8090, job=prometheus, service=foo | Labels:          |
+//  | Type: []time.Time                 | Type: []float64                                                                                   | Type: []string   |
+//  +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
+//  | 2020-09-14 15:22:35.479 +0000 UTC | 19                                                                                                | Olp9XHlq763ccsfa |
+//  | 2020-09-14 15:22:45.489 +0000 UTC | 20                                                                                                | hCtjygkIHwAN9vs4 |
+//  +-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "exemplar"
+          }
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {
+              "__name__": "test_exemplar_metric_total",
+              "instance": "localhost:8090",
+              "job": "prometheus",
+              "service": "bar"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "traceID",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "a",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1600096945479
+          ],
+          [
+            6
+          ],
+          [
+            "EpTxMJ40fUus7aGY"
+          ],
+          [
+            "not in next"
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "exemplar"
+          }
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {
+              "__name__": "test_exemplar_metric_total",
+              "instance": "localhost:8090",
+              "job": "prometheus",
+              "service": "foo"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "traceID",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1600096955479,
+            1600096965489
+          ],
+          [
+            19,
+            20
+          ],
+          [
+            "Olp9XHlq763ccsfa",
+            "hCtjygkIHwAN9vs4"
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-exemplars.json

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+{
+    "status": "success",
+    "data": [
+        {
+            "seriesLabels": {
+                "__name__": "test_exemplar_metric_total",
+                "instance": "localhost:8090",
+                "job": "prometheus",
+                "service": "bar"
+            },
+            "exemplars": [
+                {
+                    "labels": {
+                        "traceID": "EpTxMJ40fUus7aGY",
+                        "a": "not in next"
+                    },
+                    "value": "6",
+                    "timestamp": 1600096945.479
+                }
+            ]
+        },
+        {
+            "seriesLabels": {
+                "__name__": "test_exemplar_metric_total",
+                "instance": "localhost:8090",
+                "job": "prometheus",
+                "service": "foo"
+            },
+            "exemplars": [
+                {
+                    "labels": {
+                        "traceID": "Olp9XHlq763ccsfa"
+                    },
+                    "value": "19",
+                    "timestamp": 1600096955.479
+                },
+                {
+                    "labels": {
+                        "traceID": "hCtjygkIHwAN9vs4"
+                    },
+                    "value": "20",
+                    "timestamp": 1600096965.489
+                }
+            ]
+        }
+    ]
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-labels-frame.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+//  
+//  Frame[0] 
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 1 Fields by 21 Rows
+//  +----------------+
+//  | Name: Value    |
+//  | Labels:        |
+//  | Type: []string |
+//  +----------------+
+//  | __name__       |
+//  | call           |
+//  | code           |
+//  | config         |
+//  | dialer_name    |
+//  | endpoint       |
+//  | event          |
+//  | goversion      |
+//  | handler        |
+//  | ...            |
+//  +----------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "status": 200,
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            "__name__",
+            "call",
+            "code",
+            "config",
+            "dialer_name",
+            "endpoint",
+            "event",
+            "goversion",
+            "handler",
+            "instance",
+            "interval",
+            "job",
+            "le",
+            "listener_name",
+            "name",
+            "quantile",
+            "reason",
+            "role",
+            "scrape_job",
+            "slice",
+            "version"
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-labels.json

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+{
+    "status": "success",
+    "data": [
+        "__name__",
+        "call",
+        "code",
+        "config",
+        "dialer_name",
+        "endpoint",
+        "event",
+        "goversion",
+        "handler",
+        "instance",
+        "interval",
+        "job",
+        "le",
+        "listener_name",
+        "name",
+        "quantile",
+        "reason",
+        "role",
+        "scrape_job",
+        "slice",
+        "version"
+    ]
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-matrix-frame.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+//  
+//  Frame[0] {
+//      "type": "timeseries-multi",
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "matrix"
+//      }
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 2 Fields by 3 Rows
+//  +-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
+//  | Name: Time                        | Name: Value                                                  |
+//  | Labels:                           | Labels: __name__=up, instance=localhost:9090, job=prometheus |
+//  | Type: []time.Time                 | Type: []float64                                              |
+//  +-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
+//  | 2015-07-01 20:10:30.781 +0000 UTC | 1                                                            |
+//  | 2015-07-01 20:10:45.781 +0000 UTC | 1                                                            |
+//  | 2015-07-01 20:11:00.781 +0000 UTC | 1                                                            |
+//  +-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  
+//  Frame[1] {
+//      "type": "timeseries-multi",
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "matrix"
+//      }
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 2 Fields by 3 Rows
+//  +-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
+//  | Name: Time                        | Name: Value                                            |
+//  | Labels:                           | Labels: __name__=up, instance=localhost:9091, job=node |
+//  | Type: []time.Time                 | Type: []float64                                        |
+//  +-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
+//  | 2015-07-01 20:10:30.781 +0000 UTC | 0                                                      |
+//  | 2015-07-01 20:10:45.781 +0000 UTC | 0                                                      |
+//  | 2015-07-01 20:11:00.781 +0000 UTC | 1                                                      |
+//  +-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "status": 200,
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "type": "timeseries-multi",
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "matrix"
+          }
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {
+              "__name__": "up",
+              "instance": "localhost:9090",
+              "job": "prometheus"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1435781430781,
+            1435781445781,
+            1435781460781
+          ],
+          [
+            1,
+            1,
+            1
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "type": "timeseries-multi",
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "matrix"
+          }
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {
+              "__name__": "up",
+              "instance": "localhost:9091",
+              "job": "node"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1435781430781,
+            1435781445781,
+            1435781460781
+          ],
+          [
+            0,
+            0,
+            1
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-matrix-with-nans-frame.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+//  
+//  Frame[0] {
+//      "type": "timeseries-multi",
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "matrix"
+//      }
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 2 Fields by 3 Rows
+//  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+//  | Name: Time                    | Name: Value                                         |
+//  | Labels:                       | Labels: handler=/api/v1/query_range, job=prometheus |
+//  | Type: []time.Time             | Type: []float64                                     |
+//  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+//  | 2022-01-11 08:25:30 +0000 UTC | +Inf                                                |
+//  | 2022-01-11 08:25:31 +0000 UTC | NaN                                                 |
+//  | 2022-01-11 08:25:32 +0000 UTC | -Inf                                                |
+//  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "status": 200,
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "type": "timeseries-multi",
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "matrix"
+          }
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {
+              "handler": "/api/v1/query_range",
+              "job": "prometheus"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1641889530000,
+            1641889531000,
+            1641889532000
+          ],
+          [
+            null,
+            null,
+            null
+          ]
+        ],
+        "entities": [
+          null,
+          {
+            "NaN": [
+              1
+            ],
+            "Inf": [
+              0
+            ],
+            "NegInf": [
+              2
+            ]
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-matrix-with-nans.json

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+    "status": "success",
+    "data": {
+      "resultType": "matrix",
+      "result": [
+        {
+          "metric": { "handler": "/api/v1/query_range", "job": "prometheus" },
+          "values": [
+            [1641889530, "+Inf"],
+            [1641889531, "NaN"],
+            [1641889532, "-Inf"]
+          ]
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  }

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-matrix.json

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+{
+    "status" : "success",
+    "data" : {
+       "resultType" : "matrix",
+       "result" : [
+          {
+             "metric" : {
+                "__name__" : "up",
+                "job" : "prometheus",
+                "instance" : "localhost:9090"
+             },
+             "values" : [
+                [ 1435781430.781, "1" ],
+                [ 1435781445.781, "1" ],
+                [ 1435781460.781, "1" ]
+             ]
+          },
+          {
+             "metric" : {
+                "__name__" : "up",
+                "job" : "node",
+                "instance" : "localhost:9091"
+             },
+             "values" : [
+                [ 1435781430.781, "0" ],
+                [ 1435781445.781, "0" ],
+                [ 1435781460.781, "1" ]
+             ]
+          }
+       ]
+    }
+ }
+ 

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-scalar-frame.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+//  
+//  Frame[0] {
+//      "type": "numeric-multi",
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "scalar"
+//      }
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 2 Fields by 1 Rows
+//  +-----------------------------------+-----------------+
+//  | Name: Time                        | Name: Value     |
+//  | Labels:                           | Labels:         |
+//  | Type: []time.Time                 | Type: []float64 |
+//  +-----------------------------------+-----------------+
+//  | 2022-05-04 16:02:19.104 +0000 UTC | 2.482e-05       |
+//  +-----------------------------------+-----------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "status": 200,
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "type": "numeric-multi",
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "scalar"
+          }
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {}
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1651680139104
+          ],
+          [
+            0.00002482
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-scalar.json

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+	"status": "success",
+	"data": {
+		"resultType": "scalar",
+		"result": [
+			1651680139.104,
+			"0.00002482"
+		]
+	}
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-series-frame.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+//  
+//  Frame[0] 
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 3 Fields by 3 Rows
+//  +----------------------------+----------------+----------------+
+//  | Name: __name__             | Name: job      | Name: instance |
+//  | Labels:                    | Labels:        | Labels:        |
+//  | Type: []string             | Type: []string | Type: []string |
+//  +----------------------------+----------------+----------------+
+//  | up                         | prometheus     | localhost:9090 |
+//  | up                         | node           | localhost:9091 |
+//  | process_start_time_seconds | prometheus     | localhost:9090 |
+//  +----------------------------+----------------+----------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "status": 200,
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "__name__",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "job",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "instance",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            "up",
+            "up",
+            "process_start_time_seconds"
+          ],
+          [
+            "prometheus",
+            "node",
+            "prometheus"
+          ],
+          [
+            "localhost:9090",
+            "localhost:9091",
+            "localhost:9090"
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-series.json

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+{
+    "status" : "success",
+    "data" : [
+       {
+          "__name__" : "up",
+          "job" : "prometheus",
+          "instance" : "localhost:9090"
+       },
+       {
+          "__name__" : "up",
+          "job" : "node",
+          "instance" : "localhost:9091"
+       },
+       {
+          "__name__" : "process_start_time_seconds",
+          "job" : "prometheus",
+          "instance" : "localhost:9090"
+       }
+    ]
+ }
+ 

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-string-frame.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+//  
+//  Frame[0] {
+//      "type": "timeseries-multi",
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "string"
+//      }
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 2 Fields by 1 Rows
+//  +-----------------------------------+----------------+
+//  | Name: Time                        | Name: Value    |
+//  | Labels:                           | Labels:        |
+//  | Type: []time.Time                 | Type: []string |
+//  +-----------------------------------+----------------+
+//  | 2022-05-04 16:02:19.104 +0000 UTC | example        |
+//  +-----------------------------------+----------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "status": 200,
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "type": "timeseries-multi",
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "string"
+          }
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "string",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "string"
+            },
+            "labels": {}
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1651680139104
+          ],
+          [
+            "example"
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-string.json

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+	"status": "success",
+	"data": {
+		"resultType": "string",
+		"result": [
+			1651680139.104,
+			"example"
+		]
+	}
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-vector-frame.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+//  
+//  Frame[0] {
+//      "type": "timeseries-multi",
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "vector"
+//      }
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 2 Fields by 1 Rows
+//  +-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
+//  | Name: Time                        | Name: Value                                                  |
+//  | Labels:                           | Labels: __name__=up, instance=localhost:9090, job=prometheus |
+//  | Type: []time.Time                 | Type: []float64                                              |
+//  +-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
+//  | 2015-07-01 20:10:51.781 +0000 UTC | 1                                                            |
+//  +-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  
+//  Frame[1] {
+//      "type": "timeseries-multi",
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "vector"
+//      }
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 2 Fields by 1 Rows
+//  +-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
+//  | Name: Time                        | Name: Value                                            |
+//  | Labels:                           | Labels: __name__=up, instance=localhost:9100, job=node |
+//  | Type: []time.Time                 | Type: []float64                                        |
+//  +-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
+//  | 2015-07-01 20:10:51.781 +0000 UTC | 0                                                      |
+//  +-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  
+//  Frame[2] {
+//      "type": "timeseries-multi",
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "vector"
+//      }
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 2 Fields by 1 Rows
+//  +-------------------------------+------------------------------------+
+//  | Name: Time                    | Name: Value                        |
+//  | Labels:                       | Labels: level=error, location=moon |
+//  | Type: []time.Time             | Type: []float64                    |
+//  +-------------------------------+------------------------------------+
+//  | 2022-02-16 16:41:39 +0000 UTC | +Inf                               |
+//  +-------------------------------+------------------------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  
+//  Frame[3] {
+//      "type": "timeseries-multi",
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "vector"
+//      }
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 2 Fields by 1 Rows
+//  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+//  | Name: Time                    | Name: Value                       |
+//  | Labels:                       | Labels: level=info, location=moon |
+//  | Type: []time.Time             | Type: []float64                   |
+//  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+//  | 2022-02-16 16:41:39 +0000 UTC | -Inf                              |
+//  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  
+//  Frame[4] {
+//      "type": "timeseries-multi",
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "vector"
+//      }
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 2 Fields by 1 Rows
+//  +-------------------------------+------------------------------------+
+//  | Name: Time                    | Name: Value                        |
+//  | Labels:                       | Labels: level=debug, location=moon |
+//  | Type: []time.Time             | Type: []float64                    |
+//  +-------------------------------+------------------------------------+
+//  | 2022-02-16 16:41:39 +0000 UTC | NaN                                |
+//  +-------------------------------+------------------------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "status": 200,
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "type": "timeseries-multi",
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "vector"
+          }
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {
+              "__name__": "up",
+              "instance": "localhost:9090",
+              "job": "prometheus"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1435781451781
+          ],
+          [
+            1
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "type": "timeseries-multi",
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "vector"
+          }
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {
+              "__name__": "up",
+              "instance": "localhost:9100",
+              "job": "node"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1435781451781
+          ],
+          [
+            0
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "type": "timeseries-multi",
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "vector"
+          }
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {
+              "level": "error",
+              "location": "moon"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1645029699000
+          ],
+          [
+            null
+          ]
+        ],
+        "entities": [
+          null,
+          {
+            "Inf": [
+              0
+            ]
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "type": "timeseries-multi",
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "vector"
+          }
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {
+              "level": "info",
+              "location": "moon"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1645029699000
+          ],
+          [
+            null
+          ]
+        ],
+        "entities": [
+          null,
+          {
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+                "0.2726269331663144",
+                "0.29730177875068026",
+                "0.003508771929824561"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "0.29730177875068026",
+                "0.3242098886627524",
+                "0.007017543859649122"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "0.3242098886627524",
+                "0.35355339059327373",
+                "0.007017543859649122"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "0.35355339059327373",
+                "0.3855527063519852",
+                "0.024561403508771926"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "0.3855527063519852",
+                "0.4204482076268572",
+                "0.017543859649122806"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "0.4204482076268572",
+                "0.45850202160233555",
+                "0.02456140350877193"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "0.45850202160233555",
+                "0.5",
+                "0.04561403508771929"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "0.5",
+                "0.5452538663326288",
+                "0.014035087719298244"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "0.5452538663326288",
+                "0.5946035575013605",
+                "0.021052631578947364"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "0.5946035575013605",
+                "0.6484197773255048",
+                "0.007017543859649122"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "0.6484197773255048",
+                "0.7071067811865475",
+                "0.003508771929824561"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "0.7071067811865475",
+                "0.7711054127039704",
+                "0.003508771929824561"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "0.7711054127039704",
+                "0.8408964152537144",
+                "0.007017543859649122"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "1",
+                "1.0905077326652577",
+                "0.003508771929824561"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "1.0905077326652577",
+                "1.189207115002721",
+                "0.010526315789473682"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "1.189207115002721",
+                "1.2968395546510096",
+                "0.010526315789473682"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "1.2968395546510096",
+                "1.414213562373095",
+                "0.021052631578947368"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "1.414213562373095",
+                "1.5422108254079407",
+                "0.003508771929824561"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "1.5422108254079407",
+                "1.6817928305074288",
+                "0.003508771929824561"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "1.6817928305074288",
+                "1.8340080864093422",
+                "0"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "1.8340080864093422",
+                "2",
+                "0.003508771929824561"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "2",
+                "2.1810154653305154",
+                "0"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "2.1810154653305154",
+                "2.378414230005442",
+                "0"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "2.378414230005442",
+                "2.5936791093020193",
+                "0"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "2.5936791093020193",
+                "2.82842712474619",
+                "0.003508771929824561"
+              ],
+              [
+                0,
+                "2.82842712474619",
+                "3.0844216508158815",
+                "0.003508771929824561"
+              ]
+            ]
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-vector.json

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+{
+    "status" : "success",
+    "data" : {
+       "resultType" : "vector",
+       "result" : [
+          {
+             "metric" : {
+                "__name__" : "up",
+                "job" : "prometheus",
+                "instance" : "localhost:9090"
+             },
+             "value": [ 1435781451.781, "1" ]
+          },
+          {
+             "metric" : {
+                "__name__" : "up",
+                "job" : "node",
+                "instance" : "localhost:9100"
+             },
+             "value" : [ 1435781451.781, "0" ]
+          },
+          {
+            "metric": { "level": "error", "location": "moon"},
+            "value": [1645029699, "+Inf"]
+          },
+          {
+            "metric": { "level": "info", "location": "moon" },
+            "value": [1645029699, "-Inf"]
+          },
+          {
+            "metric": { "level": "debug", "location": "moon" },
+            "value": [1645029699, "NaN"]
+          }
+       ]
+    }
+ }

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-warnings-frame.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+//  
+//  Frame[0] {
+//      "type": "timeseries-multi",
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "vector"
+//      },
+//      "notices": [
+//          {
+//              "severity": "warning",
+//              "text": "warning 1"
+//          },
+//          {
+//              "severity": "warning",
+//              "text": "warning 2"
+//          }
+//      ]
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 2 Fields by 1 Rows
+//  +-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
+//  | Name: Time                        | Name: Value                                                  |
+//  | Labels:                           | Labels: __name__=up, instance=localhost:9090, job=prometheus |
+//  | Type: []time.Time                 | Type: []float64                                              |
+//  +-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
+//  | 2015-07-01 20:10:51.781 +0000 UTC | 1                                                            |
+//  +-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  
+//  Frame[1] {
+//      "type": "timeseries-multi",
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "vector"
+//      },
+//      "notices": [
+//          {
+//              "severity": "warning",
+//              "text": "warning 1"
+//          },
+//          {
+//              "severity": "warning",
+//              "text": "warning 2"
+//          }
+//      ]
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 2 Fields by 1 Rows
+//  +-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
+//  | Name: Time                        | Name: Value                                            |
+//  | Labels:                           | Labels: __name__=up, instance=localhost:9100, job=node |
+//  | Type: []time.Time                 | Type: []float64                                        |
+//  +-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
+//  | 2015-07-01 20:10:51.781 +0000 UTC | 0                                                      |
+//  +-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  
+//  Frame[2] {
+//      "type": "timeseries-multi",
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "vector"
+//      },
+//      "notices": [
+//          {
+//              "severity": "warning",
+//              "text": "warning 1"
+//          },
+//          {
+//              "severity": "warning",
+//              "text": "warning 2"
+//          }
+//      ]
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 2 Fields by 1 Rows
+//  +-------------------------------+------------------------------------+
+//  | Name: Time                    | Name: Value                        |
+//  | Labels:                       | Labels: level=error, location=moon |
+//  | Type: []time.Time             | Type: []float64                    |
+//  +-------------------------------+------------------------------------+
+//  | 2022-02-16 16:41:39 +0000 UTC | +Inf                               |
+//  +-------------------------------+------------------------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  
+//  Frame[3] {
+//      "type": "timeseries-multi",
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "vector"
+//      },
+//      "notices": [
+//          {
+//              "severity": "warning",
+//              "text": "warning 1"
+//          },
+//          {
+//              "severity": "warning",
+//              "text": "warning 2"
+//          }
+//      ]
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 2 Fields by 1 Rows
+//  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+//  | Name: Time                    | Name: Value                       |
+//  | Labels:                       | Labels: level=info, location=moon |
+//  | Type: []time.Time             | Type: []float64                   |
+//  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+//  | 2022-02-16 16:41:39 +0000 UTC | -Inf                              |
+//  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  
+//  Frame[4] {
+//      "type": "timeseries-multi",
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "vector"
+//      },
+//      "notices": [
+//          {
+//              "severity": "warning",
+//              "text": "warning 1"
+//          },
+//          {
+//              "severity": "warning",
+//              "text": "warning 2"
+//          }
+//      ]
+//  }
+//  Name: 
+//  Dimensions: 2 Fields by 1 Rows
+//  +-------------------------------+------------------------------------+
+//  | Name: Time                    | Name: Value                        |
+//  | Labels:                       | Labels: level=debug, location=moon |
+//  | Type: []time.Time             | Type: []float64                    |
+//  +-------------------------------+------------------------------------+
+//  | 2022-02-16 16:41:39 +0000 UTC | NaN                                |
+//  +-------------------------------+------------------------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "status": 200,
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "type": "timeseries-multi",
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "vector"
+          },
+          "notices": [
+            {
+              "severity": "warning",
+              "text": "warning 1"
+            },
+            {
+              "severity": "warning",
+              "text": "warning 2"
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {
+              "__name__": "up",
+              "instance": "localhost:9090",
+              "job": "prometheus"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1435781451781
+          ],
+          [
+            1
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "type": "timeseries-multi",
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "vector"
+          },
+          "notices": [
+            {
+              "severity": "warning",
+              "text": "warning 1"
+            },
+            {
+              "severity": "warning",
+              "text": "warning 2"
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {
+              "__name__": "up",
+              "instance": "localhost:9100",
+              "job": "node"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1435781451781
+          ],
+          [
+            0
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "type": "timeseries-multi",
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "vector"
+          },
+          "notices": [
+            {
+              "severity": "warning",
+              "text": "warning 1"
+            },
+            {
+              "severity": "warning",
+              "text": "warning 2"
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {
+              "level": "error",
+              "location": "moon"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1645029699000
+          ],
+          [
+            null
+          ]
+        ],
+        "entities": [
+          null,
+          {
+            "Inf": [
+              0
+            ]
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "type": "timeseries-multi",
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "vector"
+          },
+          "notices": [
+            {
+              "severity": "warning",
+              "text": "warning 1"
+            },
+            {
+              "severity": "warning",
+              "text": "warning 2"
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {
+              "level": "info",
+              "location": "moon"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1645029699000
+          ],
+          [
+            null
+          ]
+        ],
+        "entities": [
+          null,
+          {
+            "NegInf": [
+              0
+            ]
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "meta": {
+          "type": "timeseries-multi",
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "vector"
+          },
+          "notices": [
+            {
+              "severity": "warning",
+              "text": "warning 1"
+            },
+            {
+              "severity": "warning",
+              "text": "warning 2"
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {
+              "level": "debug",
+              "location": "moon"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1645029699000
+          ],
+          [
+            null
+          ]
+        ],
+        "entities": [
+          null,
+          {
+            "NaN": [
+              0
+            ]
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

pkg/promlib/converter/testdata/prom-warnings.json

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+{
+    "status" : "success",
+    "data" : {
+       "resultType" : "vector",
+       "result" : [
+          {
+             "metric" : {
+                "__name__" : "up",
+                "job" : "prometheus",
+                "instance" : "localhost:9090"
+             },
+             "value": [ 1435781451.781, "1" ]
+          },
+          {
+             "metric" : {
+                "__name__" : "up",
+                "job" : "node",
+                "instance" : "localhost:9100"
+             },
+             "value" : [ 1435781451.781, "0" ]
+          },
+          {
+            "metric": { "level": "error", "location": "moon"},
+            "value": [1645029699, "+Inf"]
+          },
+          {
+            "metric": { "level": "info", "location": "moon" },
+            "value": [1645029699, "-Inf"]
+          },
+          {
+            "metric": { "level": "debug", "location": "moon" },
+            "value": [1645029699, "NaN"]
+          }
+       ]
+    },
+    "warnings" : ["warning 1", "warning 2"]
+ }

pkg/promlib/go.mod

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+module github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib
+
+go 1.21.0
+
+require (
+	github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go v0.214.0
+	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12
+	github.com/patrickmn/go-cache v2.1.0+incompatible
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.18.0
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.46.0
+	github.com/prometheus/prometheus v1.8.2-0.20221021121301-51a44e6657c3
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.4
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.24.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.24.0
+	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20231206192017-f3f8817b8deb
+)
+
+require (
+	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.3.2 // indirect
+	github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20231202071711-9a357b53e9c9 // indirect
+	github.com/apache/arrow/go/v15 v15.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go v1.50.8 // indirect
+	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/cheekybits/genny v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/chromedp/cdproto v0.0.0-20230802225258-3cf4e6d46a89 // indirect
+	github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.3 // indirect
+	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc // indirect
+	github.com/dennwc/varint v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/elazarl/goproxy v0.0.0-20230731152917-f99041a5c027 // indirect
+	github.com/fatih/color v1.15.0 // indirect
+	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.7.0 // indirect
+	github.com/getkin/kin-openapi v0.120.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-kit/log v0.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logfmt/logfmt v0.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer v0.20.2 // indirect
+	github.com/go-openapi/swag v0.22.9 // indirect
+	github.com/goccy/go-json v0.10.2 // indirect
+	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 // indirect
+	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.3 // indirect
+	github.com/google/flatbuffers v23.5.26+incompatible // indirect
+	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/gorilla/mux v1.8.0 // indirect
+	github.com/grafana/regexp v0.0.0-20221123153739-15dc172cd2db // indirect
+	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware v1.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-prometheus v1.2.1-0.20191002090509-6af20e3a5340 // indirect
+	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.19.0 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-hclog v1.6.2 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-plugin v1.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/yamux v0.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/invopop/yaml v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/josharian/intern v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.4 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.5 // indirect
+	github.com/magefile/mage v1.15.0 // indirect
+	github.com/mailru/easyjson v0.7.7 // indirect
+	github.com/mattetti/filebuffer v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.13 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.19 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.13 // indirect
+	github.com/mitchellh/go-testing-interface v1.14.1 // indirect
+	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd // indirect
+	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/mohae/deepcopy v0.0.0-20170929034955-c48cc78d4826 // indirect
+	github.com/oklog/run v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter v0.0.5 // indirect
+	github.com/perimeterx/marshmallow v1.1.5 // indirect
+	github.com/pierrec/lz4/v4 v4.1.18 // indirect
+	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
+	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.12.0 // indirect
+	github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.3.4 // indirect
+	github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/smartystreets/goconvey v1.6.4 // indirect
+	github.com/unknwon/bra v0.0.0-20200517080246-1e3013ecaff8 // indirect
+	github.com/unknwon/com v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/unknwon/log v0.0.0-20150304194804-e617c87089d3 // indirect
+	github.com/urfave/cli v1.22.14 // indirect
+	github.com/zeebo/xxh3 v1.0.2 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.49.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/httptrace/otelhttptrace v0.49.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/propagators/jaeger v1.22.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/samplers/jaegerremote v0.18.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.24.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracegrpc v1.24.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.24.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.24.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/proto/otlp v1.1.0 // indirect
+	go.uber.org/atomic v1.11.0 // indirect
+	go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.14.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.21.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.17.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.14.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.17.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20231012003039-104605ab7028 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20240123012728-ef4313101c80 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240123012728-ef4313101c80 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240123012728-ef4313101c80 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.62.1 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.32.0 // indirect
+	gopkg.in/fsnotify/fsnotify.v1 v1.4.7 // indirect
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
+)

pkg/promlib/go.sum

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
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+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240123012728-ef4313101c80 h1:AjyfHzEPEFp/NpvfN5g+KDla3EMojjhRVZc1i7cj+oM=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.62.1 h1:B4n+nfKzOICUXMgyrNd19h/I9oH0L1pizfk1d4zSgTk=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.32.0 h1:pPC6BG5ex8PDFnkbrGU3EixyhKcQ2aDuBS36lqK/C7I=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntNwaWcugrBjAiHlqqRiVk=
+gopkg.in/fsnotify/fsnotify.v1 v1.4.7 h1:XNNYLJHt73EyYiCZi6+xjupS9CpvmiDgjPTAjrBlQbo=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 h1:D8xgwECY7CYvx+Y2n4sBz93Jn9JRvxdiyyo8CTfuKaY=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=

pkg/promlib/healthcheck.go

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+package promlib
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/models"
+)
+
+const (
+	refID = "__healthcheck__"
+)
+
+var logger = backend.NewLoggerWith("logger", "tsdb.prometheus")
+
+func (s *Service) CheckHealth(ctx context.Context, req *backend.CheckHealthRequest) (*backend.CheckHealthResult,
+	error) {
+	logger := logger.FromContext(ctx)
+	ds, err := s.getInstance(ctx, req.PluginContext)
+
+	// check that the datasource exists
+	if err != nil {
+		return getHealthCheckMessage("error getting datasource info", err)
+	}
+
+	if ds == nil {
+		return getHealthCheckMessage("", errors.New("invalid datasource info received"))
+	}
+
+	hc, err := healthcheck(ctx, req, ds)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Warn("Error performing prometheus healthcheck", "err", err.Error())
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	heuristics, err := getHeuristics(ctx, ds)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Warn("Failed to get prometheus heuristics", "err", err.Error())
+	} else {
+		jsonDetails, err := json.Marshal(heuristics)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Warn("Failed to marshal heuristics", "err", err)
+		} else {
+			hc.JSONDetails = jsonDetails
+		}
+	}
+
+	return hc, nil
+}
+
+func healthcheck(ctx context.Context, req *backend.CheckHealthRequest, i *instance) (*backend.CheckHealthResult, error) {
+	qm := models.QueryModel{
+		UtcOffsetSec: 0,
+		CommonQueryProperties: models.CommonQueryProperties{
+			RefId: refID,
+		},
+		PrometheusQueryProperties: models.PrometheusQueryProperties{
+			Expr:    "1+1",
+			Instant: true,
+		},
+	}
+	b, _ := json.Marshal(&qm)
+
+	query := backend.DataQuery{
+		RefID: refID,
+		TimeRange: backend.TimeRange{
+			From: time.Unix(1, 0).UTC(),
+			To:   time.Unix(4, 0).UTC(),
+		},
+		JSON: b,
+	}
+	resp, err := i.queryData.Execute(ctx, &backend.QueryDataRequest{
+		PluginContext: req.PluginContext,
+		Queries:       []backend.DataQuery{query},
+	})
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return getHealthCheckMessage("There was an error returned querying the Prometheus API.", err)
+	}
+
+	if resp.Responses[refID].Error != nil {
+		return getHealthCheckMessage("There was an error returned querying the Prometheus API.",
+			errors.New(resp.Responses[refID].Error.Error()))
+	}
+
+	return getHealthCheckMessage("Successfully queried the Prometheus API.", nil)
+}
+
+func getHealthCheckMessage(message string, err error) (*backend.CheckHealthResult, error) {
+	if err == nil {
+		return &backend.CheckHealthResult{
+			Status:  backend.HealthStatusOk,
+			Message: message,
+		}, nil
+	}
+
+	errorMessage := fmt.Sprintf("%s - %s", err.Error(), message)
+
+	return &backend.CheckHealthResult{
+		Status:  backend.HealthStatusError,
+		Message: errorMessage,
+	}, nil
+}

pkg/promlib/healthcheck_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+package promlib
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/datasource"
+	sdkhttpclient "github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/httpclient"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+type healthCheckProvider[T http.RoundTripper] struct {
+	sdkhttpclient.Provider
+	RoundTripper *T
+}
+
+type healthCheckSuccessRoundTripper struct {
+}
+
+type healthCheckFailRoundTripper struct {
+}
+
+func (rt *healthCheckSuccessRoundTripper) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	return &http.Response{
+		Status:     "200",
+		StatusCode: 200,
+		Header:     nil,
+		Body: io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader(`{
+			"status": "success",
+			"data": {
+				"resultType": "scalar",
+				"result": [
+					1692969348.331,
+					"2"
+				]
+			}
+		}`)),
+		ContentLength: 0,
+		Request:       req,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (rt *healthCheckFailRoundTripper) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	return &http.Response{
+		Status:        "400",
+		StatusCode:    400,
+		Header:        nil,
+		Body:          nil,
+		ContentLength: 0,
+		Request:       req,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (provider *healthCheckProvider[T]) New(opts ...sdkhttpclient.Options) (*http.Client, error) {
+	client := &http.Client{}
+	provider.RoundTripper = new(T)
+	client.Transport = *provider.RoundTripper
+	return client, nil
+}
+
+func (provider *healthCheckProvider[T]) GetTransport(opts ...sdkhttpclient.Options) (http.RoundTripper, error) {
+	return *new(T), nil
+}
+
+func getMockProvider[T http.RoundTripper]() *sdkhttpclient.Provider {
+	p := &healthCheckProvider[T]{
+		RoundTripper: new(T),
+	}
+	anotherFN := func(o sdkhttpclient.Options, next http.RoundTripper) http.RoundTripper {
+		return *p.RoundTripper
+	}
+	fn := sdkhttpclient.MiddlewareFunc(anotherFN)
+	mid := sdkhttpclient.NamedMiddlewareFunc("mock", fn)
+	return sdkhttpclient.NewProvider(sdkhttpclient.ProviderOptions{Middlewares: []sdkhttpclient.Middleware{mid}})
+}
+
+func Test_healthcheck(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("should do a successful health check", func(t *testing.T) {
+		httpProvider := getMockProvider[*healthCheckSuccessRoundTripper]()
+		s := &Service{
+			im: datasource.NewInstanceManager(newInstanceSettings(httpProvider, backend.NewLoggerWith("logger", "test"), mockExtendClientOpts)),
+		}
+
+		req := &backend.CheckHealthRequest{
+			PluginContext: getPluginContext(),
+			Headers:       nil,
+		}
+
+		res, err := s.CheckHealth(context.Background(), req)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, backend.HealthStatusOk, res.Status)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should return an error for an unsuccessful health check", func(t *testing.T) {
+		httpProvider := getMockProvider[*healthCheckFailRoundTripper]()
+		s := &Service{
+			im: datasource.NewInstanceManager(newInstanceSettings(httpProvider, backend.NewLoggerWith("logger", "test"), mockExtendClientOpts)),
+		}
+
+		req := &backend.CheckHealthRequest{
+			PluginContext: getPluginContext(),
+			Headers:       nil,
+		}
+
+		res, err := s.CheckHealth(context.Background(), req)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, backend.HealthStatusError, res.Status)
+	})
+}
+
+func getPluginContext() backend.PluginContext {
+	return backend.PluginContext{
+		OrgID:                      0,
+		PluginID:                   "prometheus",
+		User:                       nil,
+		AppInstanceSettings:        nil,
+		DataSourceInstanceSettings: getPromInstanceSettings(),
+	}
+}
+func getPromInstanceSettings() *backend.DataSourceInstanceSettings {
+	return &backend.DataSourceInstanceSettings{
+		ID:                      0,
+		UID:                     "",
+		Type:                    "prometheus",
+		Name:                    "test-prometheus",
+		URL:                     "http://promurl:9090",
+		User:                    "",
+		Database:                "",
+		BasicAuthEnabled:        true,
+		BasicAuthUser:           "admin",
+		JSONData:                []byte("{}"),
+		DecryptedSecureJSONData: map[string]string{},
+		Updated:                 time.Time{},
+	}
+}

pkg/promlib/heuristics.go

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+package promlib
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+)
+
+const (
+	KindPrometheus = "Prometheus"
+	KindMimir      = "Mimir"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrNoBuildInfo = errors.New("no build info")
+)
+
+type BuildInfoRequest struct {
+	PluginContext backend.PluginContext
+}
+
+type BuildInfoResponse struct {
+	Status string                `json:"status"`
+	Data   BuildInfoResponseData `json:"data"`
+}
+
+type BuildInfoResponseData struct {
+	Version   string            `json:"version"`
+	Revision  string            `json:"revision"`
+	Branch    string            `json:"branch"`
+	Features  map[string]string `json:"features"`
+	BuildUser string            `json:"buildUser"`
+	BuildDate string            `json:"buildDate"`
+	GoVersion string            `json:"goVersion"`
+}
+
+func (s *Service) GetBuildInfo(ctx context.Context, req BuildInfoRequest) (*BuildInfoResponse, error) {
+	ds, err := s.getInstance(ctx, req.PluginContext)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return getBuildInfo(ctx, ds)
+}
+
+// getBuildInfo queries /api/v1/status/buildinfo
+func getBuildInfo(ctx context.Context, i *instance) (*BuildInfoResponse, error) {
+	resp, err := i.resource.Execute(ctx, &backend.CallResourceRequest{
+		Path: "api/v1/status/buildinfo",
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if resp.Status == http.StatusNotFound {
+		return nil, ErrNoBuildInfo
+	}
+	if resp.Status != http.StatusOK {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected response %d", resp.Status)
+	}
+	res := BuildInfoResponse{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(resp.Body, &res); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to unmarshal JSON: %w", err)
+	}
+	return &res, nil
+}
+
+type HeuristicsRequest struct {
+	PluginContext backend.PluginContext
+}
+
+type Heuristics struct {
+	Application string   `json:"application"`
+	Features    Features `json:"features"`
+}
+
+type Features struct {
+	RulerApiEnabled bool `json:"rulerApiEnabled"`
+}
+
+func (s *Service) GetHeuristics(ctx context.Context, req HeuristicsRequest) (*Heuristics, error) {
+	ds, err := s.getInstance(ctx, req.PluginContext)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return getHeuristics(ctx, ds)
+}
+
+func getHeuristics(ctx context.Context, i *instance) (*Heuristics, error) {
+	heuristics := Heuristics{
+		Application: "unknown",
+		Features: Features{
+			RulerApiEnabled: false,
+		},
+	}
+	buildInfo, err := getBuildInfo(ctx, i)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Warn("Failed to get prometheus buildinfo", "err", err.Error())
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get buildinfo: %w", err)
+	}
+	if len(buildInfo.Data.Features) == 0 {
+		// If there are no features then this is a Prometheus datasource
+		heuristics.Application = KindPrometheus
+		heuristics.Features.RulerApiEnabled = false
+	} else {
+		heuristics.Application = KindMimir
+		heuristics.Features.RulerApiEnabled = true
+	}
+	return &heuristics, nil
+}

pkg/promlib/heuristics_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+package promlib
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/datasource"
+	sdkhttpclient "github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/httpclient"
+)
+
+type heuristicsSuccessRoundTripper struct {
+	res    io.ReadCloser
+	status int
+}
+
+func (rt *heuristicsSuccessRoundTripper) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	return &http.Response{
+		Status:        strconv.Itoa(rt.status),
+		StatusCode:    rt.status,
+		Header:        nil,
+		Body:          rt.res,
+		ContentLength: 0,
+		Request:       req,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func newHeuristicsSDKProvider(hrt heuristicsSuccessRoundTripper) *sdkhttpclient.Provider {
+	anotherFN := func(o sdkhttpclient.Options, next http.RoundTripper) http.RoundTripper {
+		return &hrt
+	}
+	fn := sdkhttpclient.MiddlewareFunc(anotherFN)
+	mid := sdkhttpclient.NamedMiddlewareFunc("mock", fn)
+	return sdkhttpclient.NewProvider(sdkhttpclient.ProviderOptions{Middlewares: []sdkhttpclient.Middleware{mid}})
+}
+
+func mockExtendClientOpts(ctx context.Context, settings backend.DataSourceInstanceSettings, clientOpts *sdkhttpclient.Options) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func Test_GetHeuristics(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("should return Prometheus", func(t *testing.T) {
+		rt := heuristicsSuccessRoundTripper{
+			res:    io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader("{\"status\":\"success\",\"data\":{\"version\":\"1.0\"}}")),
+			status: http.StatusOK,
+		}
+		httpProvider := newHeuristicsSDKProvider(rt)
+		s := &Service{
+			im: datasource.NewInstanceManager(newInstanceSettings(httpProvider, backend.NewLoggerWith("logger", "test"), mockExtendClientOpts)),
+		}
+
+		req := HeuristicsRequest{
+			PluginContext: getPluginContext(),
+		}
+		res, err := s.GetHeuristics(context.Background(), req)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, res)
+		assert.Equal(t, KindPrometheus, res.Application)
+		assert.Equal(t, Features{RulerApiEnabled: false}, res.Features)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("should return Mimir", func(t *testing.T) {
+		rt := heuristicsSuccessRoundTripper{
+			res:    io.NopCloser(strings.NewReader("{\"status\":\"success\",\"data\":{\"features\":{\"foo\":\"bar\"},\"version\":\"1.0\"}}")),
+			status: http.StatusOK,
+		}
+		httpProvider := newHeuristicsSDKProvider(rt)
+		s := &Service{
+			im: datasource.NewInstanceManager(newInstanceSettings(httpProvider, backend.NewLoggerWith("logger", "test"), mockExtendClientOpts)),
+		}
+
+		req := HeuristicsRequest{
+			PluginContext: getPluginContext(),
+		}
+		res, err := s.GetHeuristics(context.Background(), req)
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, res)
+		assert.Equal(t, KindMimir, res.Application)
+		assert.Equal(t, Features{RulerApiEnabled: true}, res.Features)
+	})
+}

pkg/promlib/instrumentation/instrumentation.go

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+package instrumentation
+
+import (
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promauto"
+)
+
+var (
+	pluginRequestCounter = promauto.NewCounterVec(prometheus.CounterOpts{
+		Namespace: "grafana",
+		Name:      "prometheus_plugin_backend_request_count",
+		Help:      "The total amount of prometheus backend plugin requests",
+	}, []string{"endpoint", "status", "errorSource"})
+)
+
+const (
+	StatusOK    = "ok"
+	StatusError = "error"
+
+	EndpointCallResource = "callResource"
+	EndpointQueryData    = "queryData"
+
+	PluginSource   = "plugin"
+	ExternalSource = "external"
+	DatabaseSource = "database"
+	NoneSource     = "none"
+)
+
+func UpdateQueryDataMetrics(err error, resp *backend.QueryDataResponse) {
+	status := StatusOK
+	if err != nil {
+		status = StatusError
+	}
+
+	errorSource := getErrorSource(err, resp)
+
+	pluginRequestCounter.WithLabelValues(EndpointQueryData, status, errorSource).Inc()
+}
+
+func getErrorSource(err error, resp *backend.QueryDataResponse) string {
+	if err != nil {
+		return PluginSource
+	}
+
+	// If there is different errorSource from the list of responses, we want to return the most severe one.
+	// The priority order is: pluginSource > databaseSource > externalSource > noneSource
+	var errorSource = NoneSource
+	for _, res := range resp.Responses {
+		responseErrorSource := getErrorSourceForResponse(res)
+
+		if responseErrorSource == PluginSource {
+			return PluginSource
+		}
+
+		if responseErrorSource == DatabaseSource {
+			errorSource = DatabaseSource
+		}
+
+		if responseErrorSource == ExternalSource && errorSource == NoneSource {
+			errorSource = ExternalSource
+		}
+	}
+
+	return errorSource
+}
+
+func getErrorSourceForResponse(res backend.DataResponse) string {
+	if res.Error != nil {
+		return PluginSource
+	}
+
+	if res.Status >= 500 {
+		return DatabaseSource
+	}
+
+	if res.Status >= 400 {
+		// Those error codes are related to authentication and authorization.
+		if res.Status == 401 || res.Status == 402 || res.Status == 403 || res.Status == 407 {
+			return ExternalSource
+		}
+
+		return PluginSource
+	}
+
+	return NoneSource
+}

pkg/promlib/instrumentation/instrumentation_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+package instrumentation
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+)
+
+func checkErrorSource(t *testing.T, expected, actual string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if expected != actual {
+		t.Errorf("expected errorSource to be %v, but got %v", expected, actual)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGetErrorSourceForResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("A response that return an error should return pluginSource", func(t *testing.T) {
+		errorSource := getErrorSourceForResponse(backend.DataResponse{Error: fmt.Errorf("error")})
+		checkErrorSource(t, PluginSource, errorSource)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("A response with an http satus code > 500 should return databaseSource", func(t *testing.T) {
+		errorSource := getErrorSourceForResponse(backend.DataResponse{Error: nil, Status: 500})
+		checkErrorSource(t, DatabaseSource, errorSource)
+
+		errorSource = getErrorSourceForResponse(backend.DataResponse{Error: nil, Status: 503})
+		checkErrorSource(t, DatabaseSource, errorSource)
+
+		errorSource = getErrorSourceForResponse(backend.DataResponse{Error: nil, Status: 507})
+		checkErrorSource(t, DatabaseSource, errorSource)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("A response with an http satus related to auth (401, 402, 403, 407), should return externalSource", func(t *testing.T) {
+		errorSource := getErrorSourceForResponse(backend.DataResponse{Error: nil, Status: 401})
+		checkErrorSource(t, ExternalSource, errorSource)
+
+		errorSource = getErrorSourceForResponse(backend.DataResponse{Error: nil, Status: 402})
+		checkErrorSource(t, ExternalSource, errorSource)
+
+		errorSource = getErrorSourceForResponse(backend.DataResponse{Error: nil, Status: 403})
+		checkErrorSource(t, ExternalSource, errorSource)
+
+		errorSource = getErrorSourceForResponse(backend.DataResponse{Error: nil, Status: 407})
+		checkErrorSource(t, ExternalSource, errorSource)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("A response with an http satus of 4xx but not related to auth (401, 402, 403, 407), should return pluginSource", func(t *testing.T) {
+		errorSource := getErrorSourceForResponse(backend.DataResponse{Error: nil, Status: 400})
+		checkErrorSource(t, PluginSource, errorSource)
+
+		errorSource = getErrorSourceForResponse(backend.DataResponse{Error: nil, Status: 404})
+		checkErrorSource(t, PluginSource, errorSource)
+
+		errorSource = getErrorSourceForResponse(backend.DataResponse{Error: nil, Status: 405})
+		checkErrorSource(t, PluginSource, errorSource)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("A response without error and with an http status of 2xx, should return noneSource", func(t *testing.T) {
+		errorSource := getErrorSourceForResponse(backend.DataResponse{Error: nil, Status: 200})
+		checkErrorSource(t, NoneSource, errorSource)
+
+		errorSource = getErrorSourceForResponse(backend.DataResponse{Error: nil, Status: 201})
+		checkErrorSource(t, NoneSource, errorSource)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestGetErrorSource(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("If status of backend.QueryDataResponse is statusError, then errorSource is pluginSource ", func(t *testing.T) {
+		errorSource := getErrorSource(fmt.Errorf("a random error"), nil)
+		checkErrorSource(t, PluginSource, errorSource)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("If status of backend.QueryDataResponse is statusOK, then errorSource is the most severe response's errorSource: pluginSource > databaseSource > externalSource > noneSource", func(t *testing.T) {
+		errorSource := getErrorSource(nil, &backend.QueryDataResponse{
+			Responses: map[string]backend.DataResponse{
+				"A": {Error: fmt.Errorf("error")},
+				"B": {Error: nil, Status: 200},
+			},
+		})
+		checkErrorSource(t, PluginSource, errorSource)
+
+		errorSource = getErrorSource(nil, &backend.QueryDataResponse{
+			Responses: map[string]backend.DataResponse{
+				"A": {Error: nil, Status: 400},
+				"B": {Error: nil, Status: 500},
+				"C": {Error: nil, Status: 401},
+				"D": {Error: nil, Status: 200},
+			},
+		})
+		checkErrorSource(t, PluginSource, errorSource)
+
+		errorSource = getErrorSource(nil, &backend.QueryDataResponse{
+			Responses: map[string]backend.DataResponse{
+				"B": {Error: nil, Status: 500},
+				"C": {Error: nil, Status: 401},
+				"D": {Error: nil, Status: 200},
+			},
+		})
+		checkErrorSource(t, DatabaseSource, errorSource)
+
+		errorSource = getErrorSource(nil, &backend.QueryDataResponse{
+			Responses: map[string]backend.DataResponse{
+				"C": {Error: nil, Status: 401},
+				"D": {Error: nil, Status: 200},
+			},
+		})
+		checkErrorSource(t, ExternalSource, errorSource)
+
+		errorSource = getErrorSource(nil, &backend.QueryDataResponse{
+			Responses: map[string]backend.DataResponse{
+				"D": {Error: nil, Status: 200},
+			},
+		})
+		checkErrorSource(t, NoneSource, errorSource)
+	})
+}

pkg/promlib/intervalv2/intervalv2.go

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+// Package intervalv2 partially copied from https://github.com/grafana/grafana/blob/main/pkg/tsdb/intervalv2/intervalv2.go
+package intervalv2
+
+import (
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/gtime"
+)
+
+var (
+	DefaultRes         int64 = 1500
+	defaultMinInterval       = time.Millisecond * 1
+)
+
+type Interval struct {
+	Text  string
+	Value time.Duration
+}
+
+type intervalCalculator struct {
+	minInterval time.Duration
+}
+
+type Calculator interface {
+	Calculate(timerange backend.TimeRange, minInterval time.Duration, maxDataPoints int64) Interval
+	CalculateSafeInterval(timerange backend.TimeRange, resolution int64) Interval
+}
+
+type CalculatorOptions struct {
+	MinInterval time.Duration
+}
+
+func NewCalculator(opts ...CalculatorOptions) *intervalCalculator {
+	calc := &intervalCalculator{}
+
+	for _, o := range opts {
+		if o.MinInterval == 0 {
+			calc.minInterval = defaultMinInterval
+		} else {
+			calc.minInterval = o.MinInterval
+		}
+	}
+
+	return calc
+}
+
+func (ic *intervalCalculator) Calculate(timerange backend.TimeRange, minInterval time.Duration, maxDataPoints int64) Interval {
+	to := timerange.To.UnixNano()
+	from := timerange.From.UnixNano()
+	resolution := maxDataPoints
+	if resolution == 0 {
+		resolution = DefaultRes
+	}
+
+	calculatedInterval := time.Duration((to - from) / resolution)
+
+	if calculatedInterval < minInterval {
+		return Interval{Text: gtime.FormatInterval(minInterval), Value: minInterval}
+	}
+
+	rounded := gtime.RoundInterval(calculatedInterval)
+
+	return Interval{Text: gtime.FormatInterval(rounded), Value: rounded}
+}
+
+func (ic *intervalCalculator) CalculateSafeInterval(timerange backend.TimeRange, safeRes int64) Interval {
+	to := timerange.To.UnixNano()
+	from := timerange.From.UnixNano()
+	safeInterval := time.Duration((to - from) / safeRes)
+
+	rounded := gtime.RoundInterval(safeInterval)
+	return Interval{Text: gtime.FormatInterval(rounded), Value: rounded}
+}

pkg/promlib/intervalv2/intervalv2_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+package intervalv2
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestIntervalCalculator_Calculate(t *testing.T) {
+	calculator := NewCalculator(CalculatorOptions{})
+
+	timeNow := time.Now()
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name       string
+		timeRange  backend.TimeRange
+		resolution int64
+		expected   string
+	}{
+		{"from 5m to now and default resolution", backend.TimeRange{From: timeNow, To: timeNow.Add(5 * time.Minute)}, 0, "200ms"},
+		{"from 5m to now and 500 resolution", backend.TimeRange{From: timeNow, To: timeNow.Add(5 * time.Minute)}, 500, "500ms"},
+		{"from 15m to now and default resolution", backend.TimeRange{From: timeNow, To: timeNow.Add(15 * time.Minute)}, 0, "500ms"},
+		{"from 15m to now and 100 resolution", backend.TimeRange{From: timeNow, To: timeNow.Add(15 * time.Minute)}, 100, "10s"},
+		{"from 30m to now and default resolution", backend.TimeRange{From: timeNow, To: timeNow.Add(30 * time.Minute)}, 0, "1s"},
+		{"from 30m to now and 3000 resolution", backend.TimeRange{From: timeNow, To: timeNow.Add(30 * time.Minute)}, 3000, "500ms"},
+		{"from 1h to now and default resolution", backend.TimeRange{From: timeNow, To: timeNow.Add(time.Hour)}, 0, "2s"},
+		{"from 1h to now and 1000 resolution", backend.TimeRange{From: timeNow, To: timeNow.Add(time.Hour)}, 1000, "5s"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			interval := calculator.Calculate(tc.timeRange, time.Millisecond*1, tc.resolution)
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.expected, interval.Text)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIntervalCalculator_CalculateSafeInterval(t *testing.T) {
+	calculator := NewCalculator(CalculatorOptions{})
+
+	timeNow := time.Now()
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name           string
+		timeRange      backend.TimeRange
+		safeResolution int64
+		expected       string
+	}{
+		{"from 5m to now", backend.TimeRange{From: timeNow, To: timeNow.Add(5 * time.Minute)}, 11000, "20ms"},
+		{"from 15m to now", backend.TimeRange{From: timeNow, To: timeNow.Add(15 * time.Minute)}, 11000, "100ms"},
+		{"from 30m to now", backend.TimeRange{From: timeNow, To: timeNow.Add(30 * time.Minute)}, 11000, "200ms"},
+		{"from 24h to now", backend.TimeRange{From: timeNow, To: timeNow.Add(1440 * time.Minute)}, 11000, "10s"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			interval := calculator.CalculateSafeInterval(tc.timeRange, tc.safeResolution)
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.expected, interval.Text)
+		})
+	}
+}

pkg/promlib/library.go

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+package promlib
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/datasource"
+	sdkhttpclient "github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/httpclient"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/instancemgmt"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/log"
+	"github.com/patrickmn/go-cache"
+	apiv1 "github.com/prometheus/client_golang/api/prometheus/v1"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/client"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/instrumentation"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/querydata"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/resource"
+)
+
+type Service struct {
+	im     instancemgmt.InstanceManager
+	logger log.Logger
+}
+
+type instance struct {
+	queryData    *querydata.QueryData
+	resource     *resource.Resource
+	versionCache *cache.Cache
+}
+
+type ExtendOptions func(ctx context.Context, settings backend.DataSourceInstanceSettings, clientOpts *sdkhttpclient.Options) error
+
+func NewService(httpClientProvider *sdkhttpclient.Provider, plog log.Logger, extendOptions ExtendOptions) *Service {
+	if httpClientProvider == nil {
+		httpClientProvider = sdkhttpclient.NewProvider()
+	}
+	return &Service{
+		im:     datasource.NewInstanceManager(newInstanceSettings(httpClientProvider, plog, extendOptions)),
+		logger: plog,
+	}
+}
+
+func newInstanceSettings(httpClientProvider *sdkhttpclient.Provider, log log.Logger, extendOptions ExtendOptions) datasource.InstanceFactoryFunc {
+	return func(ctx context.Context, settings backend.DataSourceInstanceSettings) (instancemgmt.Instance, error) {
+		// Creates a http roundTripper.
+		opts, err := client.CreateTransportOptions(ctx, settings, log)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("error creating transport options: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		err = extendOptions(ctx, settings, opts)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("error extending transport options: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		httpClient, err := httpClientProvider.New(*opts)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("error creating http client: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		// New version using custom client and better response parsing
+		qd, err := querydata.New(httpClient, settings, log)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		// Resource call management using new custom client same as querydata
+		r, err := resource.New(httpClient, settings, log)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		return instance{
+			queryData:    qd,
+			resource:     r,
+			versionCache: cache.New(time.Minute*1, time.Minute*5),
+		}, nil
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Service) QueryData(ctx context.Context, req *backend.QueryDataRequest) (*backend.QueryDataResponse, error) {
+	if len(req.Queries) == 0 {
+		err := fmt.Errorf("query contains no queries")
+		instrumentation.UpdateQueryDataMetrics(err, nil)
+		return &backend.QueryDataResponse{}, err
+	}
+
+	i, err := s.getInstance(ctx, req.PluginContext)
+	if err != nil {
+		instrumentation.UpdateQueryDataMetrics(err, nil)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	qd, err := i.queryData.Execute(ctx, req)
+	instrumentation.UpdateQueryDataMetrics(err, qd)
+
+	return qd, err
+}
+
+func (s *Service) CallResource(ctx context.Context, req *backend.CallResourceRequest, sender backend.CallResourceResponseSender) error {
+	i, err := s.getInstance(ctx, req.PluginContext)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if strings.EqualFold(req.Path, "version-detect") {
+		versionObj, found := i.versionCache.Get("version")
+		if found {
+			return sender.Send(versionObj.(*backend.CallResourceResponse))
+		}
+
+		vResp, err := i.resource.DetectVersion(ctx, req)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		i.versionCache.Set("version", vResp, cache.DefaultExpiration)
+		return sender.Send(vResp)
+	}
+
+	resp, err := i.resource.Execute(ctx, req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return sender.Send(resp)
+}
+
+func (s *Service) getInstance(ctx context.Context, pluginCtx backend.PluginContext) (*instance, error) {
+	i, err := s.im.Get(ctx, pluginCtx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	in := i.(instance)
+	return &in, nil
+}
+
+// IsAPIError returns whether err is or wraps a Prometheus error.
+func IsAPIError(err error) bool {
+	// Check if the right error type is in err's chain.
+	var e *apiv1.Error
+	return errors.As(err, &e)
+}
+
+func ConvertAPIError(err error) error {
+	var e *apiv1.Error
+	if errors.As(err, &e) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: %s", e.Msg, e.Detail)
+	}
+	return err
+}

pkg/promlib/library_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+package promlib
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+	sdkhttpclient "github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/httpclient"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+type fakeSender struct{}
+
+func (sender *fakeSender) Send(resp *backend.CallResourceResponse) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+type fakeRoundtripper struct {
+	Req *http.Request
+}
+
+func (rt *fakeRoundtripper) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	rt.Req = req
+	return &http.Response{
+		Status:        "200",
+		StatusCode:    200,
+		Header:        nil,
+		Body:          nil,
+		ContentLength: 0,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+type fakeHTTPClientProvider struct {
+	sdkhttpclient.Provider
+	Roundtripper *fakeRoundtripper
+}
+
+func (provider *fakeHTTPClientProvider) New(opts ...sdkhttpclient.Options) (*http.Client, error) {
+	client := &http.Client{}
+	provider.Roundtripper = &fakeRoundtripper{}
+	client.Transport = provider.Roundtripper
+	return client, nil
+}
+
+func (provider *fakeHTTPClientProvider) GetTransport(opts ...sdkhttpclient.Options) (http.RoundTripper, error) {
+	return &fakeRoundtripper{}, nil
+}
+
+func getMockPromTestSDKProvider(f *fakeHTTPClientProvider) *sdkhttpclient.Provider {
+	anotherFN := func(o sdkhttpclient.Options, next http.RoundTripper) http.RoundTripper {
+		_, _ = f.New()
+		return f.Roundtripper
+	}
+	fn := sdkhttpclient.MiddlewareFunc(anotherFN)
+	mid := sdkhttpclient.NamedMiddlewareFunc("mock", fn)
+	return sdkhttpclient.NewProvider(sdkhttpclient.ProviderOptions{Middlewares: []sdkhttpclient.Middleware{mid}})
+}
+
+func mockExtendTransportOptions(ctx context.Context, settings backend.DataSourceInstanceSettings, clientOpts *sdkhttpclient.Options) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestService(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Service", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run("CallResource", func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Run("creates correct request", func(t *testing.T) {
+				f := &fakeHTTPClientProvider{}
+				httpProvider := getMockPromTestSDKProvider(f)
+				service := NewService(httpProvider, backend.NewLoggerWith("logger", "test"), mockExtendTransportOptions)
+
+				req := &backend.CallResourceRequest{
+					PluginContext: backend.PluginContext{
+						OrgID:               0,
+						PluginID:            "prometheus",
+						User:                nil,
+						AppInstanceSettings: nil,
+						DataSourceInstanceSettings: &backend.DataSourceInstanceSettings{
+							ID:               0,
+							UID:              "",
+							Type:             "prometheus",
+							Name:             "test-prom",
+							URL:              "http://localhost:9090",
+							User:             "",
+							Database:         "",
+							BasicAuthEnabled: true,
+							BasicAuthUser:    "admin",
+							Updated:          time.Time{},
+							JSONData:         []byte("{}"),
+						},
+					},
+					Path:   "/api/v1/series",
+					Method: http.MethodPost,
+					URL:    "/api/v1/series",
+					Body:   []byte("match%5B%5D: ALERTS\nstart: 1655271408\nend: 1655293008"),
+				}
+
+				sender := &fakeSender{}
+				err := service.CallResource(context.Background(), req, sender)
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				require.Equal(
+					t,
+					http.Header{
+						"Content-Type":    {"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"},
+						"Idempotency-Key": []string(nil),
+					},
+					f.Roundtripper.Req.Header)
+				require.Equal(t, http.MethodPost, f.Roundtripper.Req.Method)
+				body, err := io.ReadAll(f.Roundtripper.Req.Body)
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				require.Equal(t, []byte("match%5B%5D: ALERTS\nstart: 1655271408\nend: 1655293008"), body)
+				require.Equal(t, "http://localhost:9090/api/v1/series", f.Roundtripper.Req.URL.String())
+			})
+		})
+	})
+}

pkg/promlib/middleware/custom_query_params.go

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+package middleware
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+
+	sdkhttpclient "github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/httpclient"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/log"
+)
+
+const (
+	customQueryParametersMiddlewareName = "prom-custom-query-parameters"
+	customQueryParametersKey            = "customQueryParameters"
+	grafanaDataKey                      = "grafanaData"
+)
+
+func CustomQueryParameters(logger log.Logger) sdkhttpclient.Middleware {
+	return sdkhttpclient.NamedMiddlewareFunc(customQueryParametersMiddlewareName, func(opts sdkhttpclient.Options, next http.RoundTripper) http.RoundTripper {
+		grafanaData, exists := opts.CustomOptions[grafanaDataKey]
+		if !exists {
+			return next
+		}
+
+		data, ok := grafanaData.(map[string]any)
+		if !ok {
+			return next
+		}
+		customQueryParamsVal, exists := data[customQueryParametersKey]
+		if !exists {
+			return next
+		}
+
+		customQueryParams, ok := customQueryParamsVal.(string)
+		if !ok || customQueryParams == "" {
+			return next
+		}
+
+		values, err := url.ParseQuery(customQueryParams)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Failed to parse custom query parameters, skipping middleware", "error", err)
+			return next
+		}
+
+		return sdkhttpclient.RoundTripperFunc(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			q := req.URL.Query()
+			for k, keyValues := range values {
+				for _, value := range keyValues {
+					q.Add(k, value)
+				}
+			}
+			req.URL.RawQuery = q.Encode()
+
+			return next.RoundTrip(req)
+		})
+	})
+}

pkg/promlib/middleware/custom_query_params_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+package middleware
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/url"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/httpclient"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestCustomQueryParametersMiddleware(t *testing.T) {
+	require.Equal(t, "customQueryParameters", customQueryParametersKey)
+
+	finalRoundTripper := httpclient.RoundTripperFunc(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+		return &http.Response{StatusCode: http.StatusOK}, nil
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Without custom query parameters set should not apply middleware", func(t *testing.T) {
+		mw := CustomQueryParameters(backend.NewLoggerWith("logger", "test"))
+		rt := mw.CreateMiddleware(httpclient.Options{}, finalRoundTripper)
+		require.NotNil(t, rt)
+		middlewareName, ok := mw.(httpclient.MiddlewareName)
+		require.True(t, ok)
+		require.Equal(t, customQueryParametersMiddlewareName, middlewareName.MiddlewareName())
+
+		req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://test.com/query?hello=name", nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		res, err := rt.RoundTrip(req)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, res)
+		if res.Body != nil {
+			require.NoError(t, res.Body.Close())
+		}
+
+		require.Equal(t, "http://test.com/query?hello=name", req.URL.String())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Without custom query parameters set as string should not apply middleware", func(t *testing.T) {
+		mw := CustomQueryParameters(backend.NewLoggerWith("logger", "test"))
+		rt := mw.CreateMiddleware(httpclient.Options{
+			CustomOptions: map[string]any{
+				customQueryParametersKey: 64,
+			},
+		}, finalRoundTripper)
+		require.NotNil(t, rt)
+		middlewareName, ok := mw.(httpclient.MiddlewareName)
+		require.True(t, ok)
+		require.Equal(t, customQueryParametersMiddlewareName, middlewareName.MiddlewareName())
+
+		req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://test.com/query?hello=name", nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		res, err := rt.RoundTrip(req)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, res)
+		if res.Body != nil {
+			require.NoError(t, res.Body.Close())
+		}
+
+		require.Equal(t, "http://test.com/query?hello=name", req.URL.String())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("With custom query parameters set as empty string should not apply middleware", func(t *testing.T) {
+		mw := CustomQueryParameters(backend.NewLoggerWith("logger", "test"))
+		rt := mw.CreateMiddleware(httpclient.Options{
+			CustomOptions: map[string]any{
+				customQueryParametersKey: "",
+			},
+		}, finalRoundTripper)
+		require.NotNil(t, rt)
+		middlewareName, ok := mw.(httpclient.MiddlewareName)
+		require.True(t, ok)
+		require.Equal(t, customQueryParametersMiddlewareName, middlewareName.MiddlewareName())
+
+		req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://test.com/query?hello=name", nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		res, err := rt.RoundTrip(req)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, res)
+		if res.Body != nil {
+			require.NoError(t, res.Body.Close())
+		}
+
+		require.Equal(t, "http://test.com/query?hello=name", req.URL.String())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("With custom query parameters set as invalid query string should not apply middleware", func(t *testing.T) {
+		mw := CustomQueryParameters(backend.NewLoggerWith("logger", "test"))
+		rt := mw.CreateMiddleware(httpclient.Options{
+			CustomOptions: map[string]any{
+				customQueryParametersKey: "custom=%%abc&test=abc",
+			},
+		}, finalRoundTripper)
+		require.NotNil(t, rt)
+		middlewareName, ok := mw.(httpclient.MiddlewareName)
+		require.True(t, ok)
+		require.Equal(t, customQueryParametersMiddlewareName, middlewareName.MiddlewareName())
+
+		req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://test.com/query?hello=name", nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		res, err := rt.RoundTrip(req)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, res)
+		if res.Body != nil {
+			require.NoError(t, res.Body.Close())
+		}
+
+		require.Equal(t, "http://test.com/query?hello=name", req.URL.String())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("With custom query parameters set should apply middleware for request URL containing query parameters ", func(t *testing.T) {
+		mw := CustomQueryParameters(backend.NewLoggerWith("logger", "test"))
+		rt := mw.CreateMiddleware(httpclient.Options{
+			CustomOptions: map[string]any{
+				grafanaDataKey: map[string]any{
+					customQueryParametersKey: "custom=par/am&second=f oo",
+				},
+			},
+		}, finalRoundTripper)
+		require.NotNil(t, rt)
+		middlewareName, ok := mw.(httpclient.MiddlewareName)
+		require.True(t, ok)
+		require.Equal(t, customQueryParametersMiddlewareName, middlewareName.MiddlewareName())
+
+		req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://test.com/query?hello=name", nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		res, err := rt.RoundTrip(req)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, res)
+		if res.Body != nil {
+			require.NoError(t, res.Body.Close())
+		}
+
+		require.True(t, strings.HasPrefix(req.URL.String(), "http://test.com/query?"))
+
+		q := req.URL.Query()
+		require.Len(t, q, 3)
+		require.Equal(t, "name", url.QueryEscape(q.Get("hello")))
+		require.Equal(t, "par%2Fam", url.QueryEscape(q.Get("custom")))
+		require.Equal(t, "f+oo", url.QueryEscape(q.Get("second")))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("With custom query parameters set should apply middleware for request URL not containing query parameters", func(t *testing.T) {
+		mw := CustomQueryParameters(backend.NewLoggerWith("logger", "test"))
+		rt := mw.CreateMiddleware(httpclient.Options{
+			CustomOptions: map[string]any{
+				grafanaDataKey: map[string]any{
+					customQueryParametersKey: "custom=par/am&second=f oo",
+				},
+			},
+		}, finalRoundTripper)
+		require.NotNil(t, rt)
+		middlewareName, ok := mw.(httpclient.MiddlewareName)
+		require.True(t, ok)
+		require.Equal(t, customQueryParametersMiddlewareName, middlewareName.MiddlewareName())
+
+		req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "http://test.com/query", nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		res, err := rt.RoundTrip(req)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, res)
+		if res.Body != nil {
+			require.NoError(t, res.Body.Close())
+		}
+
+		require.Equal(t, "http://test.com/query?custom=par%2Fam&second=f+oo", req.URL.String())
+	})
+}

pkg/promlib/middleware/force_http_get.go

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+package middleware
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+
+	sdkhttpclient "github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/httpclient"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/log"
+)
+
+func ForceHttpGet(logger log.Logger) sdkhttpclient.Middleware {
+	return sdkhttpclient.NamedMiddlewareFunc("force-http-get", func(opts sdkhttpclient.Options, next http.RoundTripper) http.RoundTripper {
+		// the prometheus library we use does not allow us to set the http method.
+		// it's behavior is to first try POST, and if it fails in certain ways
+		// (for example, by returning a method-not-allowed error), it will try GET.
+		// so here, we check if the http-method is POST, and if it is, we
+		// return an artificial method-not-allowed response.
+		// this will cause the prometheus library to retry with GET.
+		return sdkhttpclient.RoundTripperFunc(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			if req.Method == http.MethodPost {
+				resp := &http.Response{
+					StatusCode: http.StatusMethodNotAllowed,
+				}
+				return resp, nil
+			}
+
+			return next.RoundTrip(req)
+		})
+	})
+}

pkg/promlib/middleware/force_http_get_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+package middleware
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/httpclient"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestEnsureHttpMethodMiddleware(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Name should be correct", func(t *testing.T) {
+		finalRoundTripper := httpclient.RoundTripperFunc(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			return &http.Response{StatusCode: http.StatusOK}, nil
+		})
+		mw := ForceHttpGet(backend.NewLoggerWith("logger", "test"))
+		rt := mw.CreateMiddleware(httpclient.Options{}, finalRoundTripper)
+		require.NotNil(t, rt)
+		middlewareName, ok := mw.(httpclient.MiddlewareName)
+		require.True(t, ok)
+		require.Equal(t, "force-http-get", middlewareName.MiddlewareName())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Should force GET method", func(t *testing.T) {
+		finalRoundTripper := httpclient.RoundTripperFunc(func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+			return &http.Response{StatusCode: http.StatusOK}, nil
+		})
+
+		mw := ForceHttpGet(backend.NewLoggerWith("logger", "test"))
+		rt := mw.CreateMiddleware(httpclient.Options{}, finalRoundTripper)
+		require.NotNil(t, rt)
+
+		req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "http://example.com", nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		res, err := rt.RoundTrip(req)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.NotNil(t, res)
+		require.Equal(t, res.StatusCode, http.StatusMethodNotAllowed)
+		if res.Body != nil {
+			require.NoError(t, res.Body.Close())
+		}
+	})
+}

pkg/promlib/models/query.go

@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+package models
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/gtime"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql/parser"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/intervalv2"
+)
+
+// PromQueryFormat defines model for PromQueryFormat.
+// +enum
+type PromQueryFormat string
+
+const (
+	PromQueryFormatTimeSeries PromQueryFormat = "time_series"
+	PromQueryFormatTable      PromQueryFormat = "table"
+	PromQueryFormatHeatmap    PromQueryFormat = "heatmap"
+)
+
+// QueryEditorMode defines model for QueryEditorMode.
+// +enum
+type QueryEditorMode string
+
+const (
+	QueryEditorModeBuilder QueryEditorMode = "builder"
+	QueryEditorModeCode    QueryEditorMode = "code"
+)
+
+// PrometheusQueryProperties defines the specific properties used for prometheus
+type PrometheusQueryProperties struct {
+	// The response format
+	Format PromQueryFormat `json:"format,omitempty"`
+
+	// The actual expression/query that will be evaluated by Prometheus
+	Expr string `json:"expr"`
+
+	// Returns a Range vector, comprised of a set of time series containing a range of data points over time for each time series
+	Range bool `json:"range,omitempty"`
+
+	// Returns only the latest value that Prometheus has scraped for the requested time series
+	Instant bool `json:"instant,omitempty"`
+
+	// Execute an additional query to identify interesting raw samples relevant for the given expr
+	Exemplar bool `json:"exemplar,omitempty"`
+
+	// what we should show in the editor
+	EditorMode QueryEditorMode `json:"editorMode,omitempty"`
+
+	// Used to specify how many times to divide max data points by. We use max data points under query options
+	// See https://github.com/grafana/grafana/issues/48081
+	// Deprecated: use interval
+	IntervalFactor int64 `json:"intervalFactor,omitempty"`
+
+	// Series name override or template. Ex. {{hostname}} will be replaced with label value for hostname
+	LegendFormat string `json:"legendFormat,omitempty"`
+
+	// ???
+	Scope *struct {
+		Matchers string `json:"matchers"`
+	} `json:"scope,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// Internal interval and range variables
+const (
+	varInterval       = "$__interval"
+	varIntervalMs     = "$__interval_ms"
+	varRange          = "$__range"
+	varRangeS         = "$__range_s"
+	varRangeMs        = "$__range_ms"
+	varRateInterval   = "$__rate_interval"
+	varRateIntervalMs = "$__rate_interval_ms"
+)
+
+// Internal interval and range variables with {} syntax
+// Repetitive code, we should have functionality to unify these
+const (
+	varIntervalAlt       = "${__interval}"
+	varIntervalMsAlt     = "${__interval_ms}"
+	varRangeAlt          = "${__range}"
+	varRangeSAlt         = "${__range_s}"
+	varRangeMsAlt        = "${__range_ms}"
+	varRateIntervalAlt   = "${__rate_interval}"
+	varRateIntervalMsAlt = "${__rate_interval_ms}"
+)
+
+type TimeSeriesQueryType string
+
+const (
+	RangeQueryType    TimeSeriesQueryType = "range"
+	InstantQueryType  TimeSeriesQueryType = "instant"
+	ExemplarQueryType TimeSeriesQueryType = "exemplar"
+	UnknownQueryType  TimeSeriesQueryType = "unknown"
+)
+
+var safeResolution = 11000
+
+// QueryModel includes both the common and specific values
+type QueryModel struct {
+	PrometheusQueryProperties `json:",inline"`
+	CommonQueryProperties     `json:",inline"`
+
+	// The following properties may be part of the request payload, however they are not saved in panel JSON
+	// Timezone offset to align start & end time on backend
+	UtcOffsetSec int64  `json:"utcOffsetSec,omitempty"`
+	Interval     string `json:"interval,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// CommonQueryProperties is properties applied to all queries
+// NOTE: this will soon be replaced with a struct from the SDK
+type CommonQueryProperties struct {
+	RefId      string `json:"refId,omitempty"`
+	IntervalMs int64  `json:"intervalMs,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type TimeRange struct {
+	Start time.Time
+	End   time.Time
+	Step  time.Duration
+}
+
+// The internal query object
+type Query struct {
+	Expr          string
+	Step          time.Duration
+	LegendFormat  string
+	Start         time.Time
+	End           time.Time
+	RefId         string
+	InstantQuery  bool
+	RangeQuery    bool
+	ExemplarQuery bool
+	UtcOffsetSec  int64
+	Scope         Scope
+}
+
+type Scope struct {
+	Matchers []*labels.Matcher
+}
+
+func Parse(query backend.DataQuery, dsScrapeInterval string, intervalCalculator intervalv2.Calculator, fromAlert bool, enableScope bool) (*Query, error) {
+	model := &QueryModel{}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(query.JSON, model); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Final step value for prometheus
+	calculatedStep, err := calculatePrometheusInterval(model.Interval, dsScrapeInterval, model.IntervalMs, model.IntervalFactor, query, intervalCalculator)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Interpolate variables in expr
+	timeRange := query.TimeRange.To.Sub(query.TimeRange.From)
+	expr := interpolateVariables(
+		model.Expr,
+		query.Interval,
+		calculatedStep,
+		model.Interval,
+		dsScrapeInterval,
+		timeRange,
+	)
+	var matchers []*labels.Matcher
+	if enableScope && model.Scope != nil && model.Scope.Matchers != "" {
+		matchers, err = parser.ParseMetricSelector(model.Scope.Matchers)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse metric selector %v in scope", model.Scope.Matchers)
+		}
+		expr, err = ApplyQueryScope(expr, matchers)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	if !model.Instant && !model.Range {
+		// In older dashboards, we were not setting range query param and !range && !instant was run as range query
+		model.Range = true
+	}
+
+	// We never want to run exemplar query for alerting
+	if fromAlert {
+		model.Exemplar = false
+	}
+
+	return &Query{
+		Expr:          expr,
+		Step:          calculatedStep,
+		LegendFormat:  model.LegendFormat,
+		Start:         query.TimeRange.From,
+		End:           query.TimeRange.To,
+		RefId:         query.RefID,
+		InstantQuery:  model.Instant,
+		RangeQuery:    model.Range,
+		ExemplarQuery: model.Exemplar,
+		UtcOffsetSec:  model.UtcOffsetSec,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (query *Query) Type() TimeSeriesQueryType {
+	if query.InstantQuery {
+		return InstantQueryType
+	}
+	if query.RangeQuery {
+		return RangeQueryType
+	}
+	if query.ExemplarQuery {
+		return ExemplarQueryType
+	}
+	return UnknownQueryType
+}
+
+func (query *Query) TimeRange() TimeRange {
+	return TimeRange{
+		Step: query.Step,
+		// Align query range to step. It rounds start and end down to a multiple of step.
+		Start: AlignTimeRange(query.Start, query.Step, query.UtcOffsetSec),
+		End:   AlignTimeRange(query.End, query.Step, query.UtcOffsetSec),
+	}
+}
+
+func calculatePrometheusInterval(
+	queryInterval, dsScrapeInterval string,
+	intervalMs, intervalFactor int64,
+	query backend.DataQuery,
+	intervalCalculator intervalv2.Calculator,
+) (time.Duration, error) {
+	// we need to compare the original query model after it is overwritten below to variables so that we can
+	// calculate the rateInterval if it is equal to $__rate_interval or ${__rate_interval}
+	originalQueryInterval := queryInterval
+
+	// If we are using variable for interval/step, we will replace it with calculated interval
+	if isVariableInterval(queryInterval) {
+		queryInterval = ""
+	}
+
+	minInterval, err := gtime.GetIntervalFrom(dsScrapeInterval, queryInterval, intervalMs, 15*time.Second)
+	if err != nil {
+		return time.Duration(0), err
+	}
+	calculatedInterval := intervalCalculator.Calculate(query.TimeRange, minInterval, query.MaxDataPoints)
+	safeInterval := intervalCalculator.CalculateSafeInterval(query.TimeRange, int64(safeResolution))
+
+	adjustedInterval := safeInterval.Value
+	if calculatedInterval.Value > safeInterval.Value {
+		adjustedInterval = calculatedInterval.Value
+	}
+
+	// here is where we compare for $__rate_interval or ${__rate_interval}
+	if originalQueryInterval == varRateInterval || originalQueryInterval == varRateIntervalAlt {
+		// Rate interval is final and is not affected by resolution
+		return calculateRateInterval(adjustedInterval, dsScrapeInterval), nil
+	} else {
+		queryIntervalFactor := intervalFactor
+		if queryIntervalFactor == 0 {
+			queryIntervalFactor = 1
+		}
+		return time.Duration(int64(adjustedInterval) * queryIntervalFactor), nil
+	}
+}
+
+// calculateRateInterval calculates the $__rate_interval value
+// queryInterval is the value calculated range / maxDataPoints on the frontend
+// queryInterval is shown on the Query Options Panel above the query editor
+// requestedMinStep is the data source scrape interval (default 15s)
+// requestedMinStep can be changed by setting "Min Step" value in Options panel below the code editor
+func calculateRateInterval(
+	queryInterval time.Duration,
+	requestedMinStep string,
+) time.Duration {
+	scrape := requestedMinStep
+	if scrape == "" {
+		scrape = "15s"
+	}
+
+	scrapeIntervalDuration, err := gtime.ParseIntervalStringToTimeDuration(scrape)
+	if err != nil {
+		return time.Duration(0)
+	}
+
+	rateInterval := time.Duration(int64(math.Max(float64(queryInterval+scrapeIntervalDuration), float64(4)*float64(scrapeIntervalDuration))))
+	return rateInterval
+}
+
+// interpolateVariables interpolates built-in variables
+// expr                         PromQL query
+// queryInterval                Requested interval in milliseconds. This value may be overridden by MinStep in query options
+// calculatedStep               Calculated final step value. It was calculated in calculatePrometheusInterval
+// requestedMinStep             Requested minimum step value. QueryModel.interval
+// dsScrapeInterval             Data source scrape interval in the config
+// timeRange                    Requested time range for query
+func interpolateVariables(
+	expr string,
+	queryInterval time.Duration,
+	calculatedStep time.Duration,
+	requestedMinStep string,
+	dsScrapeInterval string,
+	timeRange time.Duration,
+) string {
+	rangeMs := timeRange.Milliseconds()
+	rangeSRounded := int64(math.Round(float64(rangeMs) / 1000.0))
+
+	var rateInterval time.Duration
+	if requestedMinStep == varRateInterval || requestedMinStep == varRateIntervalAlt {
+		rateInterval = calculatedStep
+	} else {
+		if requestedMinStep == varInterval || requestedMinStep == varIntervalAlt {
+			requestedMinStep = calculatedStep.String()
+		}
+		if requestedMinStep == "" {
+			requestedMinStep = dsScrapeInterval
+		}
+		rateInterval = calculateRateInterval(queryInterval, requestedMinStep)
+	}
+
+	expr = strings.ReplaceAll(expr, varIntervalMs, strconv.FormatInt(int64(calculatedStep/time.Millisecond), 10))
+	expr = strings.ReplaceAll(expr, varInterval, gtime.FormatInterval(calculatedStep))
+	expr = strings.ReplaceAll(expr, varRangeMs, strconv.FormatInt(rangeMs, 10))
+	expr = strings.ReplaceAll(expr, varRangeS, strconv.FormatInt(rangeSRounded, 10))
+	expr = strings.ReplaceAll(expr, varRange, strconv.FormatInt(rangeSRounded, 10)+"s")
+	expr = strings.ReplaceAll(expr, varRateIntervalMs, strconv.FormatInt(int64(rateInterval/time.Millisecond), 10))
+	expr = strings.ReplaceAll(expr, varRateInterval, rateInterval.String())
+
+	// Repetitive code, we should have functionality to unify these
+	expr = strings.ReplaceAll(expr, varIntervalMsAlt, strconv.FormatInt(int64(calculatedStep/time.Millisecond), 10))
+	expr = strings.ReplaceAll(expr, varIntervalAlt, gtime.FormatInterval(calculatedStep))
+	expr = strings.ReplaceAll(expr, varRangeMsAlt, strconv.FormatInt(rangeMs, 10))
+	expr = strings.ReplaceAll(expr, varRangeSAlt, strconv.FormatInt(rangeSRounded, 10))
+	expr = strings.ReplaceAll(expr, varRangeAlt, strconv.FormatInt(rangeSRounded, 10)+"s")
+	expr = strings.ReplaceAll(expr, varRateIntervalMsAlt, strconv.FormatInt(int64(rateInterval/time.Millisecond), 10))
+	expr = strings.ReplaceAll(expr, varRateIntervalAlt, rateInterval.String())
+	return expr
+}
+
+func isVariableInterval(interval string) bool {
+	if interval == varInterval || interval == varIntervalMs || interval == varRateInterval || interval == varRateIntervalMs {
+		return true
+	}
+	// Repetitive code, we should have functionality to unify these
+	if interval == varIntervalAlt || interval == varIntervalMsAlt || interval == varRateIntervalAlt || interval == varRateIntervalMsAlt {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// AlignTimeRange aligns query range to step and handles the time offset.
+// It rounds start and end down to a multiple of step.
+// Prometheus caching is dependent on the range being aligned with the step.
+// Rounding to the step can significantly change the start and end of the range for larger steps, i.e. a week.
+// In rounding the range to a 1w step the range will always start on a Thursday.
+func AlignTimeRange(t time.Time, step time.Duration, offset int64) time.Time {
+	offsetNano := float64(offset * 1e9)
+	stepNano := float64(step.Nanoseconds())
+	return time.Unix(0, int64(math.Floor((float64(t.UnixNano())+offsetNano)/stepNano)*stepNano-offsetNano)).UTC()
+}

pkg/promlib/models/query_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,784 @@
+package models_test
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/intervalv2"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/models"
+)
+
+var (
+	now                = time.Now()
+	intervalCalculator = intervalv2.NewCalculator()
+)
+
+func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("parsing query from unified alerting", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(12 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		queryJson := `{
+			"expr": "go_goroutines",
+			"refId": "A",
+			"exemplar": true
+		}`
+
+		q := backend.DataQuery{
+			JSON:      []byte(queryJson),
+			TimeRange: timeRange,
+			RefID:     "A",
+		}
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, true, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, false, res.ExemplarQuery)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model with step", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(12 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "go_goroutines",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, time.Second*30, res.Step)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model without step parameter", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(1 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "go_goroutines",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, time.Second*15, res.Step)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model with high intervalFactor", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(48 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "go_goroutines",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 10,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, time.Minute*20, res.Step)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model with low intervalFactor", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(48 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "go_goroutines",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, time.Minute*2, res.Step)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model specified scrape-interval in the data source", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(48 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "go_goroutines",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "240s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, time.Minute*4, res.Step)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model with $__interval variable", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(48 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [$__interval]})",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"intervalMs": 60000,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [2m]})", res.Expr)
+		require.Equal(t, 120*time.Second, res.Step)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model with ${__interval} variable", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(48 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [${__interval}]})",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"interval": "1m",
+			"intervalMs": 60000,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [2m]})", res.Expr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model with $__interval_ms variable", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(48 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [$__interval_ms]})",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"intervalMs": 60000,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [120000]})", res.Expr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model with $__interval_ms and $__interval variable", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(48 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [$__interval_ms]}) + rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [$__interval]})",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"intervalMs": 60000,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [120000]}) + rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [2m]})", res.Expr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model with ${__interval_ms} and ${__interval} variable", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(48 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [${__interval_ms}]}) + rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [${__interval}]})",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"intervalMs": 60000,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [120000]}) + rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [2m]})", res.Expr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model with $__range variable", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(48 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [$__range]})",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [172800s]})", res.Expr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model with $__range_s variable", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(48 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [$__range_s]})",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [172800]})", res.Expr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model with ${__range_s} variable", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(48 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [${__range_s}s]})",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [172800s]})", res.Expr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model with $__range_s variable below 0.5s", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(40 * time.Millisecond),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [$__range_s]})",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [0]})", res.Expr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model with $__range_s variable between 1-0.5s", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(800 * time.Millisecond),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [$__range_s]})",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [1]})", res.Expr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model with $__range_ms variable", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(48 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [$__range_ms]})",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [172800000]})", res.Expr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model with $__range_ms variable below 1s", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(20 * time.Millisecond),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [$__range_ms]})",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [20]})", res.Expr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model with $__rate_interval variable", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(5 * time.Minute),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [$__rate_interval]})",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"interval": "5m",
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [20m0s]})", res.Expr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model with $__rate_interval variable in expr and interval", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(5 * time.Minute),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [$__rate_interval]})",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"interval": "$__rate_interval",
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, 1*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [1m0s]})", res.Expr)
+		require.Equal(t, 1*time.Minute, res.Step)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model with $__rate_interval_ms variable", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(48 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [$__rate_interval_ms]})",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, 2*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [135000]})", res.Expr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model with $__rate_interval_ms and $__rate_interval variable", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(48 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [$__rate_interval_ms]}) + rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [$__rate_interval]})",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, 2*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [135000]}) + rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [2m15s]})", res.Expr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model with ${__rate_interval_ms} and ${__rate_interval} variable", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(48 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [${__rate_interval_ms}]}) + rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [${__rate_interval}]})",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, 2*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [135000]}) + rate(ALERTS{job=\"test\" [2m15s]})", res.Expr)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model of range query", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(48 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "go_goroutines",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"refId": "A",
+			"range": true
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, true, res.RangeQuery)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model of range and instant query", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(48 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "go_goroutines",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"refId": "A",
+			"range": true,
+			"instant": true
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, true, res.RangeQuery)
+		require.Equal(t, true, res.InstantQuery)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("parsing query model of with no query type", func(t *testing.T) {
+		timeRange := backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(48 * time.Hour),
+		}
+
+		q := queryContext(`{
+			"expr": "go_goroutines",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, timeRange, time.Duration(1)*time.Minute)
+
+		res, err := models.Parse(q, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, true, res.RangeQuery)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestRateInterval(t *testing.T) {
+	type args struct {
+		expr             string
+		interval         string
+		intervalMs       int64
+		dsScrapeInterval string
+		timeRange        *backend.TimeRange
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		args args
+		want *models.Query
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "intervalMs 100s, minStep override 150s and scrape interval 30s",
+			args: args{
+				expr:             "rate(rpc_durations_seconds_count[$__rate_interval])",
+				interval:         "150s",
+				intervalMs:       100000,
+				dsScrapeInterval: "30s",
+			},
+			want: &models.Query{
+				Expr: "rate(rpc_durations_seconds_count[10m0s])",
+				Step: time.Second * 150,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "intervalMs 120s, minStep override 150s and ds scrape interval 30s",
+			args: args{
+				expr:             "rate(rpc_durations_seconds_count[$__rate_interval])",
+				interval:         "150s",
+				intervalMs:       120000,
+				dsScrapeInterval: "30s",
+			},
+			want: &models.Query{
+				Expr: "rate(rpc_durations_seconds_count[10m0s])",
+				Step: time.Second * 150,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "intervalMs 120s, minStep auto (interval not overridden) and ds scrape interval 30s",
+			args: args{
+				expr:             "rate(rpc_durations_seconds_count[$__rate_interval])",
+				interval:         "120s",
+				intervalMs:       120000,
+				dsScrapeInterval: "30s",
+			},
+			want: &models.Query{
+				Expr: "rate(rpc_durations_seconds_count[8m0s])",
+				Step: time.Second * 120,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "interval and minStep are automatically calculated and ds scrape interval 30s and time range 1 hour",
+			args: args{
+				expr:             "rate(rpc_durations_seconds_count[$__rate_interval])",
+				interval:         "30s",
+				intervalMs:       30000,
+				dsScrapeInterval: "30s",
+				timeRange: &backend.TimeRange{
+					From: now,
+					To:   now.Add(1 * time.Hour),
+				},
+			},
+			want: &models.Query{
+				Expr: "rate(rpc_durations_seconds_count[2m0s])",
+				Step: time.Second * 30,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "minStep is $__rate_interval and ds scrape interval 30s and time range 1 hour",
+			args: args{
+				expr:             "rate(rpc_durations_seconds_count[$__rate_interval])",
+				interval:         "$__rate_interval",
+				intervalMs:       30000,
+				dsScrapeInterval: "30s",
+				timeRange: &backend.TimeRange{
+					From: now,
+					To:   now.Add(1 * time.Hour),
+				},
+			},
+			want: &models.Query{
+				Expr: "rate(rpc_durations_seconds_count[2m0s])",
+				Step: time.Minute * 2,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "minStep is $__rate_interval and ds scrape interval 30s and time range 2 days",
+			args: args{
+				expr:             "rate(rpc_durations_seconds_count[$__rate_interval])",
+				interval:         "$__rate_interval",
+				intervalMs:       120000,
+				dsScrapeInterval: "30s",
+				timeRange: &backend.TimeRange{
+					From: now,
+					To:   now.Add(2 * 24 * time.Hour),
+				},
+			},
+			want: &models.Query{
+				Expr: "rate(rpc_durations_seconds_count[2m30s])",
+				Step: time.Second * 150,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "minStep is $__rate_interval and ds scrape interval 15s and time range 2 days",
+			args: args{
+				expr:             "rate(rpc_durations_seconds_count[$__rate_interval])",
+				interval:         "$__interval",
+				intervalMs:       120000,
+				dsScrapeInterval: "15s",
+				timeRange: &backend.TimeRange{
+					From: now,
+					To:   now.Add(2 * 24 * time.Hour),
+				},
+			},
+			want: &models.Query{
+				Expr: "rate(rpc_durations_seconds_count[8m0s])",
+				Step: time.Second * 120,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			q := mockQuery(tt.args.expr, tt.args.interval, tt.args.intervalMs, tt.args.timeRange)
+			q.MaxDataPoints = 12384
+			res, err := models.Parse(q, tt.args.dsScrapeInterval, intervalCalculator, false, false)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Equal(t, tt.want.Expr, res.Expr)
+			require.Equal(t, tt.want.Step, res.Step)
+		})
+	}
+
+	t.Run("minStep is auto and ds scrape interval 30s and time range 1 hour", func(t *testing.T) {
+		query := backend.DataQuery{
+			RefID:         "G",
+			QueryType:     "",
+			MaxDataPoints: 1613,
+			Interval:      30 * time.Second,
+			TimeRange: backend.TimeRange{
+				From: now,
+				To:   now.Add(1 * time.Hour),
+			},
+			JSON: []byte(`{
+			"datasource":{"type":"prometheus","uid":"zxS5e5W4k"},
+			"datasourceId":38,
+			"editorMode":"code",
+			"exemplar":false,
+			"expr":"sum(rate(process_cpu_seconds_total[$__rate_interval]))",
+			"instant":false,
+			"interval":"",
+			"intervalMs":30000,
+			"key":"Q-f96b6729-c47a-4ea8-8f71-a79774cf9bd5-0",
+			"legendFormat":"__auto",
+			"maxDataPoints":1613,
+			"range":true,
+			"refId":"G",
+			"requestId":"1G",
+			"utcOffsetSec":3600
+		}`),
+		}
+		res, err := models.Parse(query, "30s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "sum(rate(process_cpu_seconds_total[2m0s]))", res.Expr)
+		require.Equal(t, 30*time.Second, res.Step)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("minStep is auto and ds scrape interval 15s and time range 5 minutes", func(t *testing.T) {
+		query := backend.DataQuery{
+			RefID:         "A",
+			QueryType:     "",
+			MaxDataPoints: 1055,
+			Interval:      15 * time.Second,
+			TimeRange: backend.TimeRange{
+				From: now,
+				To:   now.Add(5 * time.Minute),
+			},
+			JSON: []byte(`{
+			"datasource": {
+		        "type": "prometheus",
+		        "uid": "2z9d6ElGk"
+		    },
+		    "editorMode": "code",
+		    "expr": "sum(rate(cache_requests_total[$__rate_interval]))",
+		    "legendFormat": "__auto",
+		    "range": true,
+		    "refId": "A",
+		    "exemplar": false,
+		    "requestId": "1A",
+		    "utcOffsetSec": 0,
+		    "interval": "",
+		    "datasourceId": 508,
+		    "intervalMs": 15000,
+		    "maxDataPoints": 1055
+		}`),
+		}
+		res, err := models.Parse(query, "15s", intervalCalculator, false, false)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "sum(rate(cache_requests_total[1m0s]))", res.Expr)
+		require.Equal(t, 15*time.Second, res.Step)
+	})
+}
+
+func mockQuery(expr string, interval string, intervalMs int64, timeRange *backend.TimeRange) backend.DataQuery {
+	if timeRange == nil {
+		timeRange = &backend.TimeRange{
+			From: now,
+			To:   now.Add(1 * time.Hour),
+		}
+	}
+	return backend.DataQuery{
+		Interval: time.Duration(intervalMs) * time.Millisecond,
+		JSON: []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{
+			"expr": "%s",
+			"format": "time_series",
+			"interval": "%s",
+			"intervalMs": %v,
+			"intervalFactor": 1,
+			"refId": "A"
+		}`, expr, interval, intervalMs)),
+		TimeRange: *timeRange,
+		RefID:     "A",
+	}
+}
+
+func queryContext(json string, timeRange backend.TimeRange, queryInterval time.Duration) backend.DataQuery {
+	return backend.DataQuery{
+		Interval:  queryInterval,
+		JSON:      []byte(json),
+		TimeRange: timeRange,
+		RefID:     "A",
+	}
+}
+
+// AlignTimeRange aligns query range to step and handles the time offset.
+// It rounds start and end down to a multiple of step.
+// Prometheus caching is dependent on the range being aligned with the step.
+// Rounding to the step can significantly change the start and end of the range for larger steps, i.e. a week.
+// In rounding the range to a 1w step the range will always start on a Thursday.
+func TestAlignTimeRange(t *testing.T) {
+	type args struct {
+		t      time.Time
+		step   time.Duration
+		offset int64
+	}
+
+	var monday int64 = 1704672000
+	var thursday int64 = 1704326400
+	var one_week_min_step = 604800 * time.Second
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		args args
+		want time.Time
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "second step",
+			args: args{t: time.Unix(1664816826, 0), step: 10 * time.Second, offset: 0},
+			want: time.Unix(1664816820, 0).UTC(),
+		},
+		{name: "millisecond step", args: args{t: time.Unix(1664816825, 5*int64(time.Millisecond)), step: 10 * time.Millisecond, offset: 0}, want: time.Unix(1664816825, 0).UTC()},
+		{name: "second step with offset", args: args{t: time.Unix(1664816825, 5*int64(time.Millisecond)), step: 2 * time.Second, offset: -3}, want: time.Unix(1664816825, 0).UTC()},
+		// we may not want this functionality in the future but if we change this we break Prometheus caching.
+		{
+			name: "1w step with range date of Monday that changes the range to a Thursday.",
+			args: args{t: time.Unix(monday, 0), step: one_week_min_step, offset: 0},
+			want: time.Unix(thursday, 0).UTC(),
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := models.AlignTimeRange(tt.args.t, tt.args.step, tt.args.offset); !reflect.DeepEqual(got, tt.want) {
+				t.Errorf("AlignTimeRange() = %v, want %v", got, tt.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

pkg/promlib/models/result.go

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+package models
+
+import (
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/data"
+)
+
+// +enum
+type ResultType string
+
+const (
+	ResultTypeMatrix   ResultType = "matrix"
+	ResultTypeExemplar ResultType = "exemplar"
+	ResultTypeVector   ResultType = "vector"
+	ResultTypeUnknown  ResultType = ""
+)
+
+func ResultTypeFromFrame(frame *data.Frame) ResultType {
+	if frame.Meta.Custom == nil {
+		return ResultTypeUnknown
+	}
+	custom, ok := frame.Meta.Custom.(map[string]string)
+	if !ok {
+		return ResultTypeUnknown
+	}
+
+	rt, ok := custom["resultType"]
+	if !ok {
+		return ResultTypeUnknown
+	}
+
+	switch rt {
+	case ResultTypeMatrix.String():
+		return ResultTypeMatrix
+	case ResultTypeExemplar.String():
+		return ResultTypeExemplar
+	case ResultTypeVector.String():
+		return ResultTypeVector
+	}
+
+	return ResultTypeUnknown
+}
+
+func (r ResultType) String() string {
+	return string(r)
+}
+
+type Exemplar struct {
+	SeriesLabels map[string]string
+	Fields       []*data.Field
+	RowIdx       int
+	Value        float64
+	Timestamp    time.Time
+}

pkg/promlib/models/scope.go

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+package models
+
+import (
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/model/labels"
+	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql/parser"
+)
+
+func ApplyQueryScope(rawExpr string, matchers []*labels.Matcher) (string, error) {
+	expr, err := parser.ParseExpr(rawExpr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	matcherNamesToIdx := make(map[string]int, len(matchers))
+	for i, matcher := range matchers {
+		if matcher == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		matcherNamesToIdx[matcher.Name] = i
+	}
+
+	parser.Inspect(expr, func(node parser.Node, nodes []parser.Node) error {
+		switch v := node.(type) {
+		case *parser.VectorSelector:
+			found := make([]bool, len(matchers))
+			for _, matcher := range v.LabelMatchers {
+				if matcher == nil || matcher.Name == "__name__" { // const prob
+					continue
+				}
+				if _, ok := matcherNamesToIdx[matcher.Name]; ok {
+					found[matcherNamesToIdx[matcher.Name]] = true
+					newM := matchers[matcherNamesToIdx[matcher.Name]]
+					matcher.Name = newM.Name
+					matcher.Type = newM.Type
+					matcher.Value = newM.Value
+				}
+			}
+			for i, f := range found {
+				if f {
+					continue
+				}
+				v.LabelMatchers = append(v.LabelMatchers, matchers[i])
+			}
+
+			return nil
+
+		default:
+			return nil
+		}
+	})
+	return expr.String(), nil
+}

pkg/promlib/querydata/exemplar/framer.go

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+package exemplar
+
+import (
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/data"
+)
+
+var _ data.Framer = (*Framer)(nil)
+
+type Framer struct {
+	frames       data.Frames
+	sampler      Sampler
+	labelTracker LabelTracker
+	meta         *data.FrameMeta
+	refID        string
+}
+
+func NewFramer(sampler Sampler, labelTracker LabelTracker) *Framer {
+	return &Framer{
+		frames:       data.Frames{},
+		sampler:      sampler,
+		labelTracker: labelTracker,
+	}
+}
+
+func (f *Framer) SetMeta(meta *data.FrameMeta) {
+	f.meta = meta
+}
+
+func (f *Framer) SetRefID(refID string) {
+	f.refID = refID
+}
+
+func (f *Framer) AddFrame(frame *data.Frame) {
+	f.frames = append(f.frames, frame)
+}
+
+func (f *Framer) Frames() (data.Frames, error) {
+	exemplars := f.sampler.Sample()
+	f.sampler.Reset()
+
+	if len(exemplars) == 0 {
+		return f.frames, nil
+	}
+
+	// the new exemplar frame will be a single frame in long format
+	// with a timestamp, metric value, and one or more label fields
+	exemplarFrame := data.NewFrame("exemplar")
+	exemplarFrame.RefID = f.refID
+	exemplarFrame.Meta = f.meta
+
+	// init the fields for the new exemplar frame
+	timeField := data.NewField(data.TimeSeriesTimeFieldName, nil, make([]time.Time, 0, len(exemplars)))
+	valueField := data.NewField(data.TimeSeriesValueFieldName, nil, make([]float64, 0, len(exemplars)))
+	exemplarFrame.Fields = append(exemplarFrame.Fields, timeField, valueField)
+	labelNames := f.labelTracker.GetNames()
+	exemplarLabels := make(map[string]string, len(labelNames))
+	for _, labelName := range labelNames {
+		exemplarFrame.Fields = append(exemplarFrame.Fields, data.NewField(labelName, nil, make([]string, 0, len(exemplars))))
+	}
+
+	// add the sampled exemplars to the new exemplar frame
+	for _, b := range exemplars {
+		// Fill labels map with default values
+		for _, n := range labelNames {
+			exemplarLabels[n] = b.SeriesLabels[n]
+		}
+		// Enter corresponding label values from exemplar fields
+		for _, bf := range b.Fields {
+			if _, exists := exemplarLabels[bf.Name]; exists {
+				exemplarLabels[bf.Name] = bf.CopyAt(b.RowIdx).(string)
+			}
+		}
+
+		timeField.Append(b.Timestamp)
+		valueField.Append(b.Value)
+		for i, labelName := range labelNames {
+			colIdx := i + 2 // +2 to skip time and value fields
+			exemplarFrame.Fields[colIdx].Append(exemplarLabels[labelName])
+		}
+	}
+
+	f.frames = append(f.frames, exemplarFrame)
+
+	return f.frames, nil
+}

pkg/promlib/querydata/exemplar/labels.go

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+package exemplar
+
+import (
+	"sort"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/data"
+)
+
+var _ LabelTracker = (*labelTracker)(nil)
+
+type LabelTracker interface {
+	Add(labels map[string]string)
+	AddFields(fields []*data.Field)
+	GetNames() []string
+}
+
+type labelTracker struct {
+	labelSet map[string]struct{}
+}
+
+func NewLabelTracker() LabelTracker {
+	return &labelTracker{
+		labelSet: map[string]struct{}{},
+	}
+}
+
+// Add saves label names that haven't been seen before
+// so that they can be used to build the label fields in the exemplar frame
+func (l *labelTracker) Add(labels map[string]string) {
+	for k := range labels {
+		l.labelSet[k] = struct{}{}
+	}
+}
+
+// AddFields saves field names so that they can be used to build the label fields in the exemplar frame.
+func (l *labelTracker) AddFields(fields []*data.Field) {
+	for _, f := range fields {
+		l.labelSet[f.Name] = struct{}{}
+	}
+}
+
+// GetNames returns sorted unique label names
+func (l *labelTracker) GetNames() []string {
+	labelNames := make([]string, 0, len(l.labelSet))
+	for k := range l.labelSet {
+		labelNames = append(labelNames, k)
+	}
+	sort.SliceStable(labelNames, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return labelNames[i] < labelNames[j]
+	})
+	return labelNames
+}

pkg/promlib/querydata/exemplar/sampler.go

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+package exemplar
+
+import (
+	"sort"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/models"
+)
+
+type Sampler interface {
+	Add(models.Exemplar)
+	SetStep(time.Duration)
+	Sample() []models.Exemplar
+	Reset()
+}
+
+var _ Sampler = (*NoOpSampler)(nil)
+
+type NoOpSampler struct {
+	exemplars []models.Exemplar
+}
+
+func NewNoOpSampler() Sampler {
+	return &NoOpSampler{
+		exemplars: []models.Exemplar{},
+	}
+}
+
+func (e *NoOpSampler) Add(ex models.Exemplar) {
+	e.exemplars = append(e.exemplars, ex)
+}
+
+func (e *NoOpSampler) SetStep(time.Duration) {
+	// noop
+}
+
+func (e *NoOpSampler) Sample() []models.Exemplar {
+	sort.SliceStable(e.exemplars, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return e.exemplars[i].Timestamp.Before(e.exemplars[j].Timestamp)
+	})
+	return e.exemplars
+}
+
+func (e *NoOpSampler) Reset() {
+	e.exemplars = []models.Exemplar{}
+}

pkg/promlib/querydata/exemplar/sampler_stddev.go

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+package exemplar
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"sort"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/models"
+)
+
+type StandardDeviationSampler struct {
+	step    time.Duration
+	buckets map[time.Time][]models.Exemplar
+	count   int
+	mean    float64
+	m2      float64
+}
+
+func NewStandardDeviationSampler() Sampler {
+	return &StandardDeviationSampler{
+		buckets: map[time.Time][]models.Exemplar{},
+	}
+}
+
+func (e *StandardDeviationSampler) SetStep(step time.Duration) {
+	e.step = step
+}
+
+func (e *StandardDeviationSampler) Add(ex models.Exemplar) {
+	bucketTs := models.AlignTimeRange(ex.Timestamp, e.step, 0)
+	e.updateAggregations(ex.Value)
+
+	if _, exists := e.buckets[bucketTs]; !exists {
+		e.buckets[bucketTs] = []models.Exemplar{ex}
+		return
+	}
+
+	e.buckets[bucketTs] = append(e.buckets[bucketTs], ex)
+}
+
+// updateAggregations uses Welford's online algorithm for calculating the mean and variance
+// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithms_for_calculating_variance#Welford's_online_algorithm
+func (e *StandardDeviationSampler) updateAggregations(val float64) {
+	e.count++
+	delta := val - e.mean
+	e.mean += delta / float64(e.count)
+	delta2 := val - e.mean
+	e.m2 += delta * delta2
+}
+
+// standardDeviation calculates the amount of variation in the data
+// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation
+func (e *StandardDeviationSampler) standardDeviation() float64 {
+	if e.count < 2 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return math.Sqrt(e.m2 / float64(e.count-1))
+}
+
+func (e *StandardDeviationSampler) Sample() []models.Exemplar {
+	exemplars := make([]models.Exemplar, 0, len(e.buckets))
+	for _, b := range e.buckets {
+		// sort by value in descending order
+		sort.SliceStable(b, func(i, j int) bool {
+			return b[i].Value > b[j].Value
+		})
+		sampled := []models.Exemplar{}
+		for _, ex := range b {
+			if len(sampled) == 0 {
+				sampled = append(sampled, ex)
+				continue
+			}
+			// only sample values at least 2 standard deviation distance to previously taken value
+			prev := sampled[len(sampled)-1]
+			if e.standardDeviation() != 0.0 && prev.Value-ex.Value > e.standardDeviation()*2.0 {
+				sampled = append(sampled, ex)
+			}
+		}
+		exemplars = append(exemplars, sampled...)
+	}
+	sort.SliceStable(exemplars, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return exemplars[i].Timestamp.Before(exemplars[j].Timestamp)
+	})
+	return exemplars
+}
+
+func (e *StandardDeviationSampler) Reset() {
+	e.step = 0
+	e.buckets = map[time.Time][]models.Exemplar{}
+	e.count = 0
+	e.mean = 0
+	e.m2 = 0
+}

pkg/promlib/querydata/exemplar/sampler_stddev_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package exemplar_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/experimental"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/models"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/querydata/exemplar"
+)
+
+func TestStdDevSampler(t *testing.T) {
+	sampler := exemplar.NewStandardDeviationSampler().(*exemplar.StandardDeviationSampler)
+	t.Run("standard deviation sampler", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tr := models.TimeRange{
+			Start: time.Unix(0, 0),
+			End:   time.Unix(100000, 0),
+		}
+		ex := generateTestExemplars(tr)
+		sampler.SetStep(600 * time.Second)
+		for i := 0; i < len(ex); i++ {
+			sampler.Add(ex[i])
+		}
+		framer := exemplar.NewFramer(sampler, exemplar.NewLabelTracker())
+		experimental.CheckGoldenJSONFramer(t, "testdata", "stddev_sampler", framer, update)
+	})
+}

pkg/promlib/querydata/exemplar/sampler_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+package exemplar_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/experimental"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/models"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/querydata/exemplar"
+)
+
+const update = true
+
+func TestNoOpSampler(t *testing.T) {
+	sampler := exemplar.NewNoOpSampler().(*exemplar.NoOpSampler)
+	t.Run("no-op sampler", func(t *testing.T) {
+		tr := models.TimeRange{
+			Start: time.Unix(0, 0),
+			End:   time.Unix(2000, 0),
+		}
+		ex := generateTestExemplars(tr)
+		for i := 0; i < len(ex); i++ {
+			sampler.Add(ex[i])
+		}
+		framer := exemplar.NewFramer(sampler, exemplar.NewLabelTracker())
+		experimental.CheckGoldenJSONFramer(t, "testdata", "noop_sampler", framer, update)
+	})
+}
+
+func generateTestExemplars(tr models.TimeRange) []models.Exemplar {
+	exemplars := []models.Exemplar{}
+	next := tr.Start.UTC()
+	for {
+		if next.Equal(tr.End) || next.After(tr.End) {
+			break
+		}
+		exemplars = append(exemplars, models.Exemplar{
+			Timestamp: next,
+			Value:     float64(next.Unix()),
+		})
+		next = next.Add(time.Second).UTC()
+	}
+	return exemplars
+}

pkg/promlib/querydata/exemplar/testdata/stddev_sampler.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,392 @@
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+//  
+//  Frame[0] 
+//  Name: exemplar
+//  Dimensions: 2 Fields by 167 Rows
+//  +-------------------------------+-----------------+
+//  | Name: Time                    | Name: Value     |
+//  | Labels:                       | Labels:         |
+//  | Type: []time.Time             | Type: []float64 |
+//  +-------------------------------+-----------------+
+//  | 1970-01-01 00:09:59 +0000 UTC | 599             |
+//  | 1970-01-01 00:19:59 +0000 UTC | 1199            |
+//  | 1970-01-01 00:29:59 +0000 UTC | 1799            |
+//  | 1970-01-01 00:39:59 +0000 UTC | 2399            |
+//  | 1970-01-01 00:49:59 +0000 UTC | 2999            |
+//  | 1970-01-01 00:59:59 +0000 UTC | 3599            |
+//  | 1970-01-01 01:09:59 +0000 UTC | 4199            |
+//  | 1970-01-01 01:19:59 +0000 UTC | 4799            |
+//  | 1970-01-01 01:29:59 +0000 UTC | 5399            |
+//  | ...                           | ...             |
+//  +-------------------------------+-----------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "status": 200,
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "name": "exemplar",
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            599000,
+            1199000,
+            1799000,
+            2399000,
+            2999000,
+            3599000,
+            4199000,
+            4799000,
+            5399000,
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+            7799000,
+            8399000,
+            8999000,
+            9599000,
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+            10799000,
+            11399000,
+            11999000,
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+            13199000,
+            13799000,
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+            99599000,
+            99999000
+          ],
+          [
+            599,
+            1199,
+            1799,
+            2399,
+            2999,
+            3599,
+            4199,
+            4799,
+            5399,
+            5999,
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+            50399,
+            50999,
+            51599,
+            52199,
+            52799,
+            53399,
+            53999,
+            54599,
+            55199,
+            55799,
+            56399,
+            56999,
+            57599,
+            58199,
+            58799,
+            59399,
+            59999,
+            60599,
+            61199,
+            61799,
+            62399,
+            62999,
+            63599,
+            64199,
+            64799,
+            65399,
+            65999,
+            66599,
+            67199,
+            67799,
+            68399,
+            68999,
+            69599,
+            70199,
+            70799,
+            71399,
+            71999,
+            72599,
+            73199,
+            73799,
+            74399,
+            74999,
+            75599,
+            76199,
+            76799,
+            77399,
+            77999,
+            78599,
+            79199,
+            79799,
+            80399,
+            80999,
+            81599,
+            82199,
+            82799,
+            83399,
+            83999,
+            84599,
+            85199,
+            85799,
+            86399,
+            86999,
+            87599,
+            88199,
+            88799,
+            89399,
+            89999,
+            90599,
+            91199,
+            91799,
+            92399,
+            92999,
+            93599,
+            94199,
+            94799,
+            95399,
+            95999,
+            96599,
+            97199,
+            97799,
+            98399,
+            98999,
+            99599,
+            99999
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

pkg/promlib/querydata/framing_bench_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+package querydata_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"math/rand"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/models"
+)
+
+// when memory-profiling this benchmark, these commands are recommended:
+// - go test -benchmem -run=^$ -bench ^BenchmarkExemplarJson$ github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/querydata -memprofile memprofile.out -count 6 | tee old.txt
+// - go tool pprof -http=localhost:6061 memprofile.out
+func BenchmarkExemplarJson(b *testing.B) {
+	queryFileName := filepath.Join("../testdata", "exemplar.query.json")
+	query, err := loadStoredQuery(queryFileName)
+	require.NoError(b, err)
+
+	responseFileName := filepath.Join("../testdata", "exemplar.result.json")
+
+	// nolint:gosec
+	// We can ignore the gosec G304 warning since this is a test file
+	responseBytes, err := os.ReadFile(responseFileName)
+	require.NoError(b, err)
+
+	tCtx, err := setup()
+	require.NoError(b, err)
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+		res := http.Response{
+			StatusCode: 200,
+			Body:       io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(responseBytes)),
+		}
+		tCtx.httpProvider.setResponse(&res)
+		resp, err := tCtx.queryData.Execute(context.Background(), query)
+		require.NoError(b, err)
+		for _, r := range resp.Responses {
+			require.NoError(b, r.Error)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+var resp *backend.QueryDataResponse
+
+// when memory-profiling this benchmark, these commands are recommended:
+// - go test -benchmem -run=^$ -bench ^BenchmarkRangeJson$ github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/querydata -memprofile memprofile.out -count 6 | tee old.txt
+// - go tool pprof -http=localhost:6061 memprofile.out
+// - benchstat old.txt new.txt
+func BenchmarkRangeJson(b *testing.B) {
+	var (
+		r   *backend.QueryDataResponse
+		err error
+	)
+	body, q := createJsonTestData(1642000000, 1, 300, 400)
+	tCtx, err := setup()
+	require.NoError(b, err)
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+		res := http.Response{
+			StatusCode: 200,
+			Body:       io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(body)),
+		}
+		tCtx.httpProvider.setResponse(&res)
+		r, err = tCtx.queryData.Execute(context.Background(), q)
+		require.NoError(b, err)
+	}
+
+	resp = r
+}
+
+const nanRate = 0.002
+
+// we build the JSON file from strings,
+// it was easier to write it this way.
+func makeJsonTestMetric(index int) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf(`{"server":"main","category":"maintenance","case":"%v"}`, index)
+}
+
+// return a value between -100 and +100, sometimes NaN, in string
+func makeJsonTestValue(r *rand.Rand) string {
+	if r.Float64() < nanRate {
+		return "NaN"
+	} else {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%f", (r.Float64()*200)-100)
+	}
+}
+
+// create one time-series
+func makeJsonTestSeries(start int64, step int64, timestampCount int, r *rand.Rand, seriesIndex int) string {
+	var values []string
+	for i := 0; i < timestampCount; i++ {
+		// create out of order timestamps to test sorting
+		if seriesIndex == 0 && i%2 == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		value := fmt.Sprintf(`[%d,"%v"]`, start+(int64(i)*step), makeJsonTestValue(r))
+		values = append(values, value)
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf(`{"metric":%v,"values":[%v]}`, makeJsonTestMetric(seriesIndex), strings.Join(values, ","))
+}
+
+func createJsonTestData(start int64, step int64, timestampCount int, seriesCount int) ([]byte, *backend.QueryDataRequest) {
+	// we use random numbers as values, but they have to be the same numbers
+	// every time we call this, so we create a random source.
+	r := rand.New(rand.NewSource(42))
+	var allSeries []string
+	for i := 0; i < seriesCount; i++ {
+		allSeries = append(allSeries, makeJsonTestSeries(start, step, timestampCount, r, i))
+	}
+	bytes := []byte(fmt.Sprintf(`{"status":"success","data":{"resultType":"matrix","result":[%v]}}`, strings.Join(allSeries, ",")))
+
+	qm := models.QueryModel{
+		PrometheusQueryProperties: models.PrometheusQueryProperties{
+			Range: true,
+			Expr:  "test",
+		},
+	}
+
+	data, err := json.Marshal(&qm)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	res := backend.QueryDataRequest{
+		Queries: []backend.DataQuery{
+			{
+				RefID: "A",
+				TimeRange: backend.TimeRange{
+					From: time.Unix(start, 0),
+					To:   time.Unix(start+((int64(timestampCount)-1)*step), 0),
+				},
+				Interval: time.Second * time.Duration(step),
+				JSON:     data,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	return bytes, &res
+}

pkg/promlib/querydata/framing_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+package querydata_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/experimental"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/models"
+)
+
+var update = true
+
+func TestRangeResponses(t *testing.T) {
+	tt := []struct {
+		name     string
+		filepath string
+	}{
+		{name: "parse a simple matrix response", filepath: "range_simple"},
+		{name: "parse a simple matrix response with value missing steps", filepath: "range_missing"},
+		{name: "parse a matrix response with Infinity", filepath: "range_infinity"},
+		{name: "parse a matrix response with NaN", filepath: "range_nan"},
+		{name: "parse a response with legendFormat __auto", filepath: "range_auto"},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tt {
+		queryFileName := filepath.Join("../testdata", test.filepath+".query.json")
+		responseFileName := filepath.Join("../testdata", test.filepath+".result.json")
+		goldenFileName := test.filepath + ".result.golden"
+		t.Run(test.name, goldenScenario(test.name, queryFileName, responseFileName, goldenFileName))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExemplarResponses(t *testing.T) {
+	tt := []struct {
+		name     string
+		filepath string
+	}{
+		{name: "parse an exemplar response", filepath: "exemplar"},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tt {
+		queryFileName := filepath.Join("../testdata", test.filepath+".query.json")
+		responseFileName := filepath.Join("../testdata", test.filepath+".result.json")
+		goldenFileName := test.filepath + ".result.golden"
+		t.Run(test.name, goldenScenario(test.name, queryFileName, responseFileName, goldenFileName))
+	}
+}
+
+func goldenScenario(name, queryFileName, responseFileName, goldenFileName string) func(t *testing.T) {
+	return func(t *testing.T) {
+		query, err := loadStoredQuery(queryFileName)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		//nolint:gosec
+		responseBytes, err := os.ReadFile(responseFileName)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		result, err := runQuery(responseBytes, query)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Len(t, result.Responses, 1)
+
+		dr, found := result.Responses["A"]
+		require.True(t, found)
+
+		experimental.CheckGoldenJSONResponse(t, "../testdata", goldenFileName, &dr, update)
+	}
+}
+
+// we store the prometheus query data in a json file, here is some minimal code
+// to be able to read it back. unfortunately we cannot use the models.Query
+// struct here, because it has `time.time` and `time.duration` fields that
+// cannot be unmarshalled from JSON automatically.
+type storedPrometheusQuery struct {
+	RefId         string
+	RangeQuery    bool
+	ExemplarQuery bool
+	Start         int64
+	End           int64
+	Step          int64
+	Expr          string
+	LegendFormat  string
+}
+
+func loadStoredQuery(fileName string) (*backend.QueryDataRequest, error) {
+	//nolint:gosec
+	bytes, err := os.ReadFile(fileName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var sq storedPrometheusQuery
+
+	err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, &sq)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	qm := models.QueryModel{
+		PrometheusQueryProperties: models.PrometheusQueryProperties{
+			Range:        sq.RangeQuery,
+			Exemplar:     sq.ExemplarQuery,
+			Expr:         sq.Expr,
+			LegendFormat: sq.LegendFormat,
+		},
+		CommonQueryProperties: models.CommonQueryProperties{
+			IntervalMs: sq.Step * 1000,
+		},
+		Interval: fmt.Sprintf("%ds", sq.Step),
+	}
+
+	data, err := json.Marshal(&qm)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &backend.QueryDataRequest{
+		Queries: []backend.DataQuery{
+			{
+				TimeRange: backend.TimeRange{
+					From: time.Unix(sq.Start, 0),
+					To:   time.Unix(sq.End, 0),
+				},
+				RefID:    sq.RefId,
+				Interval: time.Second * time.Duration(sq.Step),
+				JSON:     json.RawMessage(data),
+			},
+		},
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func runQuery(response []byte, q *backend.QueryDataRequest) (*backend.QueryDataResponse, error) {
+	tCtx, err := setup()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	res := &http.Response{
+		StatusCode: 200,
+		Body:       io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(response)),
+	}
+	tCtx.httpProvider.setResponse(res)
+	return tCtx.queryData.Execute(context.Background(), q)
+}

pkg/promlib/querydata/request.go

@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+package querydata
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"regexp"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/data"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/data/utils/maputil"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/attribute"
+	"go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/log"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/tracing"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/client"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/intervalv2"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/models"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/querydata/exemplar"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/utils"
+)
+
+const legendFormatAuto = "__auto"
+
+var legendFormatRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(`\{\{\s*(.+?)\s*\}\}`)
+
+type ExemplarEvent struct {
+	Time   time.Time
+	Value  float64
+	Labels map[string]string
+}
+
+// QueryData handles querying but different from buffered package uses a custom client instead of default Go Prom
+// client.
+type QueryData struct {
+	intervalCalculator intervalv2.Calculator
+	tracer             trace.Tracer
+	client             *client.Client
+	log                log.Logger
+	ID                 int64
+	URL                string
+	TimeInterval       string
+	exemplarSampler    func() exemplar.Sampler
+}
+
+func New(
+	httpClient *http.Client,
+	settings backend.DataSourceInstanceSettings,
+	plog log.Logger,
+) (*QueryData, error) {
+	jsonData, err := utils.GetJsonData(settings)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	httpMethod, _ := maputil.GetStringOptional(jsonData, "httpMethod")
+
+	timeInterval, err := maputil.GetStringOptional(jsonData, "timeInterval")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if httpMethod == "" {
+		httpMethod = http.MethodPost
+	}
+
+	promClient := client.NewClient(httpClient, httpMethod, settings.URL)
+
+	// standard deviation sampler is the default for backwards compatibility
+	exemplarSampler := exemplar.NewStandardDeviationSampler
+
+	return &QueryData{
+		intervalCalculator: intervalv2.NewCalculator(),
+		tracer:             tracing.DefaultTracer(),
+		log:                plog,
+		client:             promClient,
+		TimeInterval:       timeInterval,
+		ID:                 settings.ID,
+		URL:                settings.URL,
+		exemplarSampler:    exemplarSampler,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (s *QueryData) Execute(ctx context.Context, req *backend.QueryDataRequest) (*backend.QueryDataResponse, error) {
+	fromAlert := req.Headers["FromAlert"] == "true"
+	result := backend.QueryDataResponse{
+		Responses: backend.Responses{},
+	}
+
+	cfg := backend.GrafanaConfigFromContext(ctx)
+	hasPromQLScopeFeatureFlag := cfg.FeatureToggles().IsEnabled("promQLScope")
+	hasPrometheusDataplaneFeatureFlag := cfg.FeatureToggles().IsEnabled("prometheusDataplane")
+
+	for _, q := range req.Queries {
+		query, err := models.Parse(q, s.TimeInterval, s.intervalCalculator, fromAlert, hasPromQLScopeFeatureFlag)
+		if err != nil {
+			return &result, err
+		}
+
+		r := s.fetch(ctx, s.client, query, hasPrometheusDataplaneFeatureFlag)
+		if r == nil {
+			s.log.FromContext(ctx).Debug("Received nil response from runQuery", "query", query.Expr)
+			continue
+		}
+		result.Responses[q.RefID] = *r
+	}
+
+	return &result, nil
+}
+
+func (s *QueryData) fetch(ctx context.Context, client *client.Client, q *models.Query, enablePrometheusDataplane bool) *backend.DataResponse {
+	traceCtx, end := s.trace(ctx, q)
+	defer end()
+
+	logger := s.log.FromContext(traceCtx)
+	logger.Debug("Sending query", "start", q.Start, "end", q.End, "step", q.Step, "query", q.Expr)
+
+	dr := &backend.DataResponse{
+		Frames: data.Frames{},
+		Error:  nil,
+	}
+
+	if q.InstantQuery {
+		res := s.instantQuery(traceCtx, client, q, enablePrometheusDataplane)
+		dr.Error = res.Error
+		dr.Frames = res.Frames
+		dr.Status = res.Status
+	}
+
+	if q.RangeQuery {
+		res := s.rangeQuery(traceCtx, client, q, enablePrometheusDataplane)
+		if res.Error != nil {
+			if dr.Error == nil {
+				dr.Error = res.Error
+			} else {
+				dr.Error = fmt.Errorf("%v %w", dr.Error, res.Error)
+			}
+			// When both instant and range are true, we may overwrite the status code.
+			// To fix this (and other things) they should come in separate http requests.
+			dr.Status = res.Status
+		}
+		dr.Frames = append(dr.Frames, res.Frames...)
+	}
+
+	if q.ExemplarQuery {
+		res := s.exemplarQuery(traceCtx, client, q, enablePrometheusDataplane)
+		if res.Error != nil {
+			// If exemplar query returns error, we want to only log it and
+			// continue with other results processing
+			logger.Error("Exemplar query failed", "query", q.Expr, "err", res.Error)
+		}
+		dr.Frames = append(dr.Frames, res.Frames...)
+	}
+
+	return dr
+}
+
+func (s *QueryData) rangeQuery(ctx context.Context, c *client.Client, q *models.Query, enablePrometheusDataplaneFlag bool) backend.DataResponse {
+	res, err := c.QueryRange(ctx, q)
+	if err != nil {
+		return backend.DataResponse{
+			Error:  err,
+			Status: backend.StatusBadGateway,
+		}
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		err := res.Body.Close()
+		if err != nil {
+			s.log.Warn("Failed to close query range response body", "error", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return s.parseResponse(ctx, q, res, enablePrometheusDataplaneFlag)
+}
+
+func (s *QueryData) instantQuery(ctx context.Context, c *client.Client, q *models.Query, enablePrometheusDataplaneFlag bool) backend.DataResponse {
+	res, err := c.QueryInstant(ctx, q)
+	if err != nil {
+		return backend.DataResponse{
+			Error:  err,
+			Status: backend.StatusBadGateway,
+		}
+	}
+
+	// This is only for health check fall back scenario
+	if res.StatusCode != 200 && q.RefId == "__healthcheck__" {
+		return backend.DataResponse{
+			Error: fmt.Errorf(res.Status),
+		}
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		err := res.Body.Close()
+		if err != nil {
+			s.log.Warn("Failed to close response body", "error", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return s.parseResponse(ctx, q, res, enablePrometheusDataplaneFlag)
+}
+
+func (s *QueryData) exemplarQuery(ctx context.Context, c *client.Client, q *models.Query, enablePrometheusDataplaneFlag bool) backend.DataResponse {
+	res, err := c.QueryExemplars(ctx, q)
+	if err != nil {
+		return backend.DataResponse{
+			Error: err,
+		}
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		err := res.Body.Close()
+		if err != nil {
+			s.log.Warn("Failed to close response body", "error", err)
+		}
+	}()
+	return s.parseResponse(ctx, q, res, enablePrometheusDataplaneFlag)
+}
+
+func (s *QueryData) trace(ctx context.Context, q *models.Query) (context.Context, func()) {
+	return utils.StartTrace(ctx, s.tracer, "datasource.prometheus",
+		attribute.String("expr", q.Expr),
+		attribute.Int64("start_unixnano", q.Start.UnixNano()),
+		attribute.Int64("stop_unixnano", q.End.UnixNano()),
+	)
+}

pkg/promlib/querydata/request_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,486 @@
+package querydata_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"math"
+	"net/http"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	apiv1 "github.com/prometheus/client_golang/api/prometheus/v1"
+	p "github.com/prometheus/common/model"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/httpclient"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/log"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/data"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/client"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/models"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/querydata"
+)
+
+func TestPrometheus_parseTimeSeriesResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("exemplars response should be sampled and parsed normally", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Skip()
+		exemplars := []apiv1.ExemplarQueryResult{
+			{
+				SeriesLabels: p.LabelSet{
+					"__name__": "tns_request_duration_seconds_bucket",
+					"instance": "app:80",
+					"job":      "tns/app",
+				},
+				Exemplars: []apiv1.Exemplar{
+					{
+						Labels:    p.LabelSet{"traceID": "test1"},
+						Value:     0.003535405,
+						Timestamp: p.TimeFromUnixNano(time.Now().Add(-2 * time.Minute).UnixNano()),
+					},
+					{
+						Labels:    p.LabelSet{"traceID": "test2"},
+						Value:     0.005555605,
+						Timestamp: p.TimeFromUnixNano(time.Now().Add(-4 * time.Minute).UnixNano()),
+					},
+					{
+						Labels:    p.LabelSet{"traceID": "test3"},
+						Value:     0.007545445,
+						Timestamp: p.TimeFromUnixNano(time.Now().Add(-6 * time.Minute).UnixNano()),
+					},
+					{
+						Labels:    p.LabelSet{"traceID": "test4"},
+						Value:     0.009545445,
+						Timestamp: p.TimeFromUnixNano(time.Now().Add(-7 * time.Minute).UnixNano()),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		}
+
+		tctx, err := setup()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		qm := models.QueryModel{
+			UtcOffsetSec: 0,
+			PrometheusQueryProperties: models.PrometheusQueryProperties{
+				LegendFormat: "legend {{app}}",
+				Exemplar:     true,
+			},
+		}
+		b, err := json.Marshal(&qm)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		query := backend.DataQuery{
+			RefID: "A",
+			JSON:  b,
+		}
+		res, err := execute(tctx, query, exemplars)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		// Test fields
+		require.Len(t, res, 1)
+		//		require.Equal(t, res[0].Name, "exemplar")
+		require.Equal(t, res[0].Fields[0].Name, "Time")
+		require.Equal(t, res[0].Fields[1].Name, "Value")
+		require.Len(t, res[0].Fields, 6)
+
+		// Test correct values (sampled to 2)
+		require.Equal(t, res[0].Fields[1].Len(), 2)
+		require.Equal(t, res[0].Fields[1].At(0), 0.009545445)
+		require.Equal(t, res[0].Fields[1].At(1), 0.003535405)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("matrix response should be parsed normally", func(t *testing.T) {
+		values := []p.SamplePair{
+			{Value: 1, Timestamp: 1000},
+			{Value: 2, Timestamp: 2000},
+			{Value: 3, Timestamp: 3000},
+			{Value: 4, Timestamp: 4000},
+			{Value: 5, Timestamp: 5000},
+		}
+		result := queryResult{
+			Type: p.ValMatrix,
+			Result: p.Matrix{
+				&p.SampleStream{
+					Metric: p.Metric{"app": "Application", "tag2": "tag2"},
+					Values: values,
+				},
+			},
+		}
+
+		qm := models.QueryModel{
+			UtcOffsetSec: 0,
+			PrometheusQueryProperties: models.PrometheusQueryProperties{
+				Range:        true,
+				LegendFormat: "legend {{app}}",
+			},
+		}
+		b, err := json.Marshal(&qm)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		query := backend.DataQuery{
+			TimeRange: backend.TimeRange{
+				From: time.Unix(1, 0).UTC(),
+				To:   time.Unix(5, 0).UTC(),
+			},
+			JSON: b,
+		}
+		tctx, err := setup()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		res, err := execute(tctx, query, result)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		require.Len(t, res, 1)
+		require.Len(t, res[0].Fields, 2)
+		require.Len(t, res[0].Fields[0].Labels, 0)
+		require.Equal(t, "Time", res[0].Fields[0].Name)
+		require.Len(t, res[0].Fields[1].Labels, 2)
+		require.Equal(t, "app=Application, tag2=tag2", res[0].Fields[1].Labels.String())
+		require.Equal(t, "legend Application", res[0].Name)
+
+		// Ensure the timestamps are UTC zoned
+		testValue := res[0].Fields[0].At(0)
+		require.Equal(t, "UTC", testValue.(time.Time).Location().String())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("matrix response with missed data points should be parsed correctly", func(t *testing.T) {
+		values := []p.SamplePair{
+			{Value: 1, Timestamp: 1000},
+			{Value: 4, Timestamp: 4000},
+		}
+		result := queryResult{
+			Type: p.ValMatrix,
+			Result: p.Matrix{
+				&p.SampleStream{
+					Metric: p.Metric{"app": "Application", "tag2": "tag2"},
+					Values: values,
+				},
+			},
+		}
+
+		qm := models.QueryModel{
+			UtcOffsetSec: 0,
+			PrometheusQueryProperties: models.PrometheusQueryProperties{
+				Range:        true,
+				LegendFormat: "",
+			},
+		}
+		b, err := json.Marshal(&qm)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		query := backend.DataQuery{
+			TimeRange: backend.TimeRange{
+				From: time.Unix(1, 0).UTC(),
+				To:   time.Unix(4, 0).UTC(),
+			},
+			JSON: b,
+		}
+		tctx, err := setup()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		res, err := execute(tctx, query, result)
+
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Len(t, res, 1)
+		require.Equal(t, res[0].Fields[0].Len(), 2)
+		require.Equal(t, time.Unix(1, 0).UTC(), res[0].Fields[0].At(0))
+		require.Equal(t, time.Unix(4, 0).UTC(), res[0].Fields[0].At(1))
+		require.Equal(t, res[0].Fields[1].Len(), 2)
+		require.Equal(t, float64(1), res[0].Fields[1].At(0).(float64))
+		require.Equal(t, float64(4), res[0].Fields[1].At(1).(float64))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("matrix response with from alerting missed data points should be parsed correctly", func(t *testing.T) {
+		values := []p.SamplePair{
+			{Value: 1, Timestamp: 1000},
+			{Value: 4, Timestamp: 4000},
+		}
+		result := queryResult{
+			Type: p.ValMatrix,
+			Result: p.Matrix{
+				&p.SampleStream{
+					Metric: p.Metric{"app": "Application", "tag2": "tag2"},
+					Values: values,
+				},
+			},
+		}
+
+		qm := models.QueryModel{
+			UtcOffsetSec: 0,
+			PrometheusQueryProperties: models.PrometheusQueryProperties{
+				Range:        true,
+				LegendFormat: "",
+			},
+		}
+		b, err := json.Marshal(&qm)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		query := backend.DataQuery{
+			TimeRange: backend.TimeRange{
+				From: time.Unix(1, 0).UTC(),
+				To:   time.Unix(4, 0).UTC(),
+			},
+			JSON: b,
+		}
+		tctx, err := setup()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		res, err := execute(tctx, query, result)
+
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Len(t, res, 1)
+		require.Len(t, res[0].Fields, 2)
+		require.Len(t, res[0].Fields[0].Labels, 0)
+		require.Equal(t, res[0].Fields[0].Name, "Time")
+		require.Len(t, res[0].Fields[1].Labels, 2)
+		require.Equal(t, res[0].Fields[1].Labels.String(), "app=Application, tag2=tag2")
+		require.Equal(t, "{app=\"Application\", tag2=\"tag2\"}", res[0].Name)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("matrix response with NaN value should be changed to null", func(t *testing.T) {
+		result := queryResult{
+			Type: p.ValMatrix,
+			Result: p.Matrix{
+				&p.SampleStream{
+					Metric: p.Metric{"app": "Application"},
+					Values: []p.SamplePair{
+						{Value: p.SampleValue(math.NaN()), Timestamp: 1000},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		}
+
+		qm := models.QueryModel{
+			UtcOffsetSec: 0,
+			PrometheusQueryProperties: models.PrometheusQueryProperties{
+				Range:        true,
+				LegendFormat: "",
+			},
+		}
+		b, err := json.Marshal(&qm)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		query := backend.DataQuery{
+			TimeRange: backend.TimeRange{
+				From: time.Unix(1, 0).UTC(),
+				To:   time.Unix(4, 0).UTC(),
+			},
+			JSON: b,
+		}
+
+		tctx, err := setup()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		res, err := execute(tctx, query, result)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		require.Equal(t, "{app=\"Application\"}", res[0].Name)
+		require.True(t, math.IsNaN(res[0].Fields[1].At(0).(float64)))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("vector response should be parsed normally", func(t *testing.T) {
+		qr := queryResult{
+			Type: p.ValVector,
+			Result: p.Vector{
+				&p.Sample{
+					Metric:    p.Metric{"app": "Application", "tag2": "tag2"},
+					Value:     1,
+					Timestamp: 123,
+				},
+			},
+		}
+		qm := models.QueryModel{
+			UtcOffsetSec: 0,
+			PrometheusQueryProperties: models.PrometheusQueryProperties{
+				Instant:      true,
+				LegendFormat: "legend {{app}}",
+			},
+		}
+		b, err := json.Marshal(&qm)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		query := backend.DataQuery{
+			JSON: b,
+		}
+		tctx, err := setup()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		res, err := execute(tctx, query, qr)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		require.Len(t, res, 1)
+		require.Len(t, res[0].Fields, 2)
+		require.Len(t, res[0].Fields[0].Labels, 0)
+		require.Equal(t, res[0].Fields[0].Name, "Time")
+		require.Equal(t, res[0].Fields[0].Name, "Time")
+		require.Len(t, res[0].Fields[1].Labels, 2)
+		require.Equal(t, res[0].Fields[1].Labels.String(), "app=Application, tag2=tag2")
+		require.Equal(t, "legend Application", res[0].Name)
+
+		// Ensure the timestamps are UTC zoned
+		testValue := res[0].Fields[0].At(0)
+		require.Equal(t, "UTC", testValue.(time.Time).Location().String())
+		require.Equal(t, int64(123), testValue.(time.Time).UnixMilli())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("scalar response should be parsed normally", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Skip("TODO: implement scalar responses")
+		qr := queryResult{
+			Type: p.ValScalar,
+			Result: &p.Scalar{
+				Value:     1,
+				Timestamp: 123,
+			},
+		}
+		qm := models.QueryModel{
+			UtcOffsetSec: 0,
+			PrometheusQueryProperties: models.PrometheusQueryProperties{
+				Instant:      true,
+				LegendFormat: "",
+			},
+		}
+		b, err := json.Marshal(&qm)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		query := backend.DataQuery{
+			JSON: b,
+		}
+		tctx, err := setup()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		res, err := execute(tctx, query, qr)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		require.Len(t, res, 1)
+		require.Len(t, res[0].Fields, 2)
+		require.Len(t, res[0].Fields[0].Labels, 0)
+		require.Equal(t, res[0].Fields[0].Name, "Time")
+		require.Equal(t, "1", res[0].Fields[1].Name)
+
+		// Ensure the timestamps are UTC zoned
+		testValue := res[0].Fields[0].At(0)
+		require.Equal(t, "UTC", testValue.(time.Time).Location().String())
+		require.Equal(t, int64(123), testValue.(time.Time).UnixMilli())
+	})
+}
+
+type queryResult struct {
+	Type   p.ValueType `json:"resultType"`
+	Result any         `json:"result"`
+}
+
+func executeWithHeaders(tctx *testContext, query backend.DataQuery, qr any, headers map[string]string) (data.Frames, error) {
+	req := backend.QueryDataRequest{
+		Queries: []backend.DataQuery{query},
+		Headers: headers,
+	}
+
+	promRes, err := toAPIResponse(qr)
+	defer func() {
+		if err := promRes.Body.Close(); err != nil {
+			fmt.Println(fmt.Errorf("response body close error: %v", err))
+		}
+	}()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	tctx.httpProvider.setResponse(promRes)
+
+	res, err := tctx.queryData.Execute(context.Background(), &req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return res.Responses[req.Queries[0].RefID].Frames, nil
+}
+
+func execute(tctx *testContext, query backend.DataQuery, qr any) (data.Frames, error) {
+	return executeWithHeaders(tctx, query, qr, map[string]string{})
+}
+
+type apiResponse struct {
+	Status string          `json:"status"`
+	Data   json.RawMessage `json:"data"`
+}
+
+func toAPIResponse(d any) (*http.Response, error) {
+	b, err := json.Marshal(d)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	res := apiResponse{
+		Status: "success",
+		Data:   json.RawMessage(b),
+	}
+
+	raw, err := json.Marshal(&res)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &http.Response{
+		StatusCode: 200,
+		Body:       io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader(raw)),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+type testContext struct {
+	httpProvider *fakeHttpClientProvider
+	queryData    *querydata.QueryData
+}
+
+func setup() (*testContext, error) {
+	httpProvider := &fakeHttpClientProvider{
+		opts: httpclient.Options{
+			Timeouts: &httpclient.DefaultTimeoutOptions,
+		},
+		res: &http.Response{
+			StatusCode: 200,
+			Body:       io.NopCloser(bytes.NewReader([]byte(`{}`))),
+		},
+	}
+	settings := backend.DataSourceInstanceSettings{
+		URL:      "http://localhost:9090",
+		JSONData: json.RawMessage(`{"timeInterval": "15s"}`),
+	}
+
+	opts, err := client.CreateTransportOptions(context.Background(), settings, log.New())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	httpClient, err := httpProvider.New(*opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	queryData, _ := querydata.New(httpClient, settings, log.New())
+
+	return &testContext{
+		httpProvider: httpProvider,
+		queryData:    queryData,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+type fakeHttpClientProvider struct {
+	httpclient.Provider
+	opts httpclient.Options
+	req  *http.Request
+	res  *http.Response
+}
+
+func (p *fakeHttpClientProvider) New(opts ...httpclient.Options) (*http.Client, error) {
+	p.opts = opts[0]
+	c, err := httpclient.New(opts[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	c.Transport = p
+	return c, nil
+}
+
+func (p *fakeHttpClientProvider) GetTransport(opts ...httpclient.Options) (http.RoundTripper, error) {
+	p.opts = opts[0]
+	return http.DefaultTransport, nil
+}
+
+func (p *fakeHttpClientProvider) setResponse(res *http.Response) {
+	p.res = res
+}
+
+func (p *fakeHttpClientProvider) RoundTrip(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+	p.req = req
+	return p.res, nil
+}

pkg/promlib/querydata/response.go

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+package querydata
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/data"
+	jsoniter "github.com/json-iterator/go"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/converter"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/models"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/querydata/exemplar"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/utils"
+)
+
+func (s *QueryData) parseResponse(ctx context.Context, q *models.Query, res *http.Response, enablePrometheusDataplaneFlag bool) backend.DataResponse {
+	defer func() {
+		if err := res.Body.Close(); err != nil {
+			s.log.FromContext(ctx).Error("Failed to close response body", "err", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	ctx, endSpan := utils.StartTrace(ctx, s.tracer, "datasource.prometheus.parseResponse")
+	defer endSpan()
+
+	iter := jsoniter.Parse(jsoniter.ConfigDefault, res.Body, 1024)
+	r := converter.ReadPrometheusStyleResult(iter, converter.Options{
+		Dataplane: enablePrometheusDataplaneFlag,
+	})
+	r.Status = backend.Status(res.StatusCode)
+
+	// Add frame to attach metadata
+	if len(r.Frames) == 0 && !q.ExemplarQuery {
+		r.Frames = append(r.Frames, data.NewFrame(""))
+	}
+
+	// The ExecutedQueryString can be viewed in QueryInspector in UI
+	for i, frame := range r.Frames {
+		addMetadataToMultiFrame(q, frame, enablePrometheusDataplaneFlag)
+		if i == 0 {
+			frame.Meta.ExecutedQueryString = executedQueryString(q)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if r.Error == nil {
+		r = s.processExemplars(ctx, q, r)
+	}
+
+	return r
+}
+
+func (s *QueryData) processExemplars(ctx context.Context, q *models.Query, dr backend.DataResponse) backend.DataResponse {
+	_, endSpan := utils.StartTrace(ctx, s.tracer, "datasource.prometheus.processExemplars")
+	defer endSpan()
+	sampler := s.exemplarSampler()
+	labelTracker := exemplar.NewLabelTracker()
+
+	// we are moving from a multi-frame response returned
+	// by the converter to a single exemplar frame,
+	// so we need to build a new frame array with the
+	// old exemplar frames filtered out
+	framer := exemplar.NewFramer(sampler, labelTracker)
+
+	for _, frame := range dr.Frames {
+		// we don't need to process non-exemplar frames
+		// so they can be added to the response
+		if !isExemplarFrame(frame) {
+			framer.AddFrame(frame)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// copy the current exemplar frame metadata
+		framer.SetMeta(frame.Meta)
+		framer.SetRefID(frame.RefID)
+
+		step := time.Duration(frame.Fields[0].Config.Interval) * time.Millisecond
+		sampler.SetStep(step)
+
+		seriesLabels := getSeriesLabels(frame)
+		labelTracker.Add(seriesLabels)
+		labelTracker.AddFields(frame.Fields[2:])
+		for rowIdx := 0; rowIdx < frame.Fields[0].Len(); rowIdx++ {
+			ts := frame.CopyAt(0, rowIdx).(time.Time)
+			val := frame.CopyAt(1, rowIdx).(float64)
+			ex := models.Exemplar{
+				RowIdx:       rowIdx,
+				Fields:       frame.Fields[2:],
+				Value:        val,
+				Timestamp:    ts,
+				SeriesLabels: seriesLabels,
+			}
+			sampler.Add(ex)
+		}
+	}
+
+	frames, err := framer.Frames()
+
+	return backend.DataResponse{
+		Frames: frames,
+		Error:  err,
+	}
+}
+
+func addMetadataToMultiFrame(q *models.Query, frame *data.Frame, enableDataplane bool) {
+	if frame.Meta == nil {
+		frame.Meta = &data.FrameMeta{}
+	}
+	if len(frame.Fields) < 2 {
+		return
+	}
+	frame.Fields[0].Config = &data.FieldConfig{Interval: float64(q.Step.Milliseconds())}
+
+	customName := getName(q, frame.Fields[1])
+	if customName != "" {
+		frame.Fields[1].Config = &data.FieldConfig{DisplayNameFromDS: customName}
+	}
+
+	if enableDataplane {
+		valueField := frame.Fields[1]
+		if n, ok := valueField.Labels["__name__"]; ok {
+			valueField.Name = n
+		}
+	} else {
+		frame.Name = customName
+	}
+}
+
+// this is based on the logic from the String() function in github.com/prometheus/common/model.go
+func metricNameFromLabels(f *data.Field) string {
+	labels := f.Labels
+	metricName, hasName := labels["__name__"]
+	numLabels := len(labels) - 1
+	if !hasName {
+		numLabels = len(labels)
+	}
+	labelStrings := make([]string, 0, numLabels)
+	for label, value := range labels {
+		if label != "__name__" {
+			labelStrings = append(labelStrings, fmt.Sprintf("%s=%q", label, value))
+		}
+	}
+
+	switch numLabels {
+	case 0:
+		if hasName {
+			return metricName
+		}
+		return "{}"
+	default:
+		sort.Strings(labelStrings)
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s{%s}", metricName, strings.Join(labelStrings, ", "))
+	}
+}
+
+func executedQueryString(q *models.Query) string {
+	return "Expr: " + q.Expr + "\n" + "Step: " + q.Step.String()
+}
+
+func getName(q *models.Query, field *data.Field) string {
+	labels := field.Labels
+	legend := metricNameFromLabels(field)
+
+	if q.LegendFormat == legendFormatAuto {
+		if len(labels) > 0 {
+			legend = ""
+		}
+	} else if q.LegendFormat != "" {
+		result := legendFormatRegexp.ReplaceAllFunc([]byte(q.LegendFormat), func(in []byte) []byte {
+			labelName := strings.Replace(string(in), "{{", "", 1)
+			labelName = strings.Replace(labelName, "}}", "", 1)
+			labelName = strings.TrimSpace(labelName)
+			if val, exists := labels[labelName]; exists {
+				return []byte(val)
+			}
+			return []byte{}
+		})
+		legend = string(result)
+	}
+
+	// If legend is empty brackets, use query expression
+	if legend == "{}" {
+		return q.Expr
+	}
+
+	return legend
+}
+
+func isExemplarFrame(frame *data.Frame) bool {
+	rt := models.ResultTypeFromFrame(frame)
+	return rt == models.ResultTypeExemplar
+}
+
+func getSeriesLabels(frame *data.Frame) data.Labels {
+	// series labels are stored on the value field (index 1)
+	return frame.Fields[1].Labels.Copy()
+}

pkg/promlib/querydata/response_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+package querydata
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/models"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/querydata/exemplar"
+)
+
+func TestQueryData_parseResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	qd := QueryData{exemplarSampler: exemplar.NewStandardDeviationSampler}
+
+	t.Run("resultType is before result the field must parsed normally", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resBody := `{"data":{"resultType":"vector", "result":[{"metric":{"__name__":"some_name","environment":"some_env","id":"some_id","instance":"some_instance:1234","job":"some_job","name":"another_name","region":"some_region"},"value":[1.1,"2"]}]},"status":"success"}`
+		res := &http.Response{Body: io.NopCloser(bytes.NewBufferString(resBody))}
+		result := qd.parseResponse(context.Background(), &models.Query{}, res, false)
+		assert.Nil(t, result.Error)
+		assert.Len(t, result.Frames, 1)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("resultType is after the result field must parsed normally", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resBody := `{"data":{"result":[{"metric":{"__name__":"some_name","environment":"some_env","id":"some_id","instance":"some_instance:1234","job":"some_job","name":"another_name","region":"some_region"},"value":[1.1,"2"]}],"resultType":"vector"},"status":"success"}`
+		res := &http.Response{Body: io.NopCloser(bytes.NewBufferString(resBody))}
+		result := qd.parseResponse(context.Background(), &models.Query{}, res, false)
+		assert.Nil(t, result.Error)
+		assert.Len(t, result.Frames, 1)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("no resultType is existed in the data", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resBody := `{"data":{"result":[{"metric":{"__name__":"some_name","environment":"some_env","id":"some_id","instance":"some_instance:1234","job":"some_job","name":"another_name","region":"some_region"},"value":[1.1,"2"]}]},"status":"success"}`
+		res := &http.Response{Body: io.NopCloser(bytes.NewBufferString(resBody))}
+		result := qd.parseResponse(context.Background(), &models.Query{}, res, false)
+		assert.Error(t, result.Error)
+		assert.Equal(t, result.Error.Error(), "no resultType found")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("resultType is set as empty string before result", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resBody := `{"data":{"resultType":"", "result":[{"metric":{"__name__":"some_name","environment":"some_env","id":"some_id","instance":"some_instance:1234","job":"some_job","name":"another_name","region":"some_region"},"value":[1.1,"2"]}]},"status":"success"}`
+		res := &http.Response{Body: io.NopCloser(bytes.NewBufferString(resBody))}
+		result := qd.parseResponse(context.Background(), &models.Query{}, res, false)
+		assert.Error(t, result.Error)
+		assert.Equal(t, result.Error.Error(), "unknown result type: ")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("resultType is set as empty string after result", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resBody := `{"data":{"result":[{"metric":{"__name__":"some_name","environment":"some_env","id":"some_id","instance":"some_instance:1234","job":"some_job","name":"another_name","region":"some_region"},"value":[1.1,"2"]}],"resultType":""},"status":"success"}`
+		res := &http.Response{Body: io.NopCloser(bytes.NewBufferString(resBody))}
+		result := qd.parseResponse(context.Background(), &models.Query{}, res, false)
+		assert.Error(t, result.Error)
+		assert.Equal(t, result.Error.Error(), "unknown result type: ")
+	})
+}

pkg/promlib/resource/resource.go

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+package resource
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/backend/log"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana-plugin-sdk-go/data/utils/maputil"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/client"
+	"github.com/grafana/grafana/pkg/promlib/utils"
+)
+
+type Resource struct {
+	promClient *client.Client
+	log        log.Logger
+}
+
+func New(
+	httpClient *http.Client,
+	settings backend.DataSourceInstanceSettings,
+	plog log.Logger,
+) (*Resource, error) {
+	jsonData, err := utils.GetJsonData(settings)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	httpMethod, _ := maputil.GetStringOptional(jsonData, "httpMethod")
+
+	if httpMethod == "" {
+		httpMethod = http.MethodPost
+	}
+
+	return &Resource{
+		log:        plog,
+		promClient: client.NewClient(httpClient, httpMethod, settings.URL),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (r *Resource) Execute(ctx context.Context, req *backend.CallResourceRequest) (*backend.CallResourceResponse, error) {
+	r.log.FromContext(ctx).Debug("Sending resource query", "URL", req.URL)
+	resp, err := r.promClient.QueryResource(ctx, req)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error querying resource: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// frontend sets the X-Grafana-Cache with the desired response cache control value
+	if len(req.GetHTTPHeaders().Get("X-Grafana-Cache")) > 0 {
+		resp.Header.Set("X-Grafana-Cache", "y")
+		resp.Header.Set("Cache-Control", req.GetHTTPHeaders().Get("X-Grafana-Cache"))
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		tmpErr := resp.Body.Close()
+		if tmpErr != nil && err == nil {
+			err = tmpErr
+		}
+	}()
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	// Should be more efficient than ReadAll. See https://github.com/prometheus/client_golang/pull/976
+	_, err = buf.ReadFrom(resp.Body)
+	body := buf.Bytes()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	callResponse := &backend.CallResourceResponse{
+		Status:  resp.StatusCode,
+		Headers: resp.Header,
+		Body:    body,
+	}
+
+	return callResponse, err
+}
+
+func (r *Resource) DetectVersion(ctx context.Context, req *backend.CallResourceRequest) (*backend.CallResourceResponse, error) {
+	newReq := &backend.CallResourceRequest{
+		PluginContext: req.PluginContext,
+		Path:          "/api/v1/status/buildinfo",
+	}
+
+	return r.Execute(ctx, newReq)
+}

pkg/promlib/testdata/exemplar.query.json

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "RefId": "A",
+  "ExemplarQuery": true,
+  "Start": 1654086510,
+  "End": 1654086810,
+  "Step": 15,
+  "Expr": "histogram_quantile(0.99, sum(rate(traces_spanmetrics_duration_seconds_bucket[15s])) by (le))"
+}

pkg/promlib/testdata/range_auto.query.json

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+{
+  "RefId": "A",
+  "RangeQuery": true,
+  "Start": 1664376185,
+  "End": 1664376485,
+  "Step": 1,
+  "LegendFormat": "__auto",
+  "Expr": "histogram_quantile(0.95, sum(rate(tns_request_duration_seconds_bucket[$__rate_interval])) by (le))"
+}

pkg/promlib/testdata/range_auto.result.golden.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,688 @@
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+//  
+//  Frame[0] {
+//      "type": "timeseries-multi",
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "matrix"
+//      },
+//      "executedQueryString": "Expr: histogram_quantile(0.95, sum(rate(tns_request_duration_seconds_bucket[4s])) by (le))\nStep: 1s"
+//  }
+//  Name: histogram_quantile(0.95, sum(rate(tns_request_duration_seconds_bucket[4s])) by (le))
+//  Dimensions: 2 Fields by 301 Rows
+//  +-----------------------------------+----------------------+
+//  | Name: Time                        | Name: Value          |
+//  | Labels:                           | Labels:              |
+//  | Type: []time.Time                 | Type: []float64      |
+//  +-----------------------------------+----------------------+
+//  | 2022-09-28 14:43:05.491 +0000 UTC | 0.004754464285714286 |
+//  | 2022-09-28 14:43:06.491 +0000 UTC | 0.004754464285714286 |
+//  | 2022-09-28 14:43:07.491 +0000 UTC | 0.004754464285714286 |
+//  | 2022-09-28 14:43:08.491 +0000 UTC | 0.004754464285714286 |
+//  | 2022-09-28 14:43:09.491 +0000 UTC | 0.004754481132075472 |
+//  | 2022-09-28 14:43:10.491 +0000 UTC | 0.004754481132075472 |
+//  | 2022-09-28 14:43:11.491 +0000 UTC | 0.004754481132075472 |
+//  | 2022-09-28 14:43:12.491 +0000 UTC | 0.004754481132075472 |
+//  | 2022-09-28 14:43:13.491 +0000 UTC | 0.004754481132075472 |
+//  | ...                               | ...                  |
+//  +-----------------------------------+----------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "status": 200,
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "name": "histogram_quantile(0.95, sum(rate(tns_request_duration_seconds_bucket[4s])) by (le))",
+        "meta": {
+          "type": "timeseries-multi",
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "matrix"
+          },
+          "executedQueryString": "Expr: histogram_quantile(0.95, sum(rate(tns_request_duration_seconds_bucket[4s])) by (le))\nStep: 1s"
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            },
+            "config": {
+              "interval": 1000
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {},
+            "config": {
+              "displayNameFromDS": "histogram_quantile(0.95, sum(rate(tns_request_duration_seconds_bucket[4s])) by (le))"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
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+}

pkg/promlib/testdata/range_infinity.query.json

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "RefId": "A",
+  "RangeQuery": true,
+  "Start": 1641889530,
+  "End": 1641889532,
+  "Step": 1,
+  "Expr": "1 / 0"
+}

pkg/promlib/testdata/range_infinity.result.golden.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+//  
+//  Frame[0] {
+//      "type": "timeseries-multi",
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "matrix"
+//      },
+//      "executedQueryString": "Expr: 1 / 0\nStep: 1s"
+//  }
+//  Name: 1 / 0
+//  Dimensions: 2 Fields by 3 Rows
+//  +-------------------------------+-----------------+
+//  | Name: Time                    | Name: Value     |
+//  | Labels:                       | Labels:         |
+//  | Type: []time.Time             | Type: []float64 |
+//  +-------------------------------+-----------------+
+//  | 2022-01-11 08:25:30 +0000 UTC | +Inf            |
+//  | 2022-01-11 08:25:31 +0000 UTC | +Inf            |
+//  | 2022-01-11 08:25:32 +0000 UTC | +Inf            |
+//  +-------------------------------+-----------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "status": 200,
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "name": "1 / 0",
+        "meta": {
+          "type": "timeseries-multi",
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "matrix"
+          },
+          "executedQueryString": "Expr: 1 / 0\nStep: 1s"
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            },
+            "config": {
+              "interval": 1000
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {},
+            "config": {
+              "displayNameFromDS": "1 / 0"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1641889530000,
+            1641889531000,
+            1641889532000
+          ],
+          [
+            null,
+            null,
+            null
+          ]
+        ],
+        "entities": [
+          null,
+          {
+            "Inf": [
+              0,
+              1,
+              2
+            ]
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

pkg/promlib/testdata/range_infinity.result.json

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "status": "success",
+  "data": {
+    "resultType": "matrix",
+    "result": [
+      {
+        "metric": {},
+        "values": [
+          [1641889530, "+Inf"],
+          [1641889531, "+Inf"],
+          [1641889532, "+Inf"]
+        ]
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}

pkg/promlib/testdata/range_missing.query.json

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{
+  "RefId": "A",
+  "RangeQuery": true,
+  "Start": 1641889530,
+  "End": 1641889538,
+  "Step": 1,
+  "Expr": "test1"
+}

pkg/promlib/testdata/range_missing.result.golden.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+//  
+//  Frame[0] {
+//      "type": "timeseries-multi",
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "matrix"
+//      },
+//      "executedQueryString": "Expr: test1\nStep: 1s"
+//  }
+//  Name: go_goroutines{job="prometheus"}
+//  Dimensions: 2 Fields by 3 Rows
+//  +-------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
+//  | Name: Time                    | Name: Value                                    |
+//  | Labels:                       | Labels: __name__=go_goroutines, job=prometheus |
+//  | Type: []time.Time             | Type: []float64                                |
+//  +-------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
+//  | 2022-01-11 08:25:33 +0000 UTC | 21                                             |
+//  | 2022-01-11 08:25:34 +0000 UTC | 32                                             |
+//  | 2022-01-11 08:25:37 +0000 UTC | 43                                             |
+//  +-------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "status": 200,
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "name": "go_goroutines{job=\"prometheus\"}",
+        "meta": {
+          "type": "timeseries-multi",
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "matrix"
+          },
+          "executedQueryString": "Expr: test1\nStep: 1s"
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            },
+            "config": {
+              "interval": 1000
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {
+              "__name__": "go_goroutines",
+              "job": "prometheus"
+            },
+            "config": {
+              "displayNameFromDS": "go_goroutines{job=\"prometheus\"}"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1641889533000,
+            1641889534000,
+            1641889537000
+          ],
+          [
+            21,
+            32,
+            43
+          ]
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

pkg/promlib/testdata/range_missing.result.json

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "status": "success",
+  "data": {
+    "resultType": "matrix",
+    "result": [
+      {
+        "metric": { "__name__": "go_goroutines", "job": "prometheus" },
+        "values": [
+          [1641889533, "21"],
+          [1641889534, "32"],
+          [1641889537, "43"]
+        ]
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}

pkg/promlib/testdata/range_nan.query.json

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "RefId": "A",
+  "RangeQuery": true,
+  "Start": 1641889530,
+  "End": 1641889532,
+  "Step": 1
+}

pkg/promlib/testdata/range_nan.result.golden.jsonc

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+//  
+//  Frame[0] {
+//      "type": "timeseries-multi",
+//      "typeVersion": [
+//          0,
+//          0
+//      ],
+//      "custom": {
+//          "resultType": "matrix"
+//      },
+//      "executedQueryString": "Expr: \nStep: 1s"
+//  }
+//  Name: {handler="/api/v1/query_range", job="prometheus"}
+//  Dimensions: 2 Fields by 3 Rows
+//  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+//  | Name: Time                    | Name: Value                                         |
+//  | Labels:                       | Labels: handler=/api/v1/query_range, job=prometheus |
+//  | Type: []time.Time             | Type: []float64                                     |
+//  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+//  | 2022-01-11 08:25:30 +0000 UTC | NaN                                                 |
+//  | 2022-01-11 08:25:31 +0000 UTC | NaN                                                 |
+//  | 2022-01-11 08:25:32 +0000 UTC | NaN                                                 |
+//  +-------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+//  
+//  
+//  🌟 This was machine generated.  Do not edit. 🌟
+{
+  "status": 200,
+  "frames": [
+    {
+      "schema": {
+        "name": "{handler=\"/api/v1/query_range\", job=\"prometheus\"}",
+        "meta": {
+          "type": "timeseries-multi",
+          "typeVersion": [
+            0,
+            0
+          ],
+          "custom": {
+            "resultType": "matrix"
+          },
+          "executedQueryString": "Expr: \nStep: 1s"
+        },
+        "fields": [
+          {
+            "name": "Time",
+            "type": "time",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "time.Time"
+            },
+            "config": {
+              "interval": 1000
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "Value",
+            "type": "number",
+            "typeInfo": {
+              "frame": "float64"
+            },
+            "labels": {
+              "handler": "/api/v1/query_range",
+              "job": "prometheus"
+            },
+            "config": {
+              "displayNameFromDS": "{handler=\"/api/v1/query_range\", job=\"prometheus\"}"
+            }
+          }
+        ]
+      },
+      "data": {
+        "values": [
+          [
+            1641889530000,
+            1641889531000,
+            1641889532000
+          ],
+          [
+            null,
+            null,
+            null
+          ]
+        ],
+        "entities": [
+          null,
+          {
+            "NaN": [
+              0,
+              1,
+              2
+            ]
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}

pkg/promlib/testdata/range_nan.result.json

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "status": "success",
+  "data": {
+    "resultType": "matrix",
+    "result": [
+      {
+        "metric": { "handler": "/api/v1/query_range", "job": "prometheus" },
+        "values": [
+          [1641889530, "NaN"],
+          [1641889531, "NaN"],
+          [1641889532, "NaN"]
+        ]
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}