99a61df00a
conceptually, this may not be the purest conceivable solution, but it is the most practical one.
284 lines
9.8 KiB
C++
284 lines
9.8 KiB
C++
// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
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// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
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/*
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Copyright (C) 2010-2013 by Andreas Lauser
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Copyright (C) 2011 by Benjamin Faigle
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Copyright (C) 2010 by Bernd Flemisch
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This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
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OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
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it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
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(at your option) any later version.
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OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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GNU General Public License for more details.
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You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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*/
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/*!
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* \file
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* \copydoc Opm::Air
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*/
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#ifndef OPM_AIR_HPP
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#define OPM_AIR_HPP
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#include <opm/material/components/Component.hpp>
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#include <opm/material/common/MathToolbox.hpp>
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#include <opm/material/IdealGas.hpp>
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#include <opm/material/common/Exceptions.hpp>
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#include <opm/material/common/ErrorMacros.hpp>
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namespace Opm {
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/*!
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* \ingroup Components
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*
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* \brief A simple class implementing the fluid properties of air.
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*
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* \tparam Scalar The type used for scalar values
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*/
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template <class Scalar>
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class Air : public Component<Scalar, Air<Scalar> >
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{
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typedef Opm::IdealGas<Scalar> IdealGas;
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public:
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/*!
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* \brief Returns true iff the liquid phase is assumed to be compressible
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*/
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static bool liquidIsCompressible()
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{ OPM_THROW(std::runtime_error, "Not implemented: Component::liquidIsCompressible()"); }
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/*!
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* \brief A human readable name for the \f$Air\f$.
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*/
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static const char *name()
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{ return "Air"; }
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/*!
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* \brief Returns true iff the gas phase is assumed to be compressible
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*/
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static bool gasIsCompressible()
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{ return true; }
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/*!
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* \brief Returns true iff the gas phase is assumed to be ideal
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*/
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static bool gasIsIdeal()
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{ return true; }
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/*!
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* \brief The molar mass in \f$\mathrm{[kg/mol]}\f$ of \f$AIR\f$.
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*
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* Taken from constrelair.hh.
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*/
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static Scalar molarMass()
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{ return 0.02896; /* [kg/mol] */ }
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/*!
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* \brief Returns the critical temperature \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$ of \f$AIR\f$.
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*/
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static Scalar criticalTemperature()
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{ return 132.531 ; /* [K] */ }
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/*!
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* \brief Returns the critical pressure \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$ of \f$AIR\f$.
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*/
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static Scalar criticalPressure()
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{ return 37.86e5; /* [Pa] */ }
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/*!
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* \brief The density of \f$AIR\f$ at a given pressure and temperature [kg/m^3].
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*
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* \param temperature temperature of component in \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$
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* \param pressure pressure of phase in \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$
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*/
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template <class Evaluation>
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static Evaluation gasDensity(const Evaluation& temperature, const Evaluation& pressure)
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{ return IdealGas::density(Evaluation(molarMass()), temperature, pressure); }
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/*!
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* \brief The pressure of gaseous \f$AIR\f$ at a given density and temperature \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$.
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*
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* \param temperature temperature of component in \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$
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* \param density density of component in \f$\mathrm{[kg/m^3]}\f$
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*/
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template <class Evaluation>
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static Evaluation gasPressure(const Evaluation& temperature, Scalar density)
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{ return IdealGas::pressure(temperature, density/molarMass()); }
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/*!
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* \brief The dynamic viscosity \f$\mathrm{[Pa*s]}\f$ of \f$AIR\f$ at a given pressure and temperature.
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*
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*\param temperature temperature of component in \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$
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* \param pressure pressure of component in \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$
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*
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* See:
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*
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* See: R. Reid, et al.: The Properties of Gases and Liquids,
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* 4th edition, McGraw-Hill, 1987, pp 396-397, 667
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* 5th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2001, pp 9.7-9.8
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*
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* accentric factor taken from:
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* Journal of Energy Resources Technology, March 2005, Vol 127
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* Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties
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* Georeg A. Abediyi
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* University, Mississippi State
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*
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* V_c = (R*T_c)/p_c
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*
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*/
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template <class Evaluation>
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static Evaluation gasViscosity(const Evaluation& temperature, const Evaluation& pressure)
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{
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typedef MathToolbox<Evaluation> Toolbox;
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Scalar Tc = criticalTemperature();
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Scalar Vc = 84.525138; // critical specific volume [cm^3/mol]
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Scalar omega = 0.078; // accentric factor
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Scalar M = molarMass() * 1e3; // molar mas [g/mol]
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Scalar dipole = 0.0; // dipole moment [debye]
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Scalar mu_r4 = 131.3 * dipole / std::sqrt(Vc * Tc);
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mu_r4 *= mu_r4;
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mu_r4 *= mu_r4;
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Scalar Fc = 1 - 0.2756*omega + 0.059035*mu_r4;
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Evaluation Tstar = 1.2593 * temperature/Tc;
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Evaluation Omega_v =
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1.16145*Toolbox::pow(Tstar, -0.14874) +
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0.52487*Toolbox::exp(- 0.77320*Tstar) +
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2.16178*Toolbox::exp(- 2.43787*Tstar);
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return 40.7851e-7*Fc*Toolbox::sqrt(M*temperature)/(std::pow(Vc, 2./3)*Omega_v);
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}
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// simpler method, from old constrelAir.hh
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template <class Evaluation>
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static Evaluation simpleGasViscosity(const Evaluation& temperature, const Evaluation& pressure)
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{
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typedef MathToolbox<Evaluation> Toolbox;
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if(temperature < 273.15 || temperature > 660.) {
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OPM_THROW(NumericalIssue,
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"Air: Temperature (" << temperature << "K) out of range");
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}
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return 1.496e-6*Toolbox::pow(temperature, 1.5)/(temperature + 120);
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}
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/*!
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* \brief Specific enthalpy of liquid water \f$\mathrm{[J/kg]}\f$
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* with 273.15 K as basis.
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* See:
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* W. Kays, M. Crawford, B. Weigand
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* Convective heat and mass transfer, 4th edition (2005)
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* p. 431ff
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*
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* \param temperature temperature of component in \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$
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* \param pressure pressure of component in \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$
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*/
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template <class Evaluation>
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static Evaluation gasEnthalpy(const Evaluation& temperature, const Evaluation& pressure)
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{
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return 1005*(temperature - 273.15);
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}
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/*!
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* \brief Specific internal energy of \f$AIR\f$ \f$\mathrm{[J/kg]}\f$.
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*
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* Definition of enthalpy: \f$h= u + pv = u + p / \rho\f$.
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* Rearranging for internal energy yields: \f$u = h - pv\f$.
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* Exploiting the Ideal Gas assumption
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* (\f$pv = R_{\textnormal{specific}} T\f$)gives: \f$u = h - R / M T \f$.
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*
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* \param temperature temperature of component in \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$
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* \param pressure pressure of component in \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$
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*/
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template <class Evaluation>
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static Evaluation gasInternalEnergy(const Evaluation& temperature,
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const Evaluation& pressure)
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{
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return
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gasEnthalpy(temperature, pressure)
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- (IdealGas::R*temperature/molarMass()); // <- specific volume of an ideal gas
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}
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/*!
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* \brief Specific heat conductivity of steam \f$\mathrm{[W/(m K)]}\f$.
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*
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* Isobaric Properties for Nitrogen in: NIST Standard Reference
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* Database Number 69, Eds. P.J. Linstrom and W.G. Mallard
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* evaluated at p=.1 MPa, T=8°C, does not change dramatically with
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* p,T
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*
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* \param temperature temperature of component in \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$
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* \param pressure pressure of component in \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$
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*/
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template <class Evaluation>
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static Evaluation gasThermalConductivity(const Evaluation& temperature,
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const Evaluation& pressure)
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{
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// Isobaric Properties for Nitrogen in: NIST Standard
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// see http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/
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// evaluated at p=.1 MPa, T=20°C
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// Nitrogen: 0.025398
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// Oxygen: 0.026105
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// lambda_air is approximately 0.78*lambda_N2+0.22*lambda_O2
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return 0.0255535;
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}
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/*!
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* \brief Specific isobaric heat capacity \f$[J/(kg K)]\f$ of pure
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* air.
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*
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* This methods uses the formula for "zero-pressure" heat capacity
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* that is only dependent on temperature, because the pressure
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* dependence is rather small. This one should be accurate for a
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* pressure of 1 atm. Values taken from NASA Contractor Report
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* 4755, Real-Gas Flow Properties for NASA Langley Research Center
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* Aerothermodynamic Facilities Complex Wind Tunnels using data
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* from Hilsenrath et al 1955, "Tables of Thermal Properties of
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* Gases"
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*
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* \param temperature temperature of component in \f$\mathrm{[K]}\f$
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* \param pressure pressure of component in \f$\mathrm{[Pa]}\f$
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*/
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template <class Evaluation>
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static Evaluation gasHeatCapacity(const Evaluation& temperature,
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const Evaluation& pressure)
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{
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typedef MathToolbox<Evaluation> Toolbox;
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// scale temperature by reference temp of 100K
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Evaluation phi = temperature/100;
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Evaluation c_p =
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0.661738E+01
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-0.105885E+01 * phi
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+0.201650E+00 * Toolbox::pow(phi,2.)
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-0.196930E-01 * Toolbox::pow(phi,3.)
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+0.106460E-02 * Toolbox::pow(phi,4.)
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-0.303284E-04 * Toolbox::pow(phi,5.)
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+0.355861E-06 * Toolbox::pow(phi,6.);
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c_p +=
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-0.549169E+01 * Toolbox::pow(phi,-1.)
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+0.585171E+01* Toolbox::pow(phi,-2.)
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-0.372865E+01* Toolbox::pow(phi,-3.)
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+0.133981E+01* Toolbox::pow(phi,-4.)
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-0.233758E+00* Toolbox::pow(phi,-5.)
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+0.125718E-01* Toolbox::pow(phi,-6.);
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c_p *= IdealGas::R / (molarMass() * 1000); // in J/mol/K * mol / kg / 1000 = kJ/kg/K
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return c_p;
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}
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};
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} // namespace Opm
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#endif
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