.. _table_dialog: ********************* `Table Dialog`:index: ********************* Use the *Table* dialog to create or modify a table. The *Table* dialog organizes the development of a table through the following dialog tabs: *General*, *Columns*, *Constraints*, *Advanced*, *Parition*, *Parameter*, and *Security*. The *SQL* tab displays the SQL code generated by dialog selections. .. image:: images/table_general.png :alt: Table dialog general tab :align: center Use the fields in the *General* tab to identify the table: * Use the *Name* field to add a descriptive name for the table. A table cannot have the same name as any existing table, sequence, index, view, foreign table, or data type in the same schema. The name specified will be displayed in the *pgAdmin* tree control. This field is required. * Select the owner of the table from the drop-down listbox in the *Owner* field. By default, the owner of the table is the role that creates the table. * Select the name of the schema in which the table will reside from the drop-down listbox in the *Schema* field. * Use the drop-down listbox in the *Tablespace* field to specify the tablespace in which the table will be stored. * Move the *Partitioned Table?* switch to the *Yes* in case you want to create a partitioned table. Option is available for PostgreSQL 10 and above. * Store notes about the table in the *Comment* field. Click the *Columns* tab to continue. .. image:: images/table_columns.png :alt: Table dialog columns tab :align: center Use the drop-down listbox next to *Inherited from table(s)* to specify any parent table(s); the table will inherit columns from the selected parent table(s). Click inside the *Inherited from table(s)* field to select a table name from a drop-down list. Repeat to add any other parent tables. Delete a selected table by clicking the *x* to the left of the parent name. Note that inherited column names and datatypes are not editable in the current dialog; they must be modified at the parent level. Click the *Add* icon (+) to specify the names of columns and their datatypes in the *Columns* table: * Use the *Name* field to add a descriptive name for the column. * Use the drop-down listbox in the *Data type* field to select a data type for the column. This can include array specifiers. For more information on the data types supported by PostgreSQL, refer to Chapter 8 of the core documentation. * If enabled, use the *Length/Precision* and *Scale* fields to specify the maximum number of significant digits in a numeric value, or the maximum number of characters in a text value. * Move the *Not NULL?* switch to the *Yes* position to require a value in the column field. * Move the *Primary key?* switch to the *Yes* position to specify the column is the primary key constraint. Click the *Add* icon (+) to add additional columns; to discard a column, click the trash icon to the left of the row and confirm deletion in the *Delete Row* popup. Click the *Constraints* tab to continue. .. image:: images/table_constraints.png :alt: Table dialog constraints tab :align: center Use the fields in the *Constraints* tab to provide a table or column constraint. Optional constraint clauses specify constraints (tests) that new or updated rows must satisfy for an *INSERT* or *UPDATE* operation to succeed. Select the appropriate constraint type by selecting one of the following tabs on the *Constraints* panel: .. table:: :class: longtable :widths: 1 4 +----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Tab Name | Constraint | +================+=====================================================================================================================+ | *Primary Key* | Provides a unique identifier for each row in the table. | +----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Foreign Key* | Maintains referential integrity between two tables. | +----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Check* | Requires data satisfies an expression or condition before insertion or modification. | +----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Unique* | Ensures that the data contained in a column, or a group of columns, is unique among all the rows in the table. | +----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Exclude* | Guarantees that if any two rows are compared on the specified column or expression (using the specified operator), | | | at least one of the operator comparisons will return false or null. | +----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ To add a primary key for the table, select the *Primary Key* tab, and click the *Add* icon (+). To define the primary key, click the *Edit* icon to the left of the *Trash* icon. A dialog similar to the *Primary key* dialog (accessed by right clicking on *Constraints* in the *pgAdmin* tree control) opens. Use the fields in the *General* tab to identify the primary key: * Use the *Name* field to add a descriptive name for the primary key constraint. The name will be displayed in the *pgAdmin* tree control. * Provide notes about the primary key in the *Comment* field. Click the *Definition* tab to continue. .. image:: images/primary_key_definition.png :alt: Table dialog primary key constraint definition :align: center Use the fields in the *Definition* tab to define the primary key constraint: * Click inside the *Columns* field and select one or more column names from the drop-down listbox. To delete a selection, click the *x* to the left of the column name. The primary key constraint should be different from any unique constraint defined for the same table; the selected column(s) for the constraints must be distinct. * Select the name of the tablespace in which the primary key constraint will reside from the drop-down listbox in the *Tablespace* field. * Use the *Fill Factor* field to specify a fill factor for the table and index. The fill factor for a table is a percentage between 10 and 100. 100 (complete packing) is the default. * Move the *Deferrable?* switch to the *Yes* position to specify the timing of the constraint is deferrable and can be postponed until the end of the statement. The default is *No*. * If enabled, move the *Deferred?* switch to the *Yes* position to specify the timing of the constraint is deferred to the end of the statement. The default is *No*. .. image:: images/table_foreign_key.png :alt: Table dialog foreign key constrain :align: center To add a foreign key constraint, select the *Foreign Key* tab, and click the *Add* icon (+). To define the constraint, click the *Edit* icon to the left of the *Trash* icon. A dialog similar to the *Foreign key* dialog (accessed by right clicking on *Constraints* in the *pgAdmin* tree control) opens. Use the fields in the *General* tab to identify the foreign key constraint: * Use the *Name* field to add a descriptive name for the foreign key constraint. The name will be displayed in the *pgAdmin* tree control. * Provide notes about the foreign key in the *Comment* field. Click the *Definition* tab to continue. .. image:: images/foreign_key_definition.png :alt: Table dialog foreign key constraint definition :align: center Use the fields in the *Definition* tab to define the foreign key constraint: * Move the *Deferrable?* switch to the *Yes* position to specify the timing of the constraint is deferrable and can be postponed until the end of the statement. The default is *No*. * If enabled, move the *Deferred?* switch to the *Yes* position to specify the timing of the constraint is deferred to the end of the statement. The default is *No*. * Move the *Match type* switch specify the type of matching that is enforced by the constraint: * Select *Full* to indicate that all columns of a multicolumn foreign key must be null if any column is null; if all columns are null, the row is not required to have a match in the referenced table. * Select *Simple* to specify that a single foreign key column may be null; if any column is null, the row is not required to have a match in the referenced table. * Move the *Validated* switch to the *Yes* position to instruct the server to validate the existing table content (against a foreign key or check constraint) when you save modifications to this dialog. * Move the *Auto FK Index* switch to the *No* position to disable the automatic index feature. * The field next to *Covering Index* generates the name of an index if the *Auto FK Index* switch is in the *Yes* position; or, this field is disabled. Click the *Columns* tab to continue. .. image:: images/foreign_key_columns.png :alt: Table dialog foreign key constraint columns :align: center Use the fields in the *Columns* tab to specify one or more reference column(s). A Foreign Key constraint requires that one or more columns of a table must only contain values that match values in the referenced column(s) of a row of a referenced table: * Use the drop-down listbox next to *Local column* to specify the column in the current table that will be compared to the foreign table. * Use the drop-down listbox next to *References* to specify the name of the table in which the comparison column(s) resides. * Use the drop-down listbox next to *Referencing* to specify a column in the foreign table. Click the *Add* icon (+) to add a column to the list; repeat the steps above and click the *Add* icon (+) to add additional columns. To discard an entry, click the trash icon to the left of the entry and confirm deletion in the *Delete Row* popup. Click the *Action* tab to continue. .. image:: images/foreign_key_action.png :alt: Table dialog foreign key constraint action :align: center Use the drop-down listboxes on the *Action* tab to specify behavior related to the foreign key constraint that will be performed when data within the table is updated or deleted: * Use the drop-down listbox next to *On update* to select an action that will be performed when data in the table is updated. * Use the drop-down listbox next to *On delete* to select an action that will be performed when data in the table is deleted. The supported actions are: .. table:: :class: longtable :widths: 1 4 +-------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | NO ACTION | Produce an error indicating that the deletion or update will create a foreign key constraint violation. | | | If the constraint is deferred, this error will be produced at constraint check time if any referencing | | | rows still exist. This is the default. | +-------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | RESTRICT | Throw an error indicating that the deletion or update would create a foreign key constraint violation. | | | This is the same as NO ACTION except that the check is not deferrable. | +-------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | CASCADE | Delete any rows referencing the deleted row, or update the values of the referencing column(s) to the new | | | values of the referenced columns, respectively. | +-------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | SET NULL | Set the referencing column(s) to null. | +-------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | SET DEFAULT | Set the referencing column(s) to their default values. There must be a row in the referenced table | | | that matches the default values (if they are not null), or the operation will fail. | +-------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ .. image:: images/table_check.png :alt: Table dialog check constraint :align: center To add a check constraint, select the *Check* tab on the panel, and click the *Add* icon (+). To define the check constraint, click the *Edit* icon to the left of the *Trash* icon. A dialog similar to the *Check* dialog (accessed by right clicking on *Constraints* in the *pgAdmin* tree control) opens. Use the fields in the *General* tab to identify the check constraint: * Use the *Name* field to add a descriptive name for the check constraint. The name will be displayed in the *pgAdmin* tree control. With PostgreSQL 9.5 forward, when a table has multiple check constraints, they will be tested for each row in alphabetical order by name and after NOT NULL constraints. * Provide notes about the check constraint in the *Comment* field. Click the *Definition* tab to continue. .. image:: images/check_definition.png :alt: Table dialog check constraint definition :align: center Use the fields in the *Definition* tab to define the check constraint: * Provide the expression that a row must satisfy in the *Check* field. This field is required. * Move the *No Inherit?* switch to the *Yes* position to specify that this constraint is not automatically inherited by a table's children. The default is *No*, meaning that the constraint will be inherited by any children. * Move the *Don't validate?* switch to the *No* position to skip validation of existing data; the constraint may not hold for all rows in the table. The default is *Yes*. .. image:: images/table_unique.png :alt: Table dialog unique constraint :align: center To add a unique constraint, select the *Unique* tab on the panel, and click the *Add* icon (+). To define the constraint, click the *Edit* icon to the left of the *Trash* icon. A dialog similar to the *Unique constraint* dialog (accessed by right clicking on *Constraints* in the *pgAdmin* tree control) opens. Use the fields in the *General* tab to identify the unique constraint: * Use the *Name* field to add a descriptive name for the unique constraint. The name will be displayed in the *pgAdmin* tree control. * Provide notes about the unique constraint in the *Comment* field. Click the *Definition* tab to continue. .. image:: images/unique_constraint_definition.png :alt: Table dialog unique constraint definition :align: center Use the fields in the *Definition* tab to define the unique constraint: * Click inside the *Columns* field and select one or more column names from the drop-down listbox. To delete a selection, click the *x* to the left of the column name. The unique constraint should be different from the primary key constraint defined for the same table; the selected column(s) for the constraints must be distinct. * Select the name of the tablespace in which the unique constraint will reside from the drop-down listbox in the *Tablespace* field. * Use the *Fill Factor* field to specify a fill factor for the table and index. The fill factor for a table is a percentage between 10 and 100. 100 (complete packing) is the default. * Move the *Deferrable?* switch to the *Yes* position to specify the timing of the constraint is deferrable and can be postponed until the end of the statement. The default is *No*. * If enabled, move the *Deferred?* switch to the *Yes* position to specify the timing of the constraint is deferred to the end of the statement. The default is *No*. .. image:: images/table_exclude.png :alt: Table dialog exclude constraint :align: center To add an exclusion constraint, select the *Exclude* tab on the panel, and click the *Add* icon (+). To define the constraint, click the *Edit* icon to the left of the *Trash* icon. A dialog similar to the *Exclusion constraint* dialog (accessed by right clicking on *Constraints* in the *pgAdmin* tree control) opens. Use the fields in the *General* tab to identify the exclusion constraint: * Use the *Name* field to provide a descriptive name for the exclusion constraint. The name will be displayed in the *pgAdmin* tree control. * Provide notes about the exclusion constraint in the *Comment* field. Click the *Definition* tab to continue. .. image:: images/exclusion_constraint_definition.png :alt: Table dialog exclusion constraint definition :align: center Use the fields in the *Definition* tab to define the exclusion constraint: * Use the drop-down listbox next to *Tablespace* to select the tablespace in which the index associated with the exclude constraint will reside. * Use the drop-down listbox next to *Access method* to specify the type of index that will be used when implementing the exclusion constraint: * Select *gist* to specify a GiST index (the default). * Select *spgist* to specify a space-partitioned GiST index. * Select *btree* to specify a B-tree index. * Select *hash* to specify a hash index. * Use the *Fill Factor* field to specify a fill factor for the table and associated index. The fill factor is a percentage between 10 and 100. 100 (complete packing) is the default. * Move the *Deferrable?* switch to the *Yes* position to specify that the timing of the constraint is deferrable, and can be postponed until the end of the statement. The default is *No*. * If enabled, move the *Deferred?* switch to the *Yes* position to specify the timing of the constraint is deferred to the end of the statement. The default is *No*. * Use the *Constraint* field to provide a condition that a row must satisfy to be included in the table. Click the *Columns* tab to continue. .. image:: images/exclusion_constraint_columns.png :alt: Table dialog exclusion constraint columns :align: center Use the fields in the *Columns* tab to specify the column(s) to which the constraint applies. Use the drop-down listbox next to *Column* to select a column and click the *Add* icon (+) to provide details of the action on the column: * The *Column* field is populated with the selection made in the *Column* drop-down listbox. * If applicable, use the drop-down listbox in the *Operator class* to specify the operator class that will be used by the index for the column. * Move the *DESC* switch to *DESC* to specify a descending sort order. The default is *ASC* which specifies an ascending sort order. * Move the *NULLs order* switch to *LAST* to define an ascending sort order for NULLs. The default is *FIRST* which specifies a descending order. * Use the drop-down list next to *Operator* to specify a comparison or conditional operator. Click the *Advanced* tab to continue. .. image:: images/table_advanced.png :alt: Table dialog advanced tab :align: center Use the fields in the *Advanced* tab to define advanced features for the table: * Move the *RLS Policy?* switch to the *Yes* position to enable the Row Level Security. * Move the *Force RLS Policy?* to the *Yes* position to force the policy on the owner of the table. * Use the drop-down listbox next to *Of type* to copy the table structure from the specified composite type. Please note that a typed table will be dropped if the type is dropped (with DROP TYPE ... CASCADE). * Use the *Fill Factor* field to specify a fill factor for the table. The fill factor for a table is a percentage between 10 and 100. 100 (complete packing) is the default. * Use the *Toast tuple target* field to set toast_tuple_target storage parameter of the table. The toast_tuple_target value is in bytes and has minimum value of 128. This field will be enabled only for PostgreSQL version >= 11 * Use the *Parallel workers* field to set parallel_workers storage parameter of the table. The parallel_workers sets the number of workers that should be used to assist a parallel scan of the table. This field will be enabled only for PostgreSQL version >= 9.6 * Move the *Has OIDs?* switch to the *Yes* position to specify that each row within a table has a system-assigned object identifier. The default is *No*. * Move the *Unlogged?* switch to the *Yes* position to disable logging for the table. Data written to an unlogged table is not written to the write-ahead log. Any indexes created on an unlogged table are automatically unlogged as well. The default is *No*. Use the fields in the **Like** box to specify which attributes of an existing table from which a table will automatically copy column names, data types, and not-null constraints; after saving the new or modified table, any changes to the original table will not be applied to the new table. * Use the drop-down listbox next to *Relation* to select a reference table. * Move the *With default values?* switch to the *Yes* position to copy default values. * Move the *With constraints?* switch to the *Yes* position to copy table and column constraints. * Move the *With indexes?* switch to the *Yes* position to copy indexes. * Move the *With storage?* switch to the *Yes* position to copy storage settings. * Move the *With comments?* switch to the *Yes* position to copy comments. With PostgreSQL 10 forward, the *Partition* tab will be visible. Click the *Partition* tab to continue. .. image:: images/table_partition.png :alt: Table dialog partition tab :align: center Use the fields in the *partition* tab to create the partitions for the table: * Select a partition type from the *Partition Type* selection box. There are 3 options available; Range, List and Hash. Hash option will only enable for PostgreSQL version >= 11. Use the *Partition Keys* panel to define the partition keys. Click the *Add* icon (+) to add each partition keys selection: * Select a partition key type in the *Keytype* field. * Select a partition column in the *Column* field if Column option selected for *Keytype* field . * Specify the expression in the *Expression* field if Expression option selected for the *Keytype* field. Use the *Partitions* panel to define the partitions of a table. Click the *Add* icon (+) to add each partition: * Move the *Operation* switch to *attach* to attach the partition, by default it is *create*. * Use the *Name* field to add the name of the partition. * If partition type is Range or List then *Default* field will be enabled. * If partition type is Range then *From* and *To* fields will be enabled. * If partition type is List then *In* field will be enabled. * If partition type is Hash then *Modulus* and *Remainder* fields will be enabled. Users can create a partition and define them as a partitioned table. Click the *Edit* icon to expand the properties of a partition. Use the *Partition* tab to create that partition as a partitioned table. * Move the *Partitioned Table?* switch to the *Yes* in case you want to create a partitioned table. * Select a partition type from the *Partition Type* selection box. * Use the *Partition Keys* panel to define the partition keys. View of multi level Partitioned Table in object explorer: .. image:: images/table_partition_tree.png :alt: Table dialog partition tree :align: center Click the *Parameter* tab to continue. .. image:: images/table_parameter.png :alt: Table dialog parameter tab :align: center Use the tabs nested inside the *Parameter* tab to specify VACUUM and ANALYZE thresholds; use the *Table* tab and the *Toast Table* tab to customize values for the table and the associated toast table: * Move the *Custom auto-vacuum?* switch to the *Yes* position to perform custom maintenance on the table and to select values in the *Vacuum table*. The *Vacuum Table* provides default values for maintenance operations. * Changing *Autovacuum enabled?* to *Not set* will reset autovacuum_enabled. Provide a custom value in the *Value* column for each metric listed in the *Label* column. Click the *Security* tab to continue. .. image:: images/table_security.png :alt: Table dialog security tab :align: center Use the *Security* tab to assign privileges and define security labels. Use the *Privileges* panel to assign privileges to a role. Click the *Add* icon (+) to set privileges for database objects: * Select the name of the role from the drop-down listbox in the *Grantee* field. * Click inside the *Privileges* field. Check the boxes to the left of one or more privileges to grant the selected privilege to the specified user. * The current user, who is the default grantor for granting the privilege, is displayed in the *Grantor* field. Click the *Add* icon (+) to assign additional privileges; to discard a privilege, click the trash icon to the left of the row and confirm deletion in the *Delete Row* popup. Use the *Security Labels* panel to define security labels applied to the function. Click the *Add* icon (+) to add each security label selection: * Specify a security label provider in the *Provider* field. The named provider must be loaded and must consent to the proposed labeling operation. * Specify a a security label in the *Security Label* field. The meaning of a given label is at the discretion of the label provider. PostgreSQL places no restrictions on whether or how a label provider must interpret security labels; it merely provides a mechanism for storing them. Click the *Add* icon (+) to assign additional security labels; to discard a security label, click the trash icon to the left of the row and confirm deletion in the *Delete Row* popup. Click the *SQL* tab to continue. Your entries in the *Table* dialog generate a SQL command (see an example below). Use the *SQL* tab for review; revisit or switch tabs to make any changes to the SQL command. Example ******* The following is an example of the sql command generated by user selections in the *Table* dialog: .. image:: images/table_sql.png :alt: Table dialog sql tab :align: center The example shown demonstrates creating a table named *jobhist*. It has six columns and a primary key constraint on the *empno and startdate* column. * Click the *Info* button (i) to access online help. * Click the *Save* button to save work. * Click the *Close* button to exit without saving work. * Click the *Reset* button to restore configuration parameters.