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Arne Morten Kvarving 2024-09-02 10:55:19 +02:00
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238
doc/handbook/EPS/Ex2_Boundary.eps Normal file
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c h
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BT
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[<01>-1<02>6<02>15<03>16<04>21<05>9<01>18<06>15<04>20<07>29<08>15<09>]TJ
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176.797 56.855 m S Q
0.196078 g
BT
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[<0a>25<0b>9<06>9<0c>19<010d0e>10<0c04>16<0f>19<09>]TJ
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BT
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/f-1-0 1 Tf
[<01>-1<020304>-1<01>-1<05>7<06>-1<07>19<0308>1<09>-1<02>19<07>19<0a>]TJ
ET
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128 152.855 m S Q
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BT
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[<09>-1<0a>20<0801>]TJ
ET
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BT
11.2 0 0 11.2 55.607773 30.743583 Tm
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[<0b>-1<0c>-1<090d>]TJ
ET
0.16 w
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0.196078 g
BT
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/f-0-0 1 Tf
[<05>5<07>15<0c>1<0a>-1<0d>1<10>6<07>5<0f>10<11>19<03>10<0a>9<09>]TJ
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BT
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/f-1-0 1 Tf
[<0e>-1<0d>9<0f01>-1<04>-1<10>]TJ
ET
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%%EOF

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doc/handbook/ModelDescriptions/blackoilmodel.tex Normal file
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% This file has been autogenerated from the LaTeX part of the %
% doxygen documentation; DO NOT EDIT IT! Change the model's .hh %
% file instead!! %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
The black-\/oil model is a three-\/phase, three-\/component model widely used for oil reservoir simulation. The phases are denoted by lower index $\alpha \in \{ w, g, o \}$ (\char`\"{}water\char`\"{}, \char`\"{}gas\char`\"{} and \char`\"{}oil\char`\"{}) and the components by upper index $\kappa \in \{ W, G, O \}$ (\char`\"{}\-Water\char`\"{}, \char`\"{}\-Gas\char`\"{} and \char`\"{}\-Oil\char`\"{}). The model assumes partial miscibility\-:
\begin{itemize}
\item Water and the gas phases are immisicible and are assumed to be only composed of the water and gas components respectively-\/
\item The oil phase is assumed to be a mixture of the gas and the oil components.
\end{itemize}
The densities of the phases are determined by so-\/called {\itshape formation volume factors}\-:
\[ B_\alpha := \frac{\varrho_\alpha(1\,\text{bar})}{\varrho_\alpha(p_\alpha)} \]
Since the gas and water phases are assumed to be immiscible, this is sufficint to calculate their density. For the formation volume factor of the the oil phase $B_o$ determines the density of {\itshape saturated} oil, i.\-e. the density of the oil phase if some gas phase is present.
The composition of the oil phase is given by the {\itshape gas formation factor} $R_s$, which defined as the volume of gas at atmospheric pressure that is dissolved in saturated oil at a given pressure\-:
\[ R_s := \frac{x_o^G(p)\,\varrho_{mol,o}(p)}{\varrho_g(1\,\text{bar})}\;. \]
This allows to calculate all quantities required for the mass-\/conservation equations for each component, i.\-e.
\[ \sum_\alpha \frac{\partial\;\phi c_\alpha^\kappa S_\alpha }{\partial t} - \sum_\alpha \text{div} \left\{ c_\alpha^\kappa \mathbf{v}_\alpha \right\} - q^\kappa = 0 \;, \] where $\mathrm{v}_\alpha$ is the filter velocity of the phase $\alpha$.
By default $\mathrm{v}_\alpha$ is determined by using the standard multi-\/phase Darcy approach, i.\-e. \[ \mathbf{v}_\alpha = - \frac{k_{r\alpha}}{\mu_\alpha} \mathbf{K} \left(\text{grad}\, p_\alpha - \varrho_{\alpha} \mathbf{g} \right) \;, \] although the actual approach which is used can be specified via the {\ttfamily Velocity\-Module} property. For example, the velocity model can by changed to the Forchheimer approach by
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
SET_TYPE_PROP(MyProblemTypeTag, VelocityModule,
Ewoms::BoxForchheimerVelocityModule<TypeTag>);
\end{lstlisting}
The primary variables used by this model are\-:
\begin{itemize}
\item The pressure of the phase with the lowest index
\item The two saturations of the phases with the lowest indices
\end{itemize}

35
doc/handbook/ModelDescriptions/flashmodel.tex Normal file
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% This file has been autogenerated from the LaTeX part of the %
% doxygen documentation; DO NOT EDIT IT! Change the model's .hh %
% file instead!! %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
A generic compositional multi-\/phase model using primary-\/variable switching.
This model assumes a flow of $M \geq 1$ fluid phases $\alpha$, each of which is assumed to be a mixture $N \geq M$ chemical species (denoted by the upper index $\kappa$).
By default, the standard multi-\/phase Darcy approach is used to determine the velocity, i.\-e. \[ \mathbf{v}_\alpha = - \frac{k_{r\alpha}}{\mu_\alpha} \mathbf{K} \left(\text{grad}\, p_\alpha - \varrho_{\alpha} \mathbf{g} \right) \;, \] although the actual approach which is used can be specified via the {\ttfamily Velocity\-Module} property. For example, the velocity model can by changed to the Forchheimer approach by
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
SET_TYPE_PROP(MyProblemTypeTag, VelocityModule,
Ewoms::BoxForchheimerVelocityModule<TypeTag>);
\end{lstlisting}
The core of the model is the conservation mass of each component by means of the equation \[ \sum_\alpha \frac{\partial\;\phi c_\alpha^\kappa S_\alpha }{\partial t} - \sum_\alpha \text{div} \left\{ c_\alpha^\kappa \mathbf{v}_\alpha \right\} - q^\kappa = 0 \;. \]
To determine the quanties that occur in the equations above, this model uses {\itshape flash calculations}. A flash solver starts with the total mass or molar mass per volume for each component and, calculates the compositions, saturations and pressures of all phases at a given temperature. For this the flash solver has to use some model assumptions internally. (Often these are the same primary variable switching or N\-C\-P assumptions as used by the other fully implicit compositional multi-\/phase models provided by e\-Woms.)
Using flash calculations for the flow model has some disadvantages\-:
\begin{itemize}
\item The accuracy of the flash solver needs to be sufficient to calculate the parital derivatives using numerical differentiation which are required for the Newton scheme.
\item Flash calculations tend to be quite computationally expensive and are often numerically unstable.
\end{itemize}
It is thus adviced to increase the target tolerance of the Newton scheme or a to use type for scalar values which exhibits higher precision than the standard {\ttfamily double} (e.\-g. {\ttfamily quad}) if this model ought to be used.
The model uses the following primary variables\-:
\begin{itemize}
\item The total molar concentration of each component\-: $c^\kappa = \sum_\alpha S_\alpha x_\alpha^\kappa \rho_{mol, \alpha}$
\item The absolute temperature \$\-T\$ in Kelvins if the energy equation enabled.
\end{itemize}

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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% This file has been autogenerated from the LaTeX part of the %
% doxygen documentation; DO NOT EDIT IT! Change the model's .hh %
% file instead!! %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
This model multi-\/phase flow of $M > 0$ immiscible fluids $\alpha$. By default, the standard multi-\/phase Darcy approach is used to determine the velocity, i.\-e. \[ \mathbf{v}_\alpha = - \frac{k_{r\alpha}}{\mu_\alpha} \mathbf{K} \left(\text{grad}\, p_\alpha - \varrho_{\alpha} \mathbf{g} \right) \;, \] although the actual approach which is used can be specified via the {\ttfamily Velocity\-Module} property. For example, the velocity model can by changed to the Forchheimer approach by
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
SET_TYPE_PROP(MyProblemTypeTag, VelocityModule,
Ewoms::BoxForchheimerVelocityModule<TypeTag>);
\end{lstlisting}
The core of the model is the conservation mass of each component by means of the equation \[ \frac{\partial\;\phi S_\alpha \rho_\alpha }{\partial t} - \text{div} \left\{ \rho_\alpha \mathbf{v}_\alpha \right\} - q_\alpha = 0 \;. \]
These equations are discretized by a fully-\/coupled vertex centered finite volume (box) scheme as spatial and the implicit Euler method as time discretization.
The model uses the following primary variables\-:
\begin{itemize}
\item The pressure $p_0$ in Pascal of the phase with the lowest index
\item The saturations $S_\alpha$ of the $M - 1$ phases that exhibit the lowest indices
\item The absolute temperature $T$ in Kelvin if energy is conserved via the energy equation
\end{itemize}

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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% This file has been autogenerated from the LaTeX part of the %
% doxygen documentation; DO NOT EDIT IT! Change the model's .hh %
% file instead!! %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
This model implements a $M$-\/phase flow of a fluid mixture composed of $N$ chemical species. The phases are denoted by lower index $\alpha \in \{ 1, \dots, M \}$. All fluid phases are mixtures of $N \geq M - 1$ chemical species which are denoted by the upper index $\kappa \in \{ 1, \dots, N \} $.
By default, the standard multi-\/phase Darcy approach is used to determine the velocity, i.\-e. \[ \mathbf{v}_\alpha = - \frac{k_{r\alpha}}{\mu_\alpha} \mathbf{K} \left(\text{grad}\, p_\alpha - \varrho_{\alpha} \mathbf{g} \right) \;, \] although the actual approach which is used can be specified via the {\ttfamily Velocity\-Module} property. For example, the velocity model can by changed to the Forchheimer approach by
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
SET_TYPE_PROP(MyProblemTypeTag, VelocityModule,
Ewoms::BoxForchheimerVelocityModule<TypeTag>);
\end{lstlisting}
The core of the model is the conservation mass of each component by means of the equation \[ \sum_\alpha \frac{\partial\;\phi c_\alpha^\kappa S_\alpha }{\partial t} - \sum_\alpha \text{div} \left\{ c_\alpha^\kappa \mathbf{v}_\alpha \right\} - q^\kappa = 0 \;. \]
For the missing $M$ model assumptions, the model uses non-\/linear complementarity functions. These are based on the observation that if a fluid phase is not present, the sum of the mole fractions of this fluid phase is smaller than $1$, i.\-e. \[ \forall \alpha: S_\alpha = 0 \implies \sum_\kappa x_\alpha^\kappa \leq 1 \]
Also, if a fluid phase may be present at a given spatial location its saturation must be non-\/negative\-: \[ \forall \alpha: \sum_\kappa x_\alpha^\kappa = 1 \implies S_\alpha \geq 0 \]
Since at any given spatial location, a phase is always either present or not present, one of the strict equalities on the right hand side is always true, i.\-e. \[ \forall \alpha: S_\alpha \left( \sum_\kappa x_\alpha^\kappa - 1 \right) = 0 \] always holds.
These three equations constitute a non-\/linear complementarity problem, which can be solved using so-\/called non-\/linear complementarity functions $\Phi(a, b)$. Such functions have the property \[\Phi(a,b) = 0 \iff a \geq0 \land b \geq0 \land a \cdot b = 0 \]
Several non-\/linear complementarity functions have been suggested, e.\-g. the Fischer-\/\-Burmeister function \[ \Phi(a,b) = a + b - \sqrt{a^2 + b^2} \;. \] This model uses \[ \Phi(a,b) = \min \{a, b \}\;, \] because of its piecewise linearity.
These equations are then discretized using a fully-\/implicit vertex centered finite volume scheme (often known as 'box'-\/scheme) for spatial discretization and the implicit Euler method as temporal discretization.
The model assumes local thermodynamic equilibrium and uses the following primary variables\-:
\begin{itemize}
\item The pressure of the first phase $p_1$
\item The component fugacities $f^1, \dots, f^{N}$
\item The saturations of the first $M-1$ phases $S_1, \dots, S_{M-1}$
\item Temperature $T$ if the energy equation is enabled
\end{itemize}

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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% This file has been autogenerated from the LaTeX part of the %
% doxygen documentation; DO NOT EDIT IT! Change the model's .hh %
% file instead!! %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
This model assumes a flow of $M \geq 1$ fluid phases $\alpha$, each of which is assumed to be a mixture $N \geq M$ chemical species $\kappa$.
By default, the standard multi-\/phase Darcy approach is used to determine the velocity, i.\-e. \[ \mathbf{v}_\alpha = - \frac{k_{r\alpha}}{\mu_\alpha} \mathbf{K} \left(\text{grad}\, p_\alpha - \varrho_{\alpha} \mathbf{g} \right) \;, \] although the actual approach which is used can be specified via the {\ttfamily Velocity\-Module} property. For example, the velocity model can by changed to the Forchheimer approach by
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
SET_TYPE_PROP(MyProblemTypeTag, VelocityModule,
Ewoms::BoxForchheimerVelocityModule<TypeTag>);
\end{lstlisting}
The core of the model is the conservation mass of each component by means of the equation \[ \sum_\alpha \frac{\partial\;\phi c_\alpha^\kappa S_\alpha }{\partial t} - \sum_\alpha \text{div} \left\{ c_\alpha^\kappa \mathbf{v}_\alpha \right\} - q^\kappa = 0 \;. \]
To close the system mathematically, $M$ model equations are also required. This model uses the primary variable switching assumptions, which are given by\-: \[ 0 \stackrel{!}{=} f_\alpha = \left\{ \begin{array}{cl} S_\alpha & \quad \text{if phase }\alpha\text{ is not present} \\ 1 - \sum_\kappa x_\alpha^\kappa & \quad \text{else} \end{array} \right. \]
To make this approach applicable, a pseudo primary variable {\itshape phase presence} has to be introduced. Its purpose is to specify for each phase whether it is present or not. It is a {\itshape pseudo} primary variable because it is not directly considered when linearizing the system in the Newton method, but after each Newton iteration, it gets updated like the \char`\"{}real\char`\"{} primary variables. The following rules are used for this update procedure\-:
\begin{itemize}
\item If phase $\alpha$ is present according to the pseudo primary variable, but $S_\alpha < 0$ after the Newton update, consider the phase $\alpha$ disappeared for the next iteration and use the set of primary variables which correspond to the new phase presence.
\item If phase $\alpha$ is not present according to the pseudo primary variable, but the sum of the component mole fractions in the phase is larger than 1, i.\-e. $\sum_\kappa x_\alpha^\kappa > 1$, consider the phase $\alpha$ present in the the next iteration and update the set of primary variables to make it consistent with the new phase presence.
\item In all other cases don't modify the phase presence for phase $\alpha$.
\end{itemize}
The model always requires $N$ primary variables, but their interpretation is dependent on the phase presence\-:
\begin{itemize}
\item The first primary variable is always interpreted as the pressure of the phase with the lowest index $PV_0 = p_0$.
\item Then, $M - 1$ \char`\"{}switching primary variables\char`\"{} follow, which are interpreted depending in the presence of the first $M-1$ phases\-: If phase $\alpha$ is present, its saturation $S_\alpha = PV_i$ is used as primary variable; if it is not present, the mole fraction $PV_i = x_{\alpha^\star}^\alpha$ of the component with index $\alpha$ in the phase with the lowest index that is present $\alpha^\star$ is used instead.
\item Finally, the mole fractions of the $N-M$ components with the largest index in the phase with the lowest index that is present $x_{\alpha^\star}^\kappa$ are used as primary variables.
\end{itemize}
This model is then discretized using a fully-\/coupled vertex centered finite volume (box) scheme as spatial and the implicit Euler method as temporal discretization.

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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% This file has been autogenerated from the LaTeX part of the %
% doxygen documentation; DO NOT EDIT IT! Change the model's .hh %
% file instead!! %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
In the unsaturated zone, Richards' equation is frequently used to approximate the water distribution above the groundwater level. It can be derived from the two-\/phase equations, i.\-e. \[ \frac{\partial\;\phi S_\alpha \rho_\alpha}{\partial t} - \text{div} \left\{ \rho_\alpha \frac{k_{r\alpha}}{\mu_\alpha}\; \mathbf{K}\; \textbf{grad}\left[ p_\alpha - g\rho_\alpha \right] \right\} = q_\alpha, \] where $\alpha \in \{w, n\}$ is the index of the fluid phase, $\rho_\alpha$ is the fluid density, $S_\alpha$ is the fluid saturation, $\phi$ is the porosity of the soil, $k_{r\alpha}$ is the relative permeability for the fluid, $\mu_\alpha$ is the fluid's dynamic viscosity, $\mathbf{K}$ is the intrinsic permeability tensor, $p_\alpha$ is the fluid phase pressure and $g$ is the potential of the gravity field.
In contrast to the \char`\"{}full\char`\"{} two-\/phase model, the Richards model assumes that the non-\/wetting fluid is gas and that it thus exhibits a much lower viscosity than the (liquid) wetting phase. (This assumption is quite realistic in many applications\-: For example, at atmospheric pressure and at room temperature, the viscosity of air is only about $1\%$ of the viscosity of liquid water.) As a consequence, the $\frac{k_{r\alpha}}{\mu_\alpha}$ term typically is much larger for the gas phase than for the wetting phase. Using this reasoning, the Richards model assumes that $\frac{k_{rn}}{\mu_n}$ is infinitely large compared to the same term of the liquid phase. This implies that the pressure of the gas phase is equivalent to the static pressure distribution and that therefore, mass conservation only needs to be considered for the liquid phase.
The model thus choses the absolute pressure of the wetting phase $p_w$ as its only primary variable. The wetting phase saturation is calculated using the inverse of the capillary pressure, i.\-e. \[ S_w = p_c^{-1}(p_n - p_w) \] holds, where $p_n$ is a reference pressure given by the problem's {\ttfamily reference\-Pressure()} method. Nota bene, that the last step assumes that the capillary pressure-\/saturation curve can be uniquely inverted, i.\-e. it is not possible to set the capillary pressure to zero if the Richards model ought to be used!

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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% This file has been autogenerated from the LaTeX part of the %
% doxygen documentation; DO NOT EDIT IT! Change the model's .hh %
% file instead!! %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
This model implements Navier-\/\-Stokes flow of a single fluid. By default, it solves the momentum balance of the time-\/dependent Stokes equations, i.\-e. \[ \frac{\partial \left(\varrho\,\mathbf{v}\right)}{\partial t} + \boldsymbol{\nabla} p - \nabla \cdot \left( \mu \left(\boldsymbol{\nabla} \mathbf{v} + \boldsymbol{\nabla} \mathbf{v}^T\right) \right) - \varrho\,\mathbf{g} = 0\;, \] and the mass balance equation \[ \frac{\partial \varrho}{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot\left(\varrho\,\mathbf{v}\right) - q = 0 \;. \]
If the property {\ttfamily Enable\-Navier\-Stokes} is set to {\ttfamily true}, an additional convective momentum flux term (Navier term) gets included into the momentum conservation equations which allows to capture turbolent flow regimes. This additional term is given by \[ \varrho \left(\mathbf{v} \cdot \boldsymbol{\nabla} \right) \mathbf{v} \;. \]
These equations are discretized by a fully-\/coupled vertex-\/centered finite volume (box) scheme in space and using the implicit Euler method in time. Be aware, that this discretization scheme is quite unstable for the Navier-\/\-Stokes equations and quickly leads to unphysical oscillations in the calculated solution. We intend to use a more appropriate discretization scheme in the future, though.

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\section{Box method - A short introduction}\label{box}
For the spatial discretization the so called BOX-method is used which unites the advantages of the finite-volume (FV) and finite-element (FE) methods.
First, the model domain $G$ is discretized with a FE mesh consisting of nodes i and corresponding elements $E_k$. Then, a secondary FV mesh is constructed by connecting the midpoints and barycenters of the elements surrounding node i creating a box $B_i$ around node i (see Figure \ref{pc:box}a).
\begin{figure} [h]
\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{EPS/box_disc}
\caption{\label{pc:box} Discretization of the BOX-method}
\end{figure}
The FE mesh divides the box $B_i$ into subcontrolvolumes (scv's) $b^k_i$ (see Figure \ref{pc:box}b). Figure \ref{pc:box}c shows the finite element $E_k$ and the scv's $b^k_i$ inside $E_k$, which belong to four different boxes $B_i$. Also necessary for the discretization are the faces of the subcontrolvolumes (scvf's) $e^k_{ij}$ between the scv's $b^k_i$ and $b^k_j$, where $|e^k_{ij}|$ is the length of the scvf. The integration points $x^k_{ij}$ on $e^k_{ij}$ and the outer normal vector $\mathbf n^k_{ij}$ are also to be defined (see Figure \ref{pc:box}c).
The advantage of the FE method is that unstructured grids can be used, while the FV method is mass conservative. The idea is to apply the FV method (balance of fluxes across the interfaces) to each FV box $B_i$ and to get the fluxes across the interfaces $e^k_{ij}$ at the integration points $x^k_{ij}$ from the FE approach. Consequently, at each scvf the following expression results:
\begin{equation}
f(\tilde u(x^k_{ij})) \cdot \mathbf n^k_{ij} \: |e^k_{ij}| \qquad \textrm{with} \qquad \tilde u(x^k_{ij}) = \sum_i N_i(x^k_{ij}) \cdot \hat u_i .
\end{equation}
In the following, the discretization of the balance equation is going to be derived. From the \textsc{Reynolds} transport theorem follows the general balance equation:
\begin{equation}
\underbrace{\int_G \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \: u \: dG}_{1} + \underbrace{\int_{\partial G} (\mathbf{v} u + \mathbf w) \cdot \textbf n \: d\varGamma}_{2} = \underbrace{\int_G q \: dG}_{3}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
f(u) = \int_G \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} \: dG + \int_{G} \nabla \cdot \underbrace{\left[ \mathbf{v} u + \mathbf w(u)\right] }_{F(u)} \: dG - \int_G q \: dG = 0
\end{equation}
where term 1 describes the changes of entity $u$ within a control volume over time, term 2 the advective, diffusive and dispersive fluxes over the interfaces of the control volume and term 3 is the source and sink term. $G$ denotes the model domain and $F(u) = F(\mathbf v, p) = F(\mathbf v(x,t), p(x,t))$.
Like the FE method, the BOX-method follows the principle of weighted residuals. In the function $f(u)$ the unknown $u$ is approximated by discrete values at the nodes of the FE mesh $\hat u_i$ and linear basis functions $N_i$ yielding an approximate function $f(\tilde u)$. For $u\in \lbrace \mathbf v, p, x^\kappa \rbrace$ this means
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.47\textwidth}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:p}
\tilde p = \sum_i N_i \hat{p_i}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:v}
\tilde{\mathbf v} = \sum_i N_i \hat{\mathbf v}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:x}
\tilde x^\kappa = \sum_i N_i \hat x^\kappa
\end{equation}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.47\textwidth}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:dp}
\nabla \tilde p = \sum_i \nabla N_i \hat{p_i}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:dv}
\nabla \tilde{\mathbf v} = \sum_i \nabla N_i \hat{\mathbf v}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:dx}
\nabla \tilde x^\kappa = \sum_i \nabla N_i \hat x^\kappa .
\end{equation}
\end{minipage}
Due to the approximation with node values and basis functions the differential equations are not exactly fulfilled anymore but a residual $\varepsilon$ is produced.
\begin{equation}
f(u) = 0 \qquad \Rightarrow \qquad f(\tilde u) = \varepsilon
\end{equation}
Application of the principle of weighted residuals, meaning the multiplication of the residual $\varepsilon$ with a weighting function $W_j$ and claiming that this product has to vanish within the whole domain,
\begin{equation}
\int_G W_j \cdot \varepsilon \: \overset {!}{=} \: 0 \qquad \textrm{with} \qquad \sum_j W_j =1
\end{equation}
yields the following equation:
\begin{equation}
\int_G W_j \frac{\partial \tilde u}{\partial t} \: dG + \int_G W_j \cdot \left[ \nabla \cdot F(\tilde u) \right] \: dG - \int_G W_j \cdot q \: dG = \int_G W_j \cdot \varepsilon \: dG \: \overset {!}{=} \: 0 .
\end{equation}
Then, the chain rule and the \textsc{Green-Gaussian} integral theorem are applied.
\begin{equation}
\int_G W_j \frac{\partial \sum_i N_i \hat u_i}{\partial t} \: dG + \int_{\partial G} \left[ W_j \cdot F(\tilde u)\right] \cdot \mathbf n \: d\varGamma_G + \int_G \nabla W_j \cdot F(\tilde u) \: dG - \int_G W_j \cdot q \: dG = 0
\end{equation}
A mass lumping technique is applied by assuming that the storage capacity is reduced to the nodes. This means that the integrals $M_{i,j} = \int_G W_j \: N_i \: dG$ are replaced by the mass lumping term $M^{lump}_{i,j}$ which is defined as:
\begin{equation}
M^{lump}_{i,j} =\begin{cases} \int_G W_j \: dG = \int_G N_i \: dG = V_i &i = j\\
0 &i \neq j\\
\end{cases}
\end{equation}
where $V_i$ is the volume of the FV box $B_i$ associated with node i. The application of this assumption in combination with $\int_G W_j \:q \: dG = V_i \: q$ yields
\begin{equation}
V_i \frac{\partial \hat u_i}{\partial t} + \int_{\partial G} \left[ W_j \cdot F(\tilde u)\right] \cdot \mathbf n \: d\varGamma_G + \int_G \nabla W_j \cdot F(\tilde u) \: dG- V_i \cdot q = 0 \, .
\end{equation}
Defining the weighting function $W_j$ to be piecewisely constant over a control volume box $B_i$
\begin{equation}
W_j(x) = \begin{cases}
1 &x \in B_i \\
0 &x \notin B_i\\
\end{cases}
\end{equation}
causes $\nabla W_j = 0$:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:disc1}
V_i \frac{\partial \hat u_i}{\partial t} + \int_{\partial B_i} \left[ W_j \cdot F(\tilde u)\right] \cdot \mathbf n \; d{\varGamma}_{B_i} - V_i \cdot q = 0 .
\end{equation}
The consideration of the time discretization and inserting $W_j = 1$ finally lead to the discretized form which will be applied to the mathematical flow and transport equations:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:discfin}
V_i \frac{\hat u_i^{n+1} - \hat u_i^{n}}{\Delta t} + \int_{\partial B_i} F(\tilde u^{n+1}) \cdot \mathbf n \; d{\varGamma}_{B_i} - V_i \: q^{n+1} \: = 0
\end{equation}

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#! /bin/sh
# this script builds the eWoms handbook from its LaTeX sources. The
# result file is called "ewoms-handbook.pdf"
latex ewoms-handbook || exit $?
bibtex ewoms-handbook || exit $?
latex ewoms-handbook || exit $?
latex ewoms-handbook || exit $?
dvipdf ewoms-handbook || exit $?
rm ewoms-handbook.dvi

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\chapter{Design Patterns}
\label{chap:DesignPatterns}
This chapter tries to give a high-level understanding of some of the
fundamental techniques which are used by \Dune and \eWoms and the
motivation behind these design decisions. It is assumed that the
reader already has basic experience in object oriented programming
with \Cplusplus.
First, a quick motivation of \Cplusplus template programming is given. Then
follows an introduction to polymorphism and its opportunities as
opened by the template mechanism. After that, some drawbacks
associated with template programming are discussed, in particular the
blow-up of identifier names, the proliferation of template arguments
and some approaches on how to deal with these problems.
\section{\Cplusplus Template Programming}
One of the main features of modern versions of the \Cplusplus programming
language is robust support for templates. Templates are a mechanism
for code generation built directly into the compiler. For the
motivation behind templates, consider a linked list of \texttt{double}
values which could be implemented like this:
\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\scriptsize,numbers=left,numberstyle=\tiny, numbersep=5pt]
struct DoubleList {
DoubleList(const double &val, DoubleList *prevNode = 0)
{ value = val; if (prevNode) prevNode->next = this; };
double value;
DoubleList *next;
};
int main() {
DoubleList *head, *tail;
head = tail = new DoubleList(1.23);
tail = new DoubleList(2.34, tail);
tail = new DoubleList(3.56, tail);
};
\end{lstlisting}
But what should be done if a list of strings is also required? The
only ``clean'' way to achive this without templates would be to copy
\texttt{DoubleList}, then rename it and change the type of the
\texttt{value} attribute. It is obvious that this is a very
cumbersome, error-prone and unproductive process. For this reason,
recent standards of the \Cplusplus programming language specify the template
mechanism, which is a way of letting the compiler do the tedious work. Using
templates, a generic linked list can be implemented like this:
\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\scriptsize,numbers=left,numberstyle=\tiny, numbersep=5pt]
template <class ValueType>
struct List {
List(const ValueType &val, List *prevNode = 0)
{ value = val; if (prevNode) prevNode->next = this; };
ValueType value;
List *next;
};
int main() {
typedef List<double> DoubleList;
DoubleList *head, *tail;
head = tail = new DoubleList(1.23);
tail = new DoubleList(2.34, tail);
tail = new DoubleList(3.56, tail);
typedef List<const char*> StringList;
StringList *head2, *tail2;
head2 = tail2 = new StringList("Hello");
tail2 = new StringList(", ", tail2);
tail2 = new StringList("World!", tail2);
};
\end{lstlisting}
Compared to approaches which use external tools for code generation --
which is the approach chosen for example by the
FEniCS~\cite{FENICS-HP} project -- or heavy (ab)use of the C
preprocessor -- as done for example by the UG framework~\cite{UG-HP}
-- templates have several advantages:
\begin{description}
\item[Well Programmable:] Programming errors are directly detected by
the \Cplusplus compiler. Thus, diagnostic messages from the compiler are
directly useful because the source code compiled is the
same as the one written by the developer. This is not the case
for code generators and C-preprocessor macros where the actual
statements processed by the compiler are obfuscated.
\item[Easily Debugable:] Programs which use the template mechanism can be
debugged almost as easily as \Cplusplus programs which do not use
templates. This is due to the fact that the debugger always knows
the ``real'' source file and line number.
\end{description}
For these reasons \Dune and \eWoms extensively use the template
mechanism. Both projects also try to avoid duplicating functionality
provided by the Standard Template Library (STL,~\cite{STL-REF-HP})
which is part of the \Cplusplus-2003 standard and was further extended
in the \Cplusplus11 standard.
\section{Polymorphism}
In object oriented programming, some methods often make sense for all
classes in a hierarchy, but what actually needs to be \emph{done}
can differ for each concrete class. This observation motivates
\emph{polymorphism}. Fundamentally, polymorphism means all
techniques in which a method call results in the processor executing code
which is specific to the type of object for which the method is
called\footnote{This is the \emph{poly} of polymorphism: There are
multiple ways to achieve the same goal.}.
In \Cplusplus, there are two common ways to achieve polymorphism: The
traditional dynamic polymorphism which does not require template
programming, and static polymorphism which is made possible by the
template mechanism.
\subsection*{Dynamic Polymorphism}
To utilize \emph{dynamic polymorphism} in \Cplusplus, the polymorphic
methods are marked with the \texttt{virtual} keyword in the base
class. Internally, the compiler realizes dynamic polymorphism by
storing a pointer to a so-called \texttt{vtable} within each object of
polymorphic classes. The \texttt{vtable} itself stores the entry point
of each method which is declared \texttt{virtual}. If such a method is
called on an object, the compiler generates code which retrieves the
method's memory address from the object's \texttt{vtable} and then
continues execution at this address. This explains why this mechanism
is called \textbf{dynamic} polymorphism: the code which is actually
executed is dynamically determined at run time.
\begin{example}
\label{example:DynPoly}
A class called \texttt{Car} may feature the methods
\texttt{gasUsage} (on line \ref{designpatterns:virtual-usage}, which
by default roughly corresponds to the current $CO_2$ emission goal
of the European Union, but can be changed by classes representing
actual cars. Also, a method called \texttt{fuelTankSize} makes
sense for all cars, but since there is no useful default, its
\texttt{vtable} entry is set to $0$ in the base class on line
\ref{designpatterns:totally-virtual}. This tells the compiler that
it is mandatory for this method to be defined in derived
classes. Finally, the method \texttt{range} may calculate the
expected remaining kilometers the car can drive given a fill level
of the fuel tank. Since the \texttt{range} method can retrieve the
information it needs, it does not need to be polymorphic.
\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\scriptsize,numbers=left,numberstyle=\tiny, numbersep=5pt]
// The base class
class Car
{public:
virtual double gasUsage()
{ return 4.5; };/*@\label{designpatterns:virtual-usage}@*/
virtual double fuelTankSize() = 0;/*@\label{designpatterns:totally-virtual}@*/
double range(double fuelTankFillLevel)
{ return 100*fuelTankFillLevel*fuelTankSize()/gasUsage(); }
};
\end{lstlisting}
\noindent
Actual car models can now be derived from the base class like this:
\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\scriptsize,numbers=left,numberstyle=\tiny, numbersep=5pt]
// A Mercedes S-class car
class S : public Car
{public:
virtual double gasUsage() { return 9.0; };
virtual double fuelTankSize() { return 65.0; };
};
// A VW Lupo
class Lupo : public Car
{public:
virtual double gasUsage() { return 2.99; };
virtual double fuelTankSize() { return 30.0; };
};
\end{lstlisting}
\noindent
Calling the \texttt{range} method yields the correct result for any
kind of car:
\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\scriptsize,numbers=left,numberstyle=\tiny, numbersep=5pt]
void printMaxRange(Car &car)
{ std::cout << "Maximum Range: " << car.range(1.00) << "\n"; }
int main()
{
Lupo lupo;
S s;
std::cout << "VW Lupo:";
std::cout << "Median range: " << lupo.range(0.50) << "\n";
printMaxRange(lupo);
std::cout << "Mercedes S-Class:";
std::cout << "Median range: " << s.range(0.50) << "\n";
printMaxRange(s);
}
\end{lstlisting}
For both types of cars, \texttt{Lupo} and \texttt{S} the function
\texttt{printMaxRange} works as expected, it yields
$1003.3\;\mathrm{km}$ for the Lupo and $722.2\;\mathrm{km}$ for the
S-Class.
\end{example}
\begin{exc}
What happens if \dots
\begin{itemize}
\item \dots the \texttt{gasUsage} method is removed from the \texttt{Lupo} class?
\item \dots the \texttt{virtual} qualifier is removed in front of the
\texttt{gasUsage} method in the base class?
\item \dots the \texttt{fuelTankSize} method is removed from the \texttt{Lupo} class?
\item \dots the \texttt{range} method in the \texttt{S} class is
overwritten?
\end{itemize}
\end{exc}
\subsection*{Static Polymorphism}
Dynamic polymorphism has a few disadvantages. The most relevant in the
context of \eWoms is that the compiler can not see ``inside'' the
called methods and thus cannot optimize properly. For example, modern
\Cplusplus compilers 'inline' short methods, i.e. they copy the method's body
to where it is called. First, inlining allows to save a few
instructions by avoiding to jump into and out of the method. Second,
and more importantly, inlining also allows further optimizations which
depend on specific properties of the function arguments (e.g. constant
value elimination) or the contents of the function body (e.g. loop
unrolling). Unfortunately, inlining and other cross-method
optimizations are made next to impossible by dynamic
polymorphism. This is because these optimizations are accomplished by the
compiler (i.e. at compile time) whilst the code which actually gets
executed is only determined at run time for \texttt{virtual}
methods. To overcome this issue, template programming can be used to
achive polymorphism at compile time. This works by supplying the type
of the derived class as an additional template parameter to the base
class. Whenever the base class needs to call back the derived class, the \texttt{this} pointer of the base class is reinterpreted as
being a pointer to an object of the derived class and the method is
then called on the reinterpreted pointer. This scheme gives the \Cplusplus
compiler complete transparency of the code executed and thus opens
much better optimization oportunities. Since this mechanism completely
happens at compile time, it is called ``static polymorphism'' because
the called method cannot be dynamically changed at runtime.
\begin{example}
Using static polymorphism, the base class of example \ref{example:DynPoly}
can be implemented like this:
\begin{lstlisting}[name=staticcars,basicstyle=\ttfamily\scriptsize,numbers=left,numberstyle=\tiny, numbersep=5pt]
// The base class. The 'Imp' template parameter is the
// type of implementation, i.e. the derived class
template <class Imp>
class Car
{public:
double gasUsage()
{ return 4.5; };
double fuelTankSize()
{ throw "The derived class needs to implement the fuelTankSize() method"; };
double range(double fuelTankFillLevel)
{ return 100*fuelTankFillLevel*asImp_().fuelTankSize()/asImp_().gasUsage(); }
protected:
// reinterpret 'this' as a pointer to an object of type 'Imp'
Imp &asImp_() { return *static_cast<Imp*>(this); }
};
\end{lstlisting}
(Notice the \texttt{asImp\_()} calls in the \texttt{range} method.) The
derived classes may now be defined like this:
\begin{lstlisting}[name=staticcars,basicstyle=\ttfamily\scriptsize,numbers=left,numberstyle=\tiny, numbersep=5pt]
// A Mercedes S-class car
class S : public Car<S>
{public:
double gasUsage() { return 9.0; };
double fuelTankSize() { return 65.0; };
};
// A VW Lupo
class Lupo : public Car<Lupo>
{public:
double gasUsage() { return 2.99; };
double fuelTankSize() { return 30.0; };
};
\end{lstlisting}
\end{example}
\noindent
Analogous to example \ref{example:DynPoly}, the two kinds of cars can
be used generically within (template) functions:
\begin{lstlisting}[name=staticcars,basicstyle=\ttfamily\scriptsize,numbers=left,numberstyle=\tiny, numbersep=5pt]
template <class CarType>
void printMaxRange(CarType &car)
{ std::cout << "Maximum Range: " << car.range(1.00) << "\n"; }
int main()
{
Lupo lupo;
S s;
std::cout << "VW Lupo:";
std::cout << "Median range: " << lupo.range(0.50) << "\n";
printMaxRange(lupo);
std::cout << "Mercedes S-Class:";
std::cout << "Median range: " << s.range(0.50) << "\n";
printMaxRange(s);
return 0;
}
\end{lstlisting}
%\textbf{TODO: Exercise}
\section{Common Template Programming Related Problems}
Although \Cplusplus template programming opens a few intriguing
possibilities, it also has a few disadvantages. In this section, a few
of them are outlined and some hints on how they can be dealt with are
provided.
\subsection*{Identifier-Name Blow-Up}
One particular problem with the advanced use of \Cplusplus templates is that the
canonical identifier names for types and methods quickly become really
long and unintelligible. For example, a typical error message
generated using GCC 4.5 and \Dune-PDELab looks like this
\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\scriptsize, numbersep=5pt]
test_pdelab.cc:171:9: error: no matching function for call to Dune::\
PDELab::GridOperatorSpace<Dune::PDELab::PowerGridFunctionSpace<Dune::\
PDELab::GridFunctionSpace<Dune::GridView<Dune::DefaultLeafGridViewTraits\
<const Dune::UGGrid<3>, (Dune::PartitionIteratorType)4u> >, Dune::\
PDELab::Q1LocalFiniteElementMap<double, double, 3>, Dune::PDELab::\
NoConstraints, Ewoms::PDELab::BoxISTLVectorBackend<Ewoms::Properties::\
TTag::LensProblem> >, 2, Dune::PDELab::GridFunctionSpaceBlockwiseMapper>\
, Dune::PDELab::PowerGridFunctionSpace<Dune::PDELab::GridFunctionSpace<\
Dune::GridView<Dune::DefaultLeafGridViewTraits<const Dune::UGGrid<3>, \
(Dune::PartitionIteratorType)4u> >, Dune::PDELab::Q1LocalFiniteElementMap\
<double, double, 3>, Dune::PDELab::NoConstraints, Ewoms::PDELab::\
BoxISTLVectorBackend<Ewoms::Properties::TTag::LensProblem> >, 2, Dune::\
PDELab::GridFunctionSpaceBlockwiseMapper>, Ewoms::PDELab::BoxLocalOperator\
<Ewoms::Properties::TTag::LensProblem>, Dune::PDELab::\
ConstraintsTransformation<long unsigned int, double>, Dune::PDELab::\
ConstraintsTransformation<long unsigned int, double>, Dune::PDELab::\
ISTLBCRSMatrixBackend<2, 2>, true>::GridOperatorSpace()
\end{lstlisting}
This seriously complicates diagnostics. Although there is no full
solution to this problem yet, an effective way of dealing with such
kinds of error messages is to ignore the type information and to just
look at the location given at the beginning of the line. If nested
templates are used, the lines printed by the compiler above the actual
error message specify how exactly the code was instantiated (the lines
starting with ``\texttt{instantiated from}''). In this case it is
advisable to look at the innermost source code location of ``recently
added'' source code.
\subsection*{Proliferation of Template Parameters}
Templates often need a large number of template parameters. For
example, the error message above was produced by the following
snipplet:
\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\scriptsize,numbers=left,numberstyle=\tiny, numbersep=5pt]
int main()
{
enum {numEq = 2};
enum {dim = 3};
typedef Dune::UGGrid<dim> Grid;
typedef Grid::LeafGridView GridView;
typedef Dune::PDELab::Q1LocalFiniteElementMap<double,double,dim> FEM;
typedef TTAG(LensProblem) TypeTag;
typedef Dune::PDELab::NoConstraints Constraints;
typedef Dune::PDELab::GridFunctionSpace<
GridView, FEM, Constraints, Ewoms::PDELab::BoxISTLVectorBackend<TypeTag>
>
doubleGridFunctionSpace;
typedef Dune::PDELab::PowerGridFunctionSpace<
doubleGridFunctionSpace,
numEq,
Dune::PDELab::GridFunctionSpaceBlockwiseMapper
>
GridFunctionSpace;
typedef typename GridFunctionSpace::ConstraintsContainer<double>::Type
ConstraintsTrafo;
typedef Ewoms::PDELab::BoxLocalOperator<TypeTag> LocalOperator;
typedef Dune::PDELab::GridOperatorSpace<
GridFunctionSpace,
GridFunctionSpace,
LocalOperator,
ConstraintsTrafo,
ConstraintsTrafo,
Dune::PDELab::ISTLBCRSMatrixBackend<numEq, numEq>,
true
>
GOS;
GOS gos; // instantiate grid operator space
}
\end{lstlisting}
Although the code above is not really intuitivly readable, this does
not pose a severe problem as long as the type (in this case the grid
operator space) needs to be specified exactly once in the whole
program. If, on the other hand, it needs to be consistend over
multiple locations in the source code, measures have to be taken in
order to keep the code maintainable.
\section{Traits Classes}
A classic approach to reducing the number of template parameters is to
gather all the arguments in a special class, a so-called traits
class. Instead of writing
\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\scriptsize,numbers=left,numberstyle=\tiny, numbersep=5pt]
template <class A, class B, class C, class D>
class MyClass {};
\end{lstlisting}
one can use
\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\scriptsize,numbers=left,numberstyle=\tiny, numbersep=5pt]
template <class Traits>
class MyClass {};
\end{lstlisting}
where the \texttt{Traits} class contains public type definitions for
\texttt{A}, \texttt{B}, \texttt{C} and \texttt{D}, e.g.
\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\scriptsize,numbers=left,numberstyle=\tiny, numbersep=5pt]
struct MyTraits
{
typedef float A;
typedef double B;
typedef short C;
typedef int D;
};
\end{lstlisting}
\noindent
As there is no free lunch, the traits approach comes with a few
disadvantages of its own:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Hierarchies of traits classes are problematic. This is due to
the fact that each level of the hierarchy must be self-contained. As
a result, it is impossible to define parameters in the base class
which depend on parameters which only later get specified by a
derived traits class.
\item Traits quickly lead to circular dependencies. In practice
this means that traits classes can not extract any information from
templates which get the traits class as an argument -- even if the
extracted information does not require the traits class.
\end{enumerate}
\noindent
To see the point of the first issue, consider the following:
\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\scriptsize,numbers=left,numberstyle=\tiny, numbersep=5pt]
struct MyBaseTraits {
typedef int Scalar;
typedef std::vector<Scalar> Vector;
typedef std::list<Scalar> List;
typedef std::array<Scalar> Array;
typedef std::set<Scalar> Set;
};
struct MyDoubleTraits : public MyBaseTraits {
typedef double Scalar;
};
int main() {
MyDoubleTraits::Vector v{1.41421, 1.73205, 2};
for (int i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i)
std::cout << v[i]*v[i] << std::endl;
}
\end{lstlisting}
Contrary to what is intended, \texttt{v} is a vector of integers. This
problem can not be solved using static polymorphism, either, since it
would lead to a cyclic dependency between \texttt{MyBaseTraits} and
\texttt{MyDoubleTraits}.
The second issue is illuminated by the following example, where one
would expect the \texttt{MyTraits:: VectorType} to be \texttt{std::vector<double>}:
\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\scriptsize,numbers=left,numberstyle=\tiny, numbersep=5pt]
template <class Traits>
class MyClass {
public: typedef double ScalarType;
private: typedef typename Traits::VectorType VectorType;
};
struct MyTraits {
typedef MyClass<MyTraits>::ScalarType ScalarType;
typedef std::vector<ScalarType> VectorType
};
\end{lstlisting}
Although this example seems to be quite pathetic, in practice it is
often useful to specify parameters in such a way.
% TODO: section about separation of functions, parameters and
% independent variables. (e.g. the material laws: BrooksCorey
% (function), BrooksCoreyParams (function parameters), wetting
% saturation/fluid state (independent variables)

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{\Huge The \eWoms Handbook}
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}
\author{}
\date{\today}
\publishers{%
{\normalsize \texttt{\url{http://opm-project.org/ewoms}}}\\
}
\makeindex
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
\end{abstract}
\tableofcontents
\part{Getting Familiar}
\input{intro}
\input{getting-started}
\input{tutorial}
\part{Concepts and Software Architecture}
\input{designpatterns}
\input{propertysystem}
\input{fluidframework}
\part{Guides}
\input{install}
\input{structure}
\input{guidelines}
\input{models}
\input{newton-in-a-nutshell}
\bibliographystyle{plain}
\bibliography{ewoms-handbook}
\printindex
\end{document}

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\chapter{The \eWoms Fluid Framework}
\label{sec:fluidframework}
This chapter discusses the \eWoms fluid framework. \eWoms users who
do not want to write new models and who do not need new fluid
configurations may skip this chapter.
In the chapter, a high level overview over the the principle concepts
is provided first, then some implementation details follow.
\section{Overview of the Fluid Framework}
The \eWoms fluid framework currently features the following concepts
(listed roughly in their order of importance):
\begin{description}
\item[Fluid state:] Fluid states are responsible for representing the
complete thermodynamic configuration of a system at a given spatial
and temporal position. A fluid state always provides access methods
to \textbf{all} thermodynamic quantities, but the concept of a fluid state does not
mandate what assumptions are made to store these thermodynamic
quantities. What fluid states also do \textbf{not} do is to make sure
that the thermodynamic state which they represent is physically
possible.
\item[Fluid system:] Fluid systems express the thermodynamic \textbf{
relations}\footnote{Strictly speaking, these relations are
functions, mathematically.} between quantities. Since functions do
not exhibit any internal state, fluid systems are stateless classes,
i.e. all member functions are \texttt{static}. This is a conscious
decision since the thermodynamic state of the system is expressed by
a fluid state!
\item[Parameter cache:] Fluid systems sometimes require
computationally expensive parameters for multiple relations. Such
parameters can be cached using a so-called parameter
cache. Parameter cache objects are specific for each fluid system
but they must provide a common interface to update the internal
parameters depending on the quantities which changed since the last
update.
\item[Constraint solver:] Constraint solvers are auxiliary tools to
make sure that a fluid state is consistent with some thermodynamic
constraints. All constraint solvers specify a well defined set of
input variables and make sure that the resulting fluid state is
consistent with a given set of thermodynamic equations. See section
\ref{sec:constraint_solvers} for a detailed description of the
constraint solvers which are currently available in \eWoms.
\item[Equation of state:] Equations of state (EOS) are auxiliary
classes which provide relations between a fluid phase's temperature,
pressure, composition and density. Since these classes are only used
internally in fluid systems, their programming interface is
currently ad-hoc.
\item[Component:] Components are fluid systems which provide the
thermodynamic relations for the liquid and gas phase of a single
chemical species or a fixed mixture of species. Their main purpose
is to provide a convenient way to access these quantities from
full-fledged fluid systems. Components are not supposed to be used
by models directly.
\item[Binary coefficient:] Binary coefficients describe the relations
of a mixture of two components. Typical binary coefficients are
\textsc{Henry} coefficients or binary molecular diffusion
coefficients. So far, the programming interface for accessing binary
coefficients has not been standardized in \eWoms.
\end{description}
\section{Fluid States}
Fluid state objects express the complete thermodynamic state of a
system at a given spatial and temporal position.
\subsection{Exported Constants}
\textbf{All} fluid states \textbf{must} export the following constants:
\begin{description}
\item[numPhases:] The number of fluid phases considered.
\item[numComponents:] The number of considered chemical
species or pseudo-species.
\end{description}
\subsection{Accessible Thermodynamic Quantities}
Also, \textbf{all} fluid states \textbf{must} provide the following methods:
\begin{description}
\item[temperature():] The absolute temperature $T_\alpha$ of
a fluid phase $\alpha$.
\item[pressure():] The absolute pressure $p_\alpha$ of a
fluid phase $\alpha$.
\item[saturation():] The saturation $S_\alpha$ of a fluid phase
$\alpha$. The saturation is defined as the pore space occupied by
the fluid divided by the total pore space:
\[
\saturation_\alpha := \frac{\porosity \mathcal{V}_\alpha}{\porosity \mathcal{V}}
\]
\item[moleFraction():] Returns the molar fraction $x^\kappa_\alpha$ of
the component $\kappa$ in fluid phase $\alpha$. The molar fraction
$x^\kappa_\alpha$ is defined as the ratio of the number of molecules
of component $\kappa$ and the total number of molecules of the phase
$\alpha$.
\item[massFraction():] Returns the mass fraction $X^\kappa_\alpha$ of
component $\kappa$ in fluid phase $\alpha$. The mass fraction
$X^\kappa_\alpha$ is defined as the weight of all molecules of a
component divided by the total mass of the fluid phase. It is
related with the component's mole fraction by means of the relation
\[
X^\kappa_\alpha = x^\kappa_\alpha \frac{M^\kappa}{\overline M_\alpha}\;,
\]
where $M^\kappa$ is the molar mass of component $\kappa$ and
$\overline M_\alpha$ is the mean molar mass of a molecule of phase
$\alpha$.
\item[averageMolarMass():] Returns $\overline M_\alpha$, the mean
molar mass of a molecule of phase $\alpha$. For a mixture of $N > 0$
components, $\overline M_\alpha$ is defined as
\[
\overline M_\alpha = \sum_{\kappa=1}^{N} x^\kappa_\alpha M^\kappa
\]
\item[density():] Returns the density $\rho_\alpha$ of the fluid phase
$\alpha$.
\item[molarDensity():] Returns the molar density $\rho_{mol,\alpha}$
of a fluid phase $\alpha$. The molar density is defined by the mass
density $\rho_\alpha$ and the mean molar mass $\overline M_\alpha$:
\[
\rho_{mol,\alpha} = \frac{\rho_\alpha}{\overline M_\alpha} \;.
\]
\item[molarVolume():] Returns the molar volume $v_{mol,\alpha}$ of a
fluid phase $\alpha$. This quantity is the inverse of the molar
density.
\item[molarity():] Returns the molar concentration $c^\kappa_\alpha$
of component $\kappa$ in fluid phase $\alpha$.
\item[fugacity():] Returns the fugacity $f^\kappa_\alpha$ of component
$\kappa$ in fluid phase $\alpha$. The fugacity is defined as
\[
f_\alpha^\kappa := \Phi^\kappa_\alpha x^\kappa_\alpha p_\alpha \;,
\]
where $\Phi^\kappa_\alpha$ is the {\em fugacity
coefficient}~\cite{reid1987}. The physical meaning of fugacity
becomes clear from the equation
\[
f_\alpha^\kappa = f_\alpha^{\kappa,0} \exp\left\{\frac{\zeta^\kappa_\alpha - \zeta^{\kappa,0}_\alpha}{R T_\alpha} \right\} \;,
\]
where $\zeta^\kappa_\alpha$ represents the $\kappa$'s chemical
potential in phase $\alpha$, $R$ stands for the ideal gas constant,
$\zeta^{\kappa,0}_\alpha$ is the chemical potential in a reference
state, $f_\alpha^{\kappa,0}$ is the fugacity in the reference state
and $T_\alpha$ for the absolute temperature of phase $\alpha$. The
fugacity in the reference state $f_\alpha^{\kappa,0}$ is in princle
arbitrary, but in the context of the \eWoms fluid framework, we
assume that it is the same for all fluid phases, i.e.
$f_\alpha^{\kappa,0} = f_\beta^{\kappa,0}$.
Assuming thermal equilibrium, there is a one-to-one mapping between
a component's chemical potential $\zeta^\kappa_\alpha$ and its
fugacity $f^\kappa_\alpha$. With the above assumptions, chemical
equilibrium can thus be expressed by
\[
f^\kappa := f^\kappa_\alpha = f^\kappa_\beta\quad\forall \alpha, \beta
\]
\item[fugacityCoefficient():] Returns the fugacity coefficient
$\Phi^\kappa_\alpha$ of component $\kappa$ in fluid phase $\alpha$.
\item[enthalpy():] Returns specific enthalpy $h_\alpha$ of a fluid
phase $\alpha$.
\item[internalEnergy():] Returns specific internal energy $u_\alpha$
of a fluid phase $\alpha$. The specific internal energy is defined
by the relation
\[
u_\alpha = h_\alpha - \frac{p_\alpha}{\rho_\alpha}
\]
\item[viscosity():] Returns the dynamic viscosity
$\mu_\alpha$ of fluid phase $\alpha$.
\end{description}
\subsection{Available Fluid States}
Currently, the following fluid states are provided by \eWoms:
\begin{description}
\item[NonEquilibriumFluidState:] This is the most general fluid state
supplied. It does not assume thermodynamic equilibrium and thus
stores all phase compositions (using mole fractions), fugacity
coefficients, phase temperatures, phase pressures, saturations and
specific enthalpies.
\item[CompositionalFluidState:] This fluid state is very similar to
the \texttt{Non\-Equilibrium\-Fluid\-State} with the difference that
the \texttt{Compositional\-Fluid\-State} assumes thermodynamic
equilibrium. In the context of multi-phase flow in porous media,
this means that only a single temperature needs to be stored.
\item[ImmisicibleFluidState:] This fluid state assumes that the fluid
phases are immiscible, which implies that the phase compositions and
the fugacity coefficients do not need to be stored explicitly.
\item[PressureOverlayFluidState:] This is a so-called {\em overlay}
fluid state. It allows to set the pressure of all fluid phases but
forwards everything else to another fluid state.
\item[SaturationOverlayFluidState:] This fluid state is like the
\texttt{PressureOverlayFluidState}, except that the phase
saturations are settable instead of the phase pressures.
\item[TempeatureOverlayFluidState:] This fluid state is like the
\texttt{PressureOverlayFluidState}, except that the temperature is
settable instead of the phase pressures. Note that this overlay
state assumes thermal equilibrium regardless of underlying fluid
state.
\item[CompositionOverlayFluidState:] This fluid state is like the
\texttt{PressureOverlayFluidState}, except that the phase
composition is settable (in terms of mole fractions) instead of the
phase pressures.
\end{description}
\section{Fluid Systems}
Fluid systems express the thermodynamic relations between the
quantities of a fluid state.
\subsection{Parameter Caches}
All fluid systems must export a type for their \texttt{ParameterCache}
objects. Parameter caches can be used to cache parameter that are
expensive to compute and are required in multiple thermodynamic
relations. For fluid systems which do need to cache parameters,
\eWoms provides a \texttt{NullParameterCache} class.
The actual quantities stored by parameter cache objects are specific
to the fluid system and no assumptions on what they provide should be
made outside of their fluid system. Parameter cache objects provide a
well-defined set of methods to make them coherent with a given fluid
state, though. These update are:
\begin{description}
\item[updateAll(fluidState, except):] Update all cached quantities for
all phases. The \texttt{except} argument contains a bit field of the
quantities which have not been modified since the last call to a
\texttt{update()} method.
\item[updateAllPresures(fluidState):] Update all cached quantities
which depend on the pressure of any fluid phase.
\item[updateAllTemperatures(fluidState):] Update all cached quantities
which depend on temperature of any fluid phase.
\item[updatePhase(fluidState, phaseIdx, except):] Update all cached
quantities for a given phase. The quantities specified by the
\texttt{except} bit field have not been modified since the last call
to an \texttt{update()} method.
\item[updateTemperature(fluidState, phaseIdx):] Update all cached
quantities which depend on the temperature of a given phase.
\item[updatePressure(fluidState, phaseIdx):] Update all cached
quantities which depend on the pressure of a given phase.
\item[updateComposition(fluidState, phaseIdx):] Update all cached
quantities which depend on the composition of a given phase.
\item[updateSingleMoleFraction(fluidState, phaseIdx, compIdx):] Update
all cached quantities which depend on the value of the mole fraction
of a component in a phase.
\end{description}
Note, that the parameter cache interface only guarantees that if a
more specialized \texttt{update()} method is called, it is not slower
than the next more-general method (e.g. calling
\texttt{updateSingleMoleFraction()} may be as expensive as
\texttt{updateAll()}). It is thus advisable to rather use a more
general \texttt{update()} method once than multiple calls to
specialized \texttt{update()} methods.
To make usage of parameter caches easier for the case where all cached
quantities ought to be re-calculated if a quantity of a phase was
changed, it is possible to only define the \texttt{updatePhase()}
method and derive the parameter cache from
\texttt{Ewoms::ParameterCacheBase}.
\subsection{Exported Constants and Capabilities}
Besides providing the type of their \texttt{ParameterCache} objects,
fluid systems need to export the following constants and auxiliary
methods:
\begin{description}
\item[numPhases:] The number of considered fluid phases.
\item[numComponents:] The number of considered chemical (pseudo-)
species.
\item[init():] Initialize the fluid system. This is usually used to
tabulate some quantities
\item[phaseName():] Given the index of a fluid phase, return its name
as human-readable string.
\item[componentName():] Given the index of a component, return its
name as human-readable string.
\item[isLiquid():] Return whether the phase is a liquid, given the
index of a phase.
\item[isIdealMixture():] Return whether the phase is an ideal mixture,
given the phase index. In the context of the \eWoms fluid
framework a phase $\alpha$ is an ideal mixture if, and only if, all
its fugacity coefficients $\Phi^\kappa_\alpha$ do not depend on the
phase composition. (Although they might very well depend on
temperature and pressure.)
\item[isIdealGas():] Return whether a phase $\alpha$ is an ideal gas,
i.e. it adheres to the relation
\[
p_\alpha v_{mol,\alpha} = R T_\alpha \;,
\]
with $R$ being the ideal gas constant.
\item[isCompressible():] Return whether a phase $\alpha$ is
compressible, i.e. its density depends on pressure $p_\alpha$.
\item[molarMass():] Given a component index, return the molar mass of
the corresponding component.
\end{description}
\subsection{Thermodynamic Relations}
Fluid systems have been explicitly designed to provide as few
thermodynamic relations as possible. A full-fledged fluid system thus
only needs to provide the following thermodynamic relations:
\begin{description}
\item[density():] Given a fluid state, an up-to-date parameter cache
and a phase index, return the mass density $\rho_\alpha$ of the
phase.
\item[fugacityCoefficient():] Given a fluid state, an up-to-date
parameter cache as well as a phase and a component index, return the
fugacity coefficient $\Phi^\kappa_\alpha$ of a the component for the
phase.
\item[viscosity():] Given a fluid state, an up-to-date parameter cache
and a phase index, return the dynamic viscosity $\mu_\alpha$ of the
phase.
\item[diffusionCoefficient():] Given a fluid state, an up-to-date
parameter cache, a phase and a component index, return the calculate
the molecular diffusion coefficient for the component in the fluid
phase.
Molecular diffusion of a component $\kappa$ in phase $\alpha$ is
caused by a gradient of the chemical potential. Using some
simplifying assumptions~\cite{reid1987}, they can be also expressed
in terms of mole fraction gradients, i.e. the equation used for mass
fluxes due to molecular diffusion is
\[
J^\kappa_\alpha = - \rho_{mol,\alpha} D^\kappa_\alpha\ \mathbf{grad} x^\kappa_\alpha\;,
\]
where $\rho_{mol,\alpha}$ is the molar density of phase $\alpha$,
$x^\kappa_\alpha$ is the mole fraction of component $\kappa$ in
phase $\alpha$, $D^\kappa_\alpha$ is the diffusion coefficient and
$J^\kappa_\alpha$ is the diffusive flux.
\item[enthalpy():] Given a fluid state, an up-to-date parameter cache
and a phase index, this method calulates the specific enthalpy
$h_\alpha$ of the phase.
\item[thermalConductivity:] Given a fluid state, an up-to-date
parameter cache and a phase index, this method returns the thermal
conductivity $\lambda_\alpha$ of the fluid phase. The thermal
conductivity is defined by means of the relation
\[
\dot Q = \lambda_\alpha \mathbf{grad}\;T_\alpha \;,
\]
where $\dot Q$ is the heat flux caused by the temperature gradient
$\mathbf{grad}\;T_\alpha$.
\item[heatCapacity():] Given a fluid state, an up-to-date parameter
cache and a phase index, this method computes the isobaric heat
capacity $c_{p,\alpha}$ of the fluid phase. The isobaric heat
capacity is defined as the partial derivative of the specific
enthalpy $h_\alpha$ to the fluid pressure:
\[
c_{p,\alpha} = \frac{\partial h_\alpha}{\partial p_\alpha}
\]
% TODO: remove the heatCapacity() method??
\end{description}
Fluid systems may chose not to implement some of these methods and
throw an exception of type \lstinline{Dune::NotImplemented} instead. Obviously,
such fluid systems cannot be used for models that depend on those
methods.
\section{Constraint Solvers}
\label{sec:constraint_solvers}
Constraint solvers connect the thermodynamic relations expressed by
fluid systems with the thermodynamic quantities stored by fluid
states. Using them is not mandatory for models, but given the fact
that some thermodynamic constraints can be quite complex to solve,
sharing this code between models makes sense. Currently, \eWoms
provides the following constraint solvers:
\begin{description}
\item[CompositionFromFugacities:] This constraint solver takes all
component fugacities, the temperature and pressure of a phase as
input and calculates the composition of the fluid phase. This means
that the thermodynamic constraints used by this solver are
\[
f^\kappa = \Phi^\kappa_\alpha(\{x^\beta_\alpha \}, T_\alpha, p_\alpha) p_\alpha x^\kappa_\alpha\;,
\]
where ${f^\kappa}$, $T_\alpha$ and $p_\alpha$ are fixed values.
\item[ComputeFromReferencePhase:] This solver brings all
fluid phases into thermodynamic equilibrium with a reference phase
$\beta$, assuming that all phase temperatures and saturations have
already been set. The constraints used by this solver are thus
\begin{eqnarray*}
f^\kappa_\beta = f^\kappa_\alpha = \Phi^\kappa_\alpha(\{x^\beta_\alpha \}, T_\alpha, p_\alpha) p_\alpha x^\kappa_\alpha\;, \\
p_\alpha = p_\beta + p_{c\beta\alpha} \;,
\end{eqnarray*}
where $p_{c\beta\alpha}$ is the capillary pressure between the
fluid phases $\beta$ and $\alpha$.
\item[NcpFlash:] This is a so-called flash solver. A flash solver
takes the total mass of all components per volume unit and the phase
temperatures as input and calculates all phase pressures,
saturations and compositions. This flash solver works for an
arbitrary number of phases $M > 0$ and components $N \geq M - 1$. In
this case, the unknown quantities are the following:
\begin{itemize}
\item $M$ pressures $p_\alpha$
\item $M$ saturations $\saturation_\alpha$
\item $M\cdot N$ mole fractions $x^\kappa_\alpha$
\end{itemize}
This sums up to $M\cdot(N + 2)$. The equations side of things
provides:
\begin{itemize}
\item $(M - 1)\cdot N$ equations stemming from the fact that the
fugacity of any component is the same in all phases, i.e.
\[
f^\kappa_\alpha = f^\kappa_\beta
\]
holds for all phases $\alpha, \beta$ and all components $\kappa$.
\item $1$ equation comes from the fact that the whole pore space is
filled by some fluid, i.e.
\[
\sum_{\alpha=1}^M \saturation_\alpha = 1
\]
\item $M - 1$ constraints are given by the capillary pressures:
\[
p_\beta = p_\alpha + p_{c\beta\alpha} \;,
\]
for all phases $\alpha$, $\beta$
\item $N$ constraints come the fact that the total mass of each
component is given:
\[
c^\kappa_{tot} = \sum_{\alpha=1}^M x_\alpha^\kappa\;\rho_{mol,\alpha} = const
\]
\item And finally $M$ model assumptions are used. This solver uses
the NCP constraints proposed in~\cite{LHHW2011}:
\[
0 = \mathrm{min}\{\saturation_\alpha, 1 - \sum_{\kappa=1}^N x_\alpha^\kappa\}
\]
\end{itemize}
The number of equations also sums up to $M\cdot(N + 2)$. Thus, the
system of equations is closed.
\item[ImmiscibleFlash:] This is a flash solver assuming immiscibility
of the phases. It is similar to the \texttt{NcpFlash} solver but a
lot simpler.
\item[MiscibleMultiphaseComposition:] This solver calculates the
composition of all phases provided that each of the phases is
potentially present. Currently, this solver does not support
non-ideal mixtures.
\end{description}
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\chapter{Set-up and basic workflows}
This chapter is aimed at setting up a development environment for
\eWoms and to equip you with a rough understanding of the basic
workflows used for developing the software. We will first have a
brief look at the installation procedure; After that, we will run a
sample simulation and briefly discuss how to visualize its results.
Be aware, that this is only a very streamlined version of the \eWoms
development workflow, so make yourself confident with the tools
introduced in this section before you delve into the \Cplusplus code
in the next chapter.
\input{quick-install}
\input{quickstart-guide}
\input{parameters}
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\chapter{Coding Style Guidelines}
\label{guidelines}
An important characteristic of source code is that it is written only
once but usually it is read many times (e.g. when debugging things,
adding features, etc.). For this reason, good programming frameworks
always aim to be as readable as possible, even if comes with higher
effort to write them in the first place. The remainder of this section
is very similar to the \Dune coding guidelines found at the \Dune
website~\cite{DUNE-HP}. These guidelines are also strongly recommended
for working with \eWoms. Some of these coding style rules may seem
like splitting hairs to you, but they do make it much easier for
everybody to work on code that has not been written by oneself.
\begin{itemize}
\item Naming:
\begin{itemize}
\item Comments: They are helpful! Use comments extensively to explain
what your code does, but please refrain from adding trivial
comments. Trivial comments are, for example comments that only
parrot the source code (``this method sets a'' as the comment for a
method called \texttt{setA()}), or comments that explain language
features (``if b is true then a is c else d'' for the statement
\texttt{a = b?c:d}).
\item All comments, documentation and variable or type names are
exclusivly using the English language.
\item Variables: Names for variables should only feature letters and
digits. The first letter should be lower case. If your variable
names consists of several words, then the first letter of each new
word should be capitalized.
\item Variables and methods should be named as self-explanatory as
possible. Especially, this means abbreviations should be avoided
(for example, use 'saturation' in stead of 'S')
\item Method parameters which are not self-explanatory should always
have a meaningful comment a at calling sites. Example:
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
localResidual.eval(/*includeBoundaries=*/true);
\end{lstlisting}
\item Private attributes: Names of private attributes should end with
an underscore and are supposed to be the only variables that contain
underscores.
\item Typenames: For typenames (classes, structures, typedefs, etc),
the same rules as for variables apply. The only difference is that
the first letter should be a capital one.
\item Macros: The use of preprocessor macros is strongly
discouraged. If you have to use them for whatever reason, please use
capital letters only.
\item Guardian macros: Every header file traditionally begins with the
definition of a preprocessor macro that is used to make sure that
the header file is only included once. If your header file is
called 'myheaderfile.hh', this constant should be named
\texttt{EWOMS\_MYHEADERFILE\_HH}.
\item Files: File names should exclusively consist of lower case
letters. Header files get the suffix .hh, implementation files the
suffix .cc
\end{itemize}
\item Documentation: \eWoms, as any software project of similar
complexity, will stand and fall with the quality of its
documentation. Therefore, it is of paramount importance that you
document everything you do well! We use the doxygen system to
extract easily-readable documentation from the source code. Please
use its syntax everywhere. In particular, please comment
\textbf{all}
\begin{itemize}
\item Method parameters
\item Template parameters
\item Return values
\item Exceptions thrown by a method
\end{itemize}
Since we all know that writing documentation is not well-liked and is
frequently defered to some vague 'next week', we herewith proclaim
the Doc-Me Dogma . It goes like this: Whatever you do, and in
whatever hurry you happen to be, please document everything at least
with a {\verb /** $\backslash$todo Please doc me! */}. That way at
least the absence of documentation is documented, and it is easier to
get rid of it systematically.
\item Exceptions: The use of exceptions for error handling is
encouraged. Until further notice, all exceptions thrown are derived
from \texttt{Dune::Exception}.
\item Debugging code: Code which is only there to ease the debugging
process should always be switched off if the preprocessor macro
NDEBUG is defined. In particular, all assertations are automatically
removed. Use those assertations freely!
\end{itemize}
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\chapter{Detailed Installation Instructions}
\label{install}
\section{Preliminary remarks}
In this section about the installation of \eWoms it is assumed that
you work on a Unix or Linux compatible operating system and that you
are familiar with the use of a command line shell. Installation means
that you unpack \Dune together with \eWoms in a certain directory.
Then, you compile it in that directory tree in which you do the
further work, too. You also should know how to install new software
packages or you should have a person on hand who assist you with
that. In section \ref{sec:prerequisites} we list some prerequisites
for running \Dune and \eWoms. Please make sure to fulfill them before
you proceed. In addition, section \ref{sec:external-modules-libraries}
provides some details on optional libraries and modules.
In a technical sense \eWoms is a module of \Dune. Thus, the
installation procedure of \eWoms is the same as that of \Dune (besides
using different locations to retieve the source code). Details
regarding the installation of \Dune are provided on the \Dune
website~\cite{DUNE-INST}. If you are interested in more details about
the build system that is used, they can be found in the {\Dune}
build system howto \cite{DUNE-BS}.
All \Dune modules, including \eWoms, get extracted into a common
directory. In the following, we refer to that directory as {\Dune}
base directory or, in short, as {\Dune}-base. If it is used as
directory path of a shell command it is typed as
\texttt{dune-base}. For the actual location of the {\Dune} base
directory on your file system, you may chose any valid directory name for
which you have write permissions.
Source code files for each \Dune module are contained in their own
subdirectory within {\Dune}-base. We name this directory of a certain
module \emph{module base directory} or \texttt{module-base}
if it is a directory path, e.\,g. for the module \texttt{ewoms} these
names are \emph{ewoms base directory} respective
\texttt{ewoms-base}. The real directory names for the
modules can be chosen arbitrarily. In this manual they are the same as
the module name or the module name extended by a version number
suffix. The name of each \Dune module is defined in the file
\texttt{dune.module}, which is in the base directory of the respective
module. This should not be changed by the user. It is allowed to have
own files and directories in \Dune-base, which are not related to
\Dune's needs.
After installing source code for all relevant \Dune modules including
\eWoms, \Dune is being built by the shell-command \texttt{dunecontrol}
which is part of the \Dune build system. The \Dune build system is a
front-end of to the GNU build system adapted to the needs of \Dune.
\section{Prerequisites} \label{sec:prerequisites}
The GNU compiler collection with \Cplusplus support (\texttt{g++}) and
the tools of the GNU build system \cite{GNU-BS}, also known as GNU
autotools (\texttt{autoconf}, \texttt{automake}, \texttt{autogen},
\texttt{libtool}), as well as the GNU variant of \texttt{make} called
gmake must be available in a recent enough version. For example Ubuntu
Linux provides these tools by means of the packages \texttt{autoconf},
\texttt{automake}, \texttt{libtool} and the package
\texttt{build-essential} includes the \Cplusplus compiler
\texttt{g++} and \texttt{make}.
At the time of writing this manual, the minumum version required for
\texttt{g++} is 4.4.0, \texttt{automake} the documentation by setting the switch
\texttt{--disable-documentation} in the \texttt{CONFIGURE\_FLAGS} of
the building options (see Chapter \ref{buildIt}). Additional parts of
documentation are contained within the source code files as specially
formatted comments. Extracting them can be done using the tool
\texttt{doxygen} (version $\geqslant$ 1.8.2 works). See for this
optional step section \ref{sec:build-doxy-doc}.
Depending on whether you are going to use external libraries and
modules for additional \Dune features, additional software packages
may be required. Some hints on that are given in Section
\ref{sec:external-modules-libraries}.
To access the git or subversion software repositories, git and
subversion clients are required. We recommend to use the git
command-line client \texttt{git} version 1.7.12 or newer with the
subversion integration plugin \texttt{git-svn} enabled~\cite{GIT-HP}.
\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{Ubuntu package names for Ubuntu 12.04}
\begin{tabular}{llll}
\toprule
\textbf{purpose} & \textbf{package names} \\
\midrule
general: & git & git-svn & libtool \\
& automake & build-essential & libboost-all-dev \\
& texlive-latex-base & doxygen & csh\\
& gfortran & \\
\midrule
for alberta: & freeglut3-dev & \\
\midrule
for parallel use: & openmpi-common & mpi-default-bin & mpi-default-dev \\
\midrule
for parallel UG: & flex & bison & \\
\midrule
for parallel alberta: & libblas-dev &\\
\midrule
for debugging: & valgrind &\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\label{tbl:ubuntu-pkg}
\end{table}
\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{Package names for openSUSE 12.2. For this distribution, the {\em science} package repository needs to be added. The science repository is available from \url{http://download.opensuse.org/repositories/science/openSUSE_12.2/}. }
\begin{tabular}{llll}
\toprule
\textbf{purpose} & \textbf{package names} \\
\midrule
git & git-svn & dune-istl-devel & dune-grid-devel \\
dune-localfunctions-devel & \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\label{tbl:opensuse-pkg}
\end{table}
\section{Obtaining source code for \Dune and \eWoms}
As stated above, the \eWoms is based on the \Dune release 2.2,
comprising the core modules \texttt{dune-common},
\texttt{dune-geometry}, \texttt{dune-grid}, \texttt{dune-istl} and
\texttt{dune-localfunctions}. For working with \eWoms, these modules
are required.
Two possibilities exist to get the source code of \Dune and \eWoms.
Firstly, released versions \Dune and \eWoms can be downloaded as tar
files from the \Dune and \eWoms websites. They have to be extracted as
described in the next paragraph. Secondly, the most recent source
code can be obtained by directly downloading it from its respective
source-code repository. This method is described in the subsequent
section.
\paragraph{Obtaining the software by installing tar files}
The slightly old-fashionedly named tape-archive-file, shortly named
tar file or tarball, is a common file format for distributing
collections of files contained within these archives. The extraction
from the tar files is done as follows: Download the tarballs from the
respective \Dune~\cite{DUNE-HP} (version 2.2.0) and
\eWoms~\cite{EWOMS-HP} websites. Then, create the {\Dune} base
directory, named \texttt{~/src} in the example below. Then, extract the
content of the tar files, e.\,g. with the command-line program
\texttt{tar}. This can be achieved by the following shell
commands. Replace \texttt{path\_to\_tarball} with the directory name
where the downloaded files are actually located. After extraction,
the actual name of the \emph{ewoms base directory} is
\texttt{ewoms-2.2}.
\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
$ mkdir ~/src
$ cd ~/src
$ tar xzvf path_to_tarball_of/dune-common-2.2.0.tar.gz
$ tar xzvf path_to_tarball_of/dune-grid-2.2.0.tar.gz
$ tar xzvf path_to_tarball_of/dune-geometry-2.2.0.tar.gz
$ tar xzvf path_to_tarball_of/dune-istl-2.2.0.tar.gz
$ tar xzvf path_to_tarball_of/dune-localfunctions-2.2.0.tar.gz
$ tar xzvf path_to_tarball_of/ewoms-2.2.0.tar.gz
\end{lstlisting}
\paragraph{Obtaining \Dune and \eWoms from software repositories}
Direct access to a software repositories for downloading code can be
convenient to always follow the changes of done to the software
project. Usually, source code repositories are structured in
branches. One of these branches is commonly used to include the latest
features of the software, and there is normally one branch for each
release which only receives fixes for bug which have been discovered
after the software was released. The following text describes how to
retrieve the source code of \Dune and \eWoms from such release
branches.
The \Dune project uses Apache Subversion~\cite{APACHE-SUBVERSION-HP}
to manage its software repositories, while \eWoms -- being part of the
open porous media project -- opted to use the git source code
management system~\cite{GIT-HP}. Fortunately, git ships with a
subversion plugin, so all modules can be managed using git.
In the technical language of Apache Subversion \emph{cloning a certain
software repository} means nothing more then fetching a local copy
of the software repository and placing it on the local file system.
In addition to the software some more files for the use of the
software revision control system itself are created. They are kept in
a directory named \texttt{.git} at the base directory of the cloned
software repository.
The installation procedure is structured as follows: Create a {\Dune} base
directory (named \texttt{~/src} in the lines below). Then, enter the
previously created directory and check out the desired modules. As
you see below, the check-out uses two different servers for getting
the sources, one for \Dune and one for \eWoms. The \Dune modules of
the stable 2.2 release branch are cloned similarly as described on the
\Dune website~\cite{DUNE-DOWNLOAD-SVN}:
\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
mkdir ~/src
cd ~/src
for DUNE_MODULE in common geometry grid istl localfunctions; do
git svn clone \
https://svn.dune-project.org/svn/dune-$DUNE_MODULE/branches/release-2.2 \
dune-$DUNE_MODULE
done
\end{lstlisting}
The newest and maybe unstable developments are also provided in these
repositories in a folder called \emph{trunk}. Please check the \Dune
website \cite{DUNE-DOWNLOAD-SVN} for further information. However, the
current \eWoms release is based on the stable 2.2 \Dune release and it
might misbehave using the the newest version of \Dune.
The \eWoms module is checked out as described below (see also the
\eWoms website \cite{EWOMS-HP}). Its source tree has to be created in
the \Dune-base directory, where the \Dune modules have also been
cloned into. Subsequently, the next command is executed there,
too. The directory which holds the \eWoms module is called
\texttt{ewoms} here.
\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
cd ~/src
git clone git://github.com/OPM/ewoms.git ewoms
\end{lstlisting}
\section{Building the doxygen documentation}
\label{sec:build-doxy-doc}
Doxygen documentation is done by especially formatted comments
integrated in the source code, which can get extracted by the program
\texttt{doxygen}. Beside extracting these comments, \texttt{doxygen}
builds up a web-browsable code structure documentation like class
hierarchy of code displayed as graphs, see \cite{DOXYGEN-HP}.
Building the doxygen documentation of a module is done as follows,
provided the program \texttt{doxygen} is installed: Set in building
options the \texttt{--enable-doxygen} switch. This is either
accomplished by adding it in \texttt{dunecontrol} options-file to
\texttt{CONFIGURE\_FLAGS}, or by adding it to \texttt{dunecontrol}'s
command-line-argument \texttt{--configure-opts}. After running
\texttt{dunecontrol} enter in module's base directory the subdirectory
\texttt{doc/doxygen}. You then run the command \texttt{doxygen}
within that directory. Point your web browser to the file
\texttt{module-base-directory/doc/doxygen/html/index.html} to read the
generated documentation. For all \Dune-modules that described here,
the doxygen documentation can be generated analogously.
\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
cd ~/src/ewoms/doc/doxygen
doxygen
firefox html/index.html
\end{lstlisting}
\section{Building the \eWoms handbook}
If the \texttt{--enable-documentation} switch has been set in the configure flags of
\texttt{dunecontrol}, watch for a summary line of the build script that reads
\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
Build eWoms handbook....: yes
\end{lstlisting}
If this is the case, the handbook should be automatically build by
\texttt{dunecontrol} and can be found at
\texttt{\$EWOMS\_BASE/doc/handbook/ewoms-handbook.pdf}.
If the summary line says that the handbook is not going to be build,
then you usually have to install additional \LaTeX packages.
\section{External libraries and modules}
\label{sec:external-modules-libraries}
The libraries described below provide additional functionality but are
not generally required to use \eWoms. If you are going to use an
external library, also check the information provided on the \Dune
website~\cite{DUNE-EXT-LIB} for additional hints. If you are going to
use an external \Dune module, the website listing external
modules~\cite{DUNE-EXT-MOD} can also be helpful.
Some external libraries have additional dependencies which can also be
used by \Dune. Also, some libraries, such as BLAS or MPI might have
multiple versions installed on the system. To avoid problems, you
should make sure that all external libraries use the same dependencies
as \Dune.
In the following list, you can find some external modules and external
libraries, and some more libraries and tools which are prerequisites
for their use.
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{ALBERTA}: External library which can be used as an
additional grid manager. ALBERTA stands for ``\textbf{A}daptive multi \textbf{L}evel finite element toolbox
using \textbf{B}isectioning refinement and \textbf{E}rror control by \textbf{R}esidual
\textbf{T}echniques for scientific \textbf{A}pplications''. Building it requires a
Fortran compiler, for example \texttt{gfortran}. It can be downloaded at:
\texttt{\url{http://www.alberta-fem.de}}.
\item \textbf{ALUGrid}: External library for use as grid. ALUGrid
requires by a \Cplusplus compiler like \texttt{g++} to be build. If
you want to build a parallel version, you will need an MPI library
like, for example \texttt{openmpi}, installed on your system. The
parallel version needs also a graph partitioner, such as
\texttt{METIS}.
Download:
\texttt{\url{http://aam.mathematik.uni-freiburg.de/IAM/Research/alugrid}}
\item \textbf{SuperLU}: External library for solving linear
equations. SuperLU is a general purpose library for the direct
solution of large, sparse, non-symmetric systems of linear
equations.
Download:
\texttt{\url{http://crd.lbl.gov/~xiaoye/SuperLU}}.
\item \textbf{UG}: External library which can be used as an additional
grid manager. UG is a toolbox for \textbf{U}nstructured
\textbf{G}rids: For \eWoms it has to be build by GNU buildsystem and
a \Cplusplus compiler. That's why \Dune specific patches need
applied before use. Building it makes use of the tools
\texttt{lex}/\texttt{yacc} or the GNU variants
\texttt{flex}/\texttt{bison}.
Website:
\texttt{\url{http://atlas.gcsc.uni-frankfurt.de/~ug/}}\\
Further information:
\texttt{\url{http://www.dune-project.org/external_libraries/install_ug.html}}\\
\end{itemize}
The following are dependencies of some of the external libraries. You
will need them depending on which modules of \Dune and which external
libraries you use.
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{MPI}: The parallel version of \Dune and also some of the
external dependencies need MPI when they are going to be built for
parallel computing. \texttt{Openmpi} version $\geqslant$ 1.4.2 and
\texttt{MPICH} in a recent version have been reported to work.
\item \textbf{lex/yacc} or \textbf{flex/bison}: These are quite common
developing tools, code generators for lexical analyzers and
parsers. This is a prerequisite for compiling UG.
\item \textbf{BLAS}: Alberta makes use of BLAS (acronym for
``\textbf{B}asic \textbf{L}inear \textbf{A}lgebra
\textbf{S}ubprograms). Thus install GotoBLAS2, ATLAS,
non-optimized BLAS or a BLAS library provided by a computer
vendor. Take care that the installation scripts select the intended
version of BLAS. For further information, see
\texttt{\url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Linear_Algebra_Subprograms}}.
\item \textbf{GotoBLAS2}: This is an optimized BLAS library. It does
not provide optimized routines for all modern processors, but quite
a broad range. Also, its license is now open. A Fortran compiler
like \texttt{gfortran} is needed to compile it.
Available at
\texttt{\url{http://www.tacc.utexas.edu/tacc-projects/gotoblas2/}}.
\item \textbf{METIS}: This is a dependency of ALUGrid, if you are
going to run it parallel.
Available for non-commercial use at
\texttt{\url{http://glaros.dtc.umn.edu/gkhome/metis/metis/overview}}
\item \textbf{Compilers}: Besides \texttt{g++} \Dune and \eWoms can
also be built with the \texttt{clang++} compiler originating from
the LLVM project. If you try other compilers, be aware that in addition to a
\Cplusplus compiler, C and Fortran compilers are needed to compile
some external libraries.
\end{itemize}
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\chapter{Introduction}
\eWoms~\cite{EWOMS-HP} a generic simulation framework using continuum
mechanical approaches with a focus on multi-phase fluid flow and
transport processes in porous media. \eWoms is also an integral part
of the open porous media initiative~\cite{OPM-HP} for which it
implements the fully-implicit discretization schemes. \eWoms is based
on the source code of the \Dumux~\cite{DUMUX-HP} simulation framework
and aims to be a proper superset of \Dumux when it comes to features,
while at the same time it delivers better performance and a
higher-quality code base. To ease porting features from \Dumux to
\eWoms, the \eWoms source code uses very similar naming and style
conventions as the one of \Dumux.
Besides being a generic simulation framework, \eWoms also aims to to
deliver top-notch computational performance, high flexibility, a sound
software architecture and the ability to run on anything from single
processor systems to highly parallel supercomputers with specialized
hardware architectures. The means to achieve these somewhat
contradictory goals are the thorough use of object oriented design in
conjunction with template programming. These requirements motivated
the decision to implement \eWoms using the \Cplusplus programming
language.
One of the more complex issues when dealing with parallel continuum
models for partial differential equations, is the management of the
grids used for the spatial discretization. To date, no generic and
efficient approach exists for all possible cases, which lead to \eWoms
being build on top of \Dune, the \textbf{D}istributed and
\textbf{U}nified \textbf{N}umerics
\textbf{E}nvironment~\cite{DUNE-HP}. Instead of trying to implement a
grid for everything, \Dune defines a generic \Cplusplus interface to
grids, and provides adapters to several existing grid management
libraries such as UG~\cite{UG-HP}, ALBERTA~\cite{ALBERTA-HP} or
ALUGrid~\cite{ALUGRID-HP}. DUNE also extensively uses template
programming in order to achieve minimal overhead when accessing the
underlying grid libraries\footnote{In fact, the performance penalty
resulting from the use of \Dune's grid interface is usually
negligible~\cite{BURRI2006}.}.
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=.5\linewidth, keepaspectratio]{EPS/dunedesign}
\caption{
\label{fig:dune-design}
A high-level overview of \Dune's design is available on the project's
web site~\cite{DUNE-HP}.
}
\end{figure}
DUNE's grid interface is independent of the spatial dimension of the
underlying grid. For this purpose, it uses the concept of
co-dimensional entities. Roughly speaking, an entity of co-dimension
$0$ constitutes a cell, co-dimension $1$ entities are faces between
cells, co-dimension $1$ are edges, and so on until co-dimension $n$
which are the cell's vertices. The \Dune grid interface generally
assumes that all entities are convex polytopes, which means that it
must be possible to express each entity as the convex hull of a set of
vertices. For the sake of efficiency, all entities are further expressed in terms
of so-called reference elements which are transformed to the actual
spatial incarnation within the grid by a so-called geometry
function. Here, a reference element for an
entity can be thought of as a prototype for the actual grid
entity. For example, if we used a grid which applied hexahedrons as cells,
the reference element for each cell would be the unit cube $[0, 1]^3$
and the geometry function would scale and translate the cube so that
it matches the grid's cell. For a more thorough description of \Dune's
grid definition, see~\cite{BASTIAN2008}.
In addition to the grid interface, \Dune also provides quite a few
additional modules; In the context of this handbook the
\texttt{dune-localfunctions} and \texttt{dune-istl} modules are
probably the most relevant. \texttt{dune-localfunctions} provides a
set of generic finite element shape functions, while
\texttt{dune-istl} is the \textbf{I}terative \textbf{S}olver
\textbf{T}emplate \textbf{L}ibrary and provides generic, highly
optimized linear algebra routines for solving linear systems of
equations.
\eWoms comes in form of a module \Dune module '\texttt{ewoms}'. It
depends on the \Dune core modules \texttt{dune-common},
\texttt{dune-grid}, \texttt{dune-istl}, and on
\texttt{dune-localfunctions}. The main intention of \eWoms is to
provide a framework for an easy and efficient implementation of new
physical models for porous media flow problems, ranging from problem
formulation and the selection of spatial and temporal discretization
schemes as well as nonlinear and linear solvers, to general concepts
for model coupling. Moreover, \eWoms includes ready-to-use numerical
models and a few example applications.
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\chapter[Models]{Physical and numerical models}
\section{Physical and mathematical description}
Characteristic of compositional multiphase models is that the phases
are not only matter of a single chemical substance. Instead, their
composition in general includes several species, and for the mass transfer,
the component behavior is quite different from the phase behavior. In the following, we
give some basic definitions and assumptions that are required for the
formulation of the model concept below. As an example, we take a
three-phase three-component system water-NAPL-gas
\cite{A3:class:2002a}. The modification for other multicomponent
systems is straightforward and can be found, e.\ g., in
\cite{A3:bielinski:2006,A3:acosta:2006}.
\subsection{Basic Definitions and Assumptions for the Compositional
Model Concept}
\textbf{Components:}
The term \emph{component} stands for constituents of the phases which
can be associated with a unique chemical species, or, more generally, with
a group of species exploiting similar physical behavior. In this work, we
assume a water-gas-NAPL system composed of the phases water (subscript
$\text{w}$), gas ($\text{g}$), and NAPL ($\text{n}$). These phases are
composed of the components water (superscript $\text{w}$), air
($\text{a}$), and the organic contaminant ($\text{c}$) (see Fig.\
\ref{A3:fig:mundwtrans}).
%
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.7\linewidth]{EPS/masstransfer}
\caption{Mass and energy transfer between the phases}
\label{A3:fig:mundwtrans}
\end{figure}
\textbf{Equilibrium:}
For the nonisothermal multiphase processes in porous media under
consideration, we state that the assumption of local thermal
equilibrium is valid since flow velocities are small. We neglect
chemical reactions and biological decomposition and assume chemical
equilibrium. Mechanical equilibrium is not valid in a porous medium,
since discontinuities in pressure can occur across a fluid-fluid
interface due to capillary effects.
\textbf{Notation:} The index $\alpha \in \{\text{w}, \text{n}, \text{g}\}$ refers
to the phase, while the superscript $\kappa \in \{\text{w}, \text{a}, \text{c}\}$ refers
to the component. \\
\begin{tabular}{llll}
$p_\alpha$ & phase pressure & $\phi$ & porosity \\
$T$ & temperature & $K$ & absolute permeability tensor \\
$S_\alpha$ & phase saturation & $\tau$ & tortuosity \\
$x_\alpha^\kappa$ & mole fraction of component $\kappa$ in phase $\alpha$ & $\boldsymbol{g}$ & gravitational acceleration \\
$X_\alpha^\kappa$ & mass fraction of component $\kappa$ in phase $\alpha$ & $q^\kappa_\alpha$ & volume source term of $\kappa$ in $\alpha$ \\
$\varrho_{\text{mol},\alpha}$ & molar density of phase $\alpha$ & $u_\alpha$ & specific internal energy \\
$\varrho_{\alpha}$ & mass density of phase $\alpha$ & $h_\alpha$ & specific enthalpy \\
$k_{\text{r}\alpha}$ & relative permeability & $c_\text{s}$ & specific heat enthalpy \\
$\mu_\alpha$ & phase viscosity & $\lambda_\text{pm}$ & heat conductivity \\
$D_\alpha^\kappa$ & diffusivity of component $\kappa$ in phase $\alpha$ & $q^h$ & heat source term \\
$\boldsymbol{v}_\alpha$ & Darcy velocity & $\boldsymbol{v}_{a,\alpha}$ & advective velocity
\end{tabular}
\subsection{Balance Equations}
For the balance equations for multicomponent systems, it is in many
cases convenient to use a molar formulation of the continuity
equation. Considering the mass conservation for each component allows
us to drop source/sink terms for describing the mass transfer between
phases. Then, the
molar mass balance can be written as:
%
\begin{multline}
\label{A3:eqmass1}
\phi \frac{\partial (\sum_\alpha \varrho_{\text{mol}, \alpha}
x_\alpha^\kappa S_\alpha )}{\partial t}
- \sum\limits_\alpha \Div \left( \frac{k_{\text{r}
\alpha}}{\mu_\alpha} \varrho_{\text{mol}, \alpha}
x_\alpha^\kappa K (\grad p_\alpha -
\varrho_{\alpha} \boldsymbol{g}) \right) \\
%
%
- \sum\limits_\alpha \Div \left( \tau \phi S_\alpha D_\alpha^\kappa \varrho_{\text{mol},
\alpha} \grad x_\alpha^\kappa \right)
- q^\kappa = 0, \qquad \kappa \in \{\text{w,a,c}\}.
\end{multline}
The component mass balance can also be written in terms of mass fractions
by replacing molar densities by mass densities and mole by mass fractions.
To obtain a single conserved quantity in the temporal derivative, the total
concentration, representing the mass of one component per unit volume, is defined as
\begin{displaymath}
C^\kappa = \sum_\alpha \phi S_\alpha \varrho_{\text{mass},\alpha} X_\alpha^\kappa \; .
\end{displaymath}
Using this definition, the component mass balance is written as:
\begin{multline}
\label{A3:eqmass2}
\frac{\partial C^\kappa}{\partial t} =
\sum\limits_\alpha \Div \left( \frac{k_{\text{r}
\alpha}}{\mu_\alpha} \varrho_{\text{mass}, \alpha}
X_\alpha^\kappa K (\grad p_\alpha +
\varrho_{\text{mass}, \alpha} \boldsymbol{g}) \right) \\
%
%
+ \sum\limits_\alpha \Div \left( \tau \phi S_\alpha D_\alpha^\kappa \varrho_{\text{mass},
\alpha} \grad X_\alpha^\kappa \right)
+ q^\kappa = 0, \qquad \kappa \in \{\text{w,a,c}\}.
\end{multline}
In the case of non-isothermal systems, we further have to balance the
thermal energy. We assume fully reversible processes, such that entropy
is not needed as a model parameter. Furthermore, we neglect
dissipative effects and the heat transport due to molecular
diffusion. The energy balance can then be
formulated as:
%
\begin{multline}
\label{A3:eqenergmak1}
\phi \frac{\partial \left( \sum_\alpha \varrho_{\alpha}
u_\alpha S_\alpha \right)}{\partial t} + \left( 1 -
\phi \right) \frac{\partial \varrho_{\text{s}} c_{\text{s}}
T}{\partial t}
- \Div \left( \lambda_{\text{pm}} \grad T \right)
\\
- \sum\limits_\alpha \Div \left( \frac{k_{\text{r}
\alpha}}{\mu_\alpha} \varrho_{\alpha} h_\alpha
K \left( \grad p_\alpha - \varrho_{\alpha}
\boldsymbol{g} \right) \right)
- q^h \; = \; 0.
\end{multline}
In order to close the system, supplementary constraints for capillary pressure, saturations and mole
fractions are needed, \cite{A3:helmig:1997}.
According to the Gibbsian phase rule, the number of degrees of freedom
in a non-isothermal compositional multiphase system is equal to the
number of components plus one. This means we need as many independent
unknowns in the system description. The
available primary variables are, e.\ g., saturations, mole/mass
fractions, temperature, pressures, etc.
\input{box}
\section{Available models}
The following description of the available models is automatically extracted
from the Doxygen documentation.
% \textbf{TODO}: Unify notation.
\subsection{Fully-implicit models}
The fully-implicit models described in this section are using the box
scheme as described in Section \ref{box} for spatial and the implicit Euler
method as temporal discretization. The models themselves are located in
subdirectories of \texttt{ewoms/boxmodels} of the \eWoms distribution.
\subsubsection{The immiscible multi-phase model}
\input{ModelDescriptions/immisciblemodel}
\subsubsection{The miscible multi-phase NCP model}
\input{ModelDescriptions/pvsmodel}
\subsubsection{The miscible multi-phase PVS model}
\input{ModelDescriptions/pvsmodel}
\subsubsection{The miscible multi-phase flash model}
\input{ModelDescriptions/flashmodel}
\subsubsection{The Richards model}
\input{ModelDescriptions/richardsmodel}
\subsubsection{The black-oil model}
\input{ModelDescriptions/blackoilmodel}
\subsubsection{The (Navier-)Stokes model}
\input{ModelDescriptions/stokesmodel}
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\chapter{The Newton-Raphson method}
For the isothermal immiscible multi-phase model, the following mass
conservation equation needs to be solved:
\begin{align}
\underbrace{
\frac{\partial \phi \varrho_\alpha S_\alpha}{\partial t}
-
\text{div} \left\{
\varrho_\alpha \frac{k_{r\alpha}}{\mu_\alpha} \mbox{\textbf{K}} \left(\text{grad}\, p_\alpha - \varrho_{\alpha} \mbox{\textbf{g}} \right)
\right\} - q_\alpha} _
{\textbf{f}(\textbf{u})}
= 0 \; .
\end{align}
Because of the nonlinear dependencies even solving this comparatively
simple equation is a quite challenging task. However, for
finding roots of non-linear systems equations the
\textsc{Newton}-\textsc{Raphson} method can be used.
When using a fully-implicit numerical model, each time step essentially
consists of the application of the \textsc{Newton} algorithm to solve
the nonlinear system.
The idea of this algorithm is to linearize the non-linear system of
equation at a given solution, and then solving the resulting linear
system of equations. The hope is, that the solution of this linear
system is closer to the root of the non-linear system of
equations. This process is repeated until either convergence is
reached (a pre-determined accuracy is reached), or divergence of the
algorithm is detected (either by trespassing the maximum number of
iterations or by failure to linearize). This method can be formalized
as follows:
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
\label{NewtonGen}
\textbf{u}^{r+1} &= \textbf{u}^r + \Delta \textbf{u}^r \\
\Delta \textbf{u}^r & = - \left\{\text{grad}\,\textbf{f} (\textbf{u}^r) \right\}^{-1} \textbf{f}(\textbf{u}^r) \\
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
\noindent with
\begin{itemize}
\item $\textbf{u}$: Vector of unknowns
\item $\textbf{f}(\textbf{u}^r)$: Residual (Function of the vector of unknowns which ought to be set to $0$)
\item $\phantom{a}^r$: last iteration, $\phantom{a}^{r+1}$: current iteration,
\item $\text{grad}\,\phantom{a}$: \textsc{Jacobian} matrix of
$\textbf{f}$, i.e. matrix of the derivatives of \textbf{f} regarding
all components of $\textbf{u}$
\end{itemize}
The value of $\textbf{u}$ for which $\textbf{f}$ becomes zero is
searched for. Bringing \eqref{NewtonGen} into the form used the linear
solvers
\begin{equation}
\label{GenSysEq}
\textbf{A}\textbf{x} - \textbf{b} = 0
\end{equation}
leads to
\begin{itemize}
\item $\textbf{A} = \text{grad}\,\textbf{f} (\textbf{u}^r)$
\item $\textbf{x} = \textbf{u}^{r} - \textbf{u}^{r+1}$
\item $\textbf{b} = \textbf{f}(\textbf{u}^{r})$
\end{itemize}
Once $\textbf{u}^{r} - \textbf{u}^{r+1}$ has been calculated, \eWoms
updates the current solution in \texttt{NewtonController::update()}
and starts the next iteration if the scheme has not yet converged.
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\section{Specifying Parameters}
\label{sec:inputFiles}
As already mentioned in the previous section, \eWoms allows to specify
a number of parameters at run time. A description of these parameters
can usually be obtained by passing the \texttt{--help} parameter to the
executable. The values used for these parameters are printed to the
terminal during the start-up of the simulation, e.g. the if the \texttt{lens\_immiscible}
simulation is run with the parameters \texttt{--end-time=30e3 --foo-param=123}, it will print an output similar to
\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
###########
# Parameters specified at run-time
###########
EndTime="30e3"
###########
# Parameters with use compile-time fallback values
###########
AmgCoarsenTarget="5000"
...
VtkWriteSaturations="1"
VtkWriteTemperature="1"
VtkWriteViscosities="0"
###########
# Parameters unknown to the simulation
###########
FooParam="123"
\end{lstlisting}
This can be directly copy-and-pasted into a file
(e.g. \texttt{myparams.ini}). The simulation can be instructed to use
these parameters by passing the \texttt{--parameter-file=myparams.ini}
parameter the next time it is run. Of course, this file can also be
adapted.
An additional hint: Always watch out for parameters which are unknown
to the simulation, as this is \emph{very} useful for spotting typos.
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\chapter{The \eWoms property system}
\label{sec:propertysystem}
This section is dedicated to the \eWoms property system. First, a high
level overview over its design and principle ideas is given, then
follows a short reference and a short self-contained example.
\section{Concepts and features of the \eWoms property system}
The \eWoms property system was designed as an attempt to mitigate the
problems of traits classes. In fact, it can be seen as a traits system
which allows easy inheritance and any acyclic dependency of parameter
definitions. Just like traits, the \eWoms property system is a compile
time mechanism, which means that there are no run-time performance
penalties associated with it. It is based on the following concepts:
\begin{description}
\item[Property:] In the context of the \eWoms property system, a
property is an arbitrary class body which may contain type
definitions, values and methods. Each property has a so-called
\textbf{property tag} which can be seen as a label with its name.
\item[Property Inheritance:] Just like normal classes, properties can
be arranged in hierarchies. In the context of the \eWoms property
system, nodes of the inheritance hierarchy are called \textbf{type
tags}.
\end{description}
It also supports \textbf{property nesting} and
\textbf{introspection}. Property nesting means that the definition of
a property can depend on the value of other properties which may be
defined for arbitrary levels of the inheritance hierarchy. The term
introspection denotes the ability to generate diagnostic messages
which can be used to find out where a certain property was defined and
how it was inherited.
\section{\eWoms property system reference}
All source files which use the \eWoms property system should include
the header file \texttt{ewoms/ \hskip-1ex{}common/
\hskip-1ex{}propertysystem.hh}. Declaration of type tags and
property tags as well as defining properties must be done inside the
namespace \texttt{Ewoms::Properties}.
\subsection*{Defining type tags}
New nodes in the type tag hierarchy can be defined using
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
NEW_TYPE_TAG(NewTypeTagName, INHERITS_FROM(BaseTagName1, BaseTagName2, ...));
\end{lstlisting}
where the \texttt{INHERITS\_FROM} part is optional. To avoid
inconsistencies in the hierarchy, each type tag may be defined only
once for a program.
\vskip1ex\noindent
Example:
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
namespace Ewoms {
namespace Properties {
NEW_TYPE_TAG(MyBaseTypeTag1);
NEW_TYPE_TAG(MyBaseTypeTag2);
NEW_TYPE_TAG(MyDerivedTypeTag, INHERITS_FROM(MyBaseTypeTag1, MyBaseTypeTag2));
}}
\end{lstlisting}
\subsection*{Declaring property tags}
New property tags -- i.e. labels for properties -- are declared
using
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
NEW_PROP_TAG(NewPropTagName);
\end{lstlisting}
A property tag can be declared arbitrarily often, in fact it is
recommended that all properties are declared in each file where they
are used.
\vskip1ex\noindent
Example:
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
namespace Ewoms {
namespace Properties {
NEW_PROP_TAG(MyPropertyTag);
}}
\end{lstlisting}
\subsection*{Defining properties}
The value of a property on a given node of the type tag hierarchy is
defined using
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
SET_PROP(TypeTagName, PropertyTagName)
{
// arbitrary body of a struct
};
\end{lstlisting}
For each program, a property itself can be declared at most once,
although properties may be overwritten for derived type tags.
Also, the following convenience macros are available to define simple
properties:
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
SET_TYPE_PROP(TypeTagName, PropertyTagName, type);
SET_BOOL_PROP(TypeTagName, PropertyTagName, booleanValue);
SET_INT_PROP(TypeTagName, PropertyTagName, integerValue);
SET_SCALAR_PROP(TypeTagName, PropertyTagName, floatingPointValue);
\end{lstlisting}
\vskip1ex\noindent
Example:
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
namespace Ewoms {
namespace Properties {
NEW_TYPE_TAG(MyTypeTag);
NEW_PROP_TAG(MyCustomProperty);
NEW_PROP_TAG(MyType);
NEW_PROP_TAG(MyBoolValue);
NEW_PROP_TAG(MyIntValue);
NEW_PROP_TAG(MyScalarValue);
SET_PROP(MyTypeTag, MyCustomProperty)
{
static void print() { std::cout << "Hello, World!\n"; }
};
SET_TYPE_PROP(MyTypeTag, MyType, unsigned int);
SET_BOOL_PROP(MyTypeTag, MyBoolValue, true);
SET_INT_PROP(MyTypeTag, MyIntValue, 12345);
SET_SCALAR_PROP(MyTypeTag, MyScalarValue, 12345.67890);
}}
\end{lstlisting}
\subsection*{Un-setting properties}
Sometimes some inherited properties do not make sense for a certain
node in the type tag hierarchy. These properties can be explicitly
un-set using
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
UNSET_PROP(TypeTagName, PropertyTagName);
\end{lstlisting}
The un-set property can not be set for the same type tag, but of
course derived type tags may set it again.
\vskip1ex\noindent
Example:
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
namespace Ewoms {
namespace Properties {
NEW_TYPE_TAG(BaseTypeTag);
NEW_TYPE_TAG(DerivedTypeTag, INHERITS_FROM(BaseTypeTag));
NEW_PROP_TAG(TestProp);
SET_TYPE_PROP(BaseTypeTag, TestProp, int);
UNSET_PROP(DerivedTypeTag, TestProp);
// trying to access the 'TestProp' property for 'DerivedTypeTag'
// will trigger a compiler error!
}}
\end{lstlisting}
\subsection*{Converting type tag names to \Cplusplus types}
For the \Cplusplus compiler, type tags are like ordinary types. Both
can thus be used as template arguments. To convert a type tag name
into the corresponding type, the macro \texttt{TTAG(TypeTagName)}
ought to be used.
\subsection*{Retrieving property values}
The value of a property can be retrieved using
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
GET_PROP(TypeTag, PropertyTag)
\end{lstlisting}
or using the convenience macros
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, PropertyTag)
GET_PROP_VALUE(TypeTag, PropertyTag)
\end{lstlisting}
\vskip1ex
\noindent
The first convenience macro retrieves the type defined using
\texttt{SET\_TYPE\_PROP} and is equivalent to
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
GET_PROP(TypeTag, PropertyTag)::type
\end{lstlisting}
while the second convenience macro retrieves the value of any property
defined using one of the macros \texttt{SET\_}$\{$\texttt{INT,BOOL,SCALAR}$\}$\texttt{\_PROP} and is
equivalent to
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
GET_PROP(TypeTag, PropertyTag)::value
\end{lstlisting}
\vskip1ex\noindent
Example:\nolinebreak
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
template <TypeTag>
class MyClass {
// retrieve the ::value attribute of the 'NumEq' property
enum { numEq = GET_PROP(TypeTag, NumEq)::value };
// retrieve the ::value attribute of the 'NumPhases' property using the convenience macro
enum { numPhases = GET_PROP_VALUE(TypeTag, NumPhases) };
// retrieve the ::type attribute of the 'Scalar' property
typedef typename GET_PROP(TypeTag, Scalar)::type Scalar;
// retrieve the ::type attribute of the 'Vector' property using the convenience macro
typedef typename GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, Vector) Vector;
};
\end{lstlisting}
\subsection*{Nesting property definitions}
Inside property definitions there is access to all other properties
which are defined somewhere on the type tag hierarchy. The node for
which the current property is requested is available via the keyword
\texttt{TypeTag}. Inside property class bodies this can be used to
retrieve other properties using the \texttt{GET\_PROP} macros.
\vskip1ex\noindent
Example:
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
SET_PROP(MyModelTypeTag, Vector)
{
private: typedef typename GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, Scalar) Scalar;
public: typedef std::vector<Scalar> type;
};
\end{lstlisting}
\section{A self-contained example}
As a concrete example, let us consider some kinds of cars: Compact
cars, sedans, trucks, pickups, military tanks and the Hummer-H1 sports
utility vehicle. Since all these cars share some characteristics, it
makes sense to inherit those from the closest matching car type and
only specify the properties which are different. Thus, an inheritance
diagram for the car types above might look like outlined in Figure
\ref{fig:car-hierarchy}.
\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\subfloat[]{
\includegraphics[width=.6\textwidth]{EPS/car-hierarchy.eps}
\label{fig:car-hierarchy}
}
\subfloat[]{
\includegraphics[width=.35\linewidth, keepaspectratio]{EPS/car-propertynames.eps}
\label{fig:car-propertynames}
}
\caption{\textbf{(a)}~A possible property inheritance graph for
various kinds of cars. The lower nodes inherit from higher ones;
Inherited properties from nodes on the right take precedence over the
properties defined on the left. \textbf{(b)}~Property names
which make sense for at least one of the car types of (a).}
\end{figure}
Using the \eWoms property system, this inheritance hierarchy is
defined by:
\begin{lstlisting}[name=propsyscars,style=eWomsCode]
#include <ewoms/common/propertysystem.hh>
#include <iostream>
namespace Ewoms {
namespace Properties {
NEW_TYPE_TAG(CompactCar);
NEW_TYPE_TAG(Truck);
NEW_TYPE_TAG(Tank);
NEW_TYPE_TAG(Sedan, INHERITS_FROM(CompactCar));
NEW_TYPE_TAG(Pickup, INHERITS_FROM(Sedan, Truck));
NEW_TYPE_TAG(HummerH1, INHERITS_FROM(Pickup, Tank));
\end{lstlisting}
Figure \ref{fig:car-propertynames} lists a few property names which
make sense for at least one of the nodes of Figure
\ref{fig:car-hierarchy}. These property names can be declared as
follows:
\begin{lstlisting}[name=propsyscars,style=eWomsCode]
NEW_PROP_TAG(TopSpeed); // [km/h]
NEW_PROP_TAG(NumSeats); // []
NEW_PROP_TAG(CanonCaliber); // [mm]
NEW_PROP_TAG(GasUsage); // [l/100km]
NEW_PROP_TAG(AutomaticTransmission); // true/false
NEW_PROP_TAG(Payload); // [t]
\end{lstlisting}
\noindent
So far, the inheritance hierarchy and the property names are completely
separate. What is missing is setting some values for the property
names on specific nodes of the inheritance hierarchy. Let us assume
the following:
\begin{itemize}
\item For a compact car, the top speed is the gas usage in $\unitfrac{l}{100km}$
times $30$, the number of seats is $5$ and the gas usage is
$\unitfrac[4]{l}{100km}$.
\item A truck is by law limited to $\unitfrac[100]{km}{h}$ top speed, the number
of seats is $2$, it uses $\unitfrac[18]{l}{100km}$ and has a cargo payload of
$\unit[35]{t}$.
\item A tank exhibits a top speed of $\unitfrac[60]{km}{h}$, uses $\unitfrac[65]{l}{100km}$
and features a $\unit[120]{mm}$ diameter canon
\item A sedan has a gas usage of $\unitfrac[7]{l}{100km}$, as well as an automatic
transmission, in every other aspect it is like a compact car.
\item A pick-up truck has a top speed of $\unitfrac[120]{km}{h}$ and a payload of
$\unit[5]{t}$. In every other aspect it is like a sedan or a truck but if in
doubt, it is more like a truck.
\item The Hummer-H1 SUV exhibits the same top speed as a pick-up
truck. In all other aspects it is similar to a pickup and a tank,
but, if in doubt, more like a tank.
\end{itemize}
\noindent
Using the \eWoms property system, these assumptions are formulated
using
\begin{lstlisting}[name=propsyscars,style=eWomsCode]
SET_INT_PROP(CompactCar, TopSpeed, GET_PROP_VALUE(TypeTag, GasUsage) * 30);
SET_INT_PROP(CompactCar, NumSeats, 5);
SET_INT_PROP(CompactCar, GasUsage, 4);
SET_INT_PROP(Truck, TopSpeed, 100);
SET_INT_PROP(Truck, NumSeats, 2);
SET_INT_PROP(Truck, GasUsage, 18);
SET_INT_PROP(Truck, Payload, 35);
SET_INT_PROP(Tank, TopSpeed, 60);
SET_INT_PROP(Tank, GasUsage, 65);
SET_INT_PROP(Tank, CanonCaliber, 120);
SET_INT_PROP(Sedan, GasUsage, 7);
SET_BOOL_PROP(Sedan, AutomaticTransmission, true);
SET_INT_PROP(Pickup, TopSpeed, 120);
SET_INT_PROP(Pickup, Payload, 5);
SET_INT_PROP(HummerH1, TopSpeed, GET_PROP_VALUE(TTAG(Pickup), TopSpeed));
\end{lstlisting}
\noindent
At this point, the Hummer-H1 has a $\unit[120]{mm}$ canon which it inherited
from its military ancestor. It can be removed by
\begin{lstlisting}[name=propsyscars,style=eWomsCode]
UNSET_PROP(HummerH1, CanonCaliber);
}} // close namespaces
\end{lstlisting}
\noindent
Now property values can be retrieved and some diagnostic messages can
be generated. For example
\begin{lstlisting}[name=propsyscars,style=eWomsCode]
int main()
{
std::cout << "top speed of sedan: " << GET_PROP_VALUE(TTAG(Sedan), TopSpeed) << "\n";
std::cout << "top speed of truck: " << GET_PROP_VALUE(TTAG(Truck), TopSpeed) << "\n";
std::cout << PROP_DIAGNOSTIC(TTAG(Sedan), TopSpeed);
std::cout << PROP_DIAGNOSTIC(TTAG(HummerH1), CanonCaliber);
Ewoms::Properties::print<TTAG(Sedan)>();
}
\end{lstlisting}
will yield the following output:
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
top speed of sedan: 210
top speed of truck: 100
Properties for Sedan:
bool AutomaticTransmission = 'true' defined at test_propertysystem.cc:68
int GasUsage = '7' defined at test_propertysystem.cc:67
Inherited from CompactCar:
int NumSeats = '5' defined at test_propertysystem.cc:55
int TopSpeed = '::Ewoms::Properties::GetProperty<TypeTag, ::Ewoms::Properties::PTag::GasUsage>::p::value * 30' defined at test_propertysystem.cc:54
\end{lstlisting}
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\section{Installation of \eWoms} \label{quick-install}
This section describes a way of installing \eWoms that works in most
cases, but depending on your operating system of choice, \Cplusplus
compiler and features which you need, some tweaks are possibly
required. As a pre-requisite it is assumed, that you are using a
recent Linux distribution that has the appropriate development
packages (\Cplusplus compiler, autoconf, automake, libtool and
pkg-config amongst possibly others) installed, but that you did not
install \Dune via distribution provided packages. If you need more
information, or if you have \Dune already installed, please have a
look at the detailed installation instructions in Section
\ref{install}.
\subsection{Retrieving the code}
You can retrieve all required \Dune modules by either downloading and
unpacking the tarballs for the \Dune-2.2 release followed by
downloading and unpacking the tarball for the \eWoms 2.2 release, or
by retrieving the code directly from their respective source-code
repositories. If you decide to use the first method, make sure to
unpack all tarballs into the same directory; if you prefer the second
method, make sure that you have the \texttt{git} version control
system with the SVN plug-in installed on your computer and enter the
following code snippet into a terminal:
\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
cd $YOUR_DUNE_ROOT_DIRECTORY
for DUNE_MODULE in common geometry grid istl localfunctions; do \
git svn clone https://svn.dune-project.org/svn/dune-$DUNE_MODULE/branches/release-2.2 $DUNE_MODULE \
done
git clone --branch "release-2.2" git://github.com/OPM/ewoms.git
\end{lstlisting}
%$
\subsection{Building \Dune and \eWoms}
\label{buildIt}
\eWoms is a \Dune module and is recommended to build it using the \Dune
build system~\cite{DUNE-BS}. To simplify things, \eWoms ships with a
few option files for \Dune's build script, \texttt{dunecontrol}. If
you are using \eWoms the first time, we recommend to use the options
optimized for the debugging experience, \texttt{debug.opts}:
\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
cd $YOUR_DUNE_ROOT_DIRECTORY
./dune-common/bin/dunecontrol --opts=ewoms/debug.opts all
\end{lstlisting}
%$
Once you have finished developing and testing your own code on
small-scale problems, re-compile everything with compiler
optimizations enabled before a production run in order to speed things
up by a factor of approximately 10:
\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
cd $YOUR_DUNE_ROOT_DIRECTORY
./dune-common/bin/dunecontrol --opts=ewoms/optim.opts all
\end{lstlisting}
%$
Sometimes it is necessary to have additional options which might be
specific to the operating system of your choice, or if you have
special requirements. For this reason, the option files mentioned
above should be rather understood as a starting point for your own
option files than as something fixed; feel free to copy and modify
them. To avoid confusion, it is helpful to rename your
customized option files, though.
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\section[Quick start guide]{Compiling and running a sample application}
\label{quick-start-guide}
The previous section showed how to install and compile \eWoms. This
chapter gives you a very brief introduction how to run a first test
application and how to visualize the output files it produces. Only the
rough steps will be described here; More detailed explanations can be
found in the tutorials in the following chapter.
\begin{enumerate}
\item Go to the directory \texttt{test}. There, various test
application folders can be found. Let us consider as example
the one for the fully-implicit models, \texttt{boxmodels}:
\item Enter the folder \texttt{boxmodels}.
\item By default, the \texttt{dunecontrol} command only compiles the
parts of \Dune modules that are necessary to build modules depending
on the given module. For \eWoms, \texttt{dunecontrol} does not build
anything by default, because \eWoms only provides \Cplusplus
template classes but no libraries that need compilation. To compile
the test simulation for the "lens" problem which uses the fully-implicit
model that assumes immisciblility, enter
\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
make lens_immiscible
\end{lstlisting}
You may also compile all available tests which use the box scheme by entering
\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
make check
\end{lstlisting}
This takes quite some time, but if you have a multi-core processor
with \$N cores, you can considerably speed up compilation by using all
of available cores by using
\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
make -j $N check
\end{lstlisting}
%$
\item If everything was compiled correctly, there should be an
executable called '\texttt{lens{\_}immiscible}'. To run the simulation,
simply execute it, i.e. enter
\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
./lens_immiscible
\end{lstlisting}
You may also want to change some parameters from the command line. For
example, if you want to change the time up to which the problem is
simulated to $30.000$ seconds, use
\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
./lens_immiscible --end-time=30e3
\end{lstlisting}
You can also get a list of parameters recognized by the
simulation together with a brief description, by running
\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
./lens_immiscible --help
\end{lstlisting}
\item After this, the simulation should start and produce some output
on the terminal. It is possible to interrupt it at any time by
pressing \texttt{<Ctrl>+<C>}.
\item The actual output files produced by the simulation are a series
of \texttt{.vtu} files and a \texttt{.pvd} file. Each \texttt{.vtu}
file contains "visualization ready" data for a single time step,
while the \texttt{.pvd} file "stitches" these files together into a
coherent data set. For example, the \texttt{.pvd} holds the
simulation time at which a given time step was produced, that can
later be used for visualization.
\item You can now display the result of the simulation using the
visualization tool ParaView (or, if you prefer, VisIt). Just type
\texttt{paraview} in the console and open the \texttt{.pvd} file. On
the left hand side, you should now be able to click the green
``Apply'' button. Once you have done this, the visualization of the
simulation result appears on the screen and you can click the
``play'' button in the toolbar to view display its evolution over
time. Also note that you can choose the visualized quantity
in the toolbar. For the lens problem, the most interesting quantities
are probably the saturations.
\item Play a bit around to make your self familiar with the
visualization tool of your choice as you will be using it a lot.
\end{enumerate}
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\chapter{Directory structure}
We briefly describe the directory structure of \eWoms in terms
of subdirectories, source files, and tests. For more details,
the Doxygen documentation should be considered.
\eWoms comes in form of a DUNE module \texttt{ewoms}.
It has a similar structure as other DUNE modules like \texttt{dune-grid}.
The following subdirectories are within the module's root directory,
from now on assumed to be \texttt{/}:
\begin{itemize}
\item \texttt{CMake}: the configuration options
for building \eWoms using CMake. See the file \texttt{INSTALL.cmake} in
the root directory of the \eWoms distribution for details. Of course,
it is also possible to use the DUNE buildsystem just like for the other
DUNE modules.
\item \texttt{doc}: contains the Doxygen documentation in \texttt{doxygen},
this handbook in \texttt{handbook}, and the \eWoms logo in various formats in
\texttt{logo}. The html documentation produced by Doxygen can be accessed as usual,
namely, by opening \texttt{doc/doxygen/html/index.html} with a web browser.
\item \texttt{ewoms}: the \eWoms source files. See Section \ref{sec:ewoms} for details.
\item \texttt{test}: tests for each numerical model and the property system.
See Section \ref{sec:test} for details.
\item \texttt{tutorial}: contains the tutorials described in Chapter \ref{chp:tutorial}.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{The \texttt{ewoms} directory}\label{sec:ewoms}
The directory \texttt{ewoms} contains the \eWoms source files. It consists of the following subdirectories (see Figure \ref{fig:ewoms-structure}):
\begin{itemize}
\item \texttt{boxmodels}: The fully implicit vertex-centered finite
volume (box) method. This directory features the following
sub-directories
\begin{itemize}
\item \texttt{common}: The infrastructural code shared by all box
models; For example it contains the file
\texttt{boxfvelementgeometry.hh} which is used by the box scheme to
construct the dual grid out of the primal one.
\item \texttt{modules}: This directory features parts which can be
re-used by multiple models, like a generic plug-in for the energy
equation, models for determining the filter velocity, or plugins
describing molecular diffusion.
\item Each of the other subdirectories contains
a physical numerical model which uses the box discretization.
\end{itemize}
\item \texttt{common}: General stuff like the \eWoms property system
and classes for managing time which are shared by the fully-implicit
and the semi-implicit models. For example it features the file
\texttt{start.hh} which provides the default way for starting a
simulation.
\item \texttt{io}: Additional classes that provide in-/output routines
like writing and reading restart files (often called 'checkpoint'
files) and for writing a series of VTK files.
\item \texttt{material}: Everything related to material parameters and
constitutive equations. For example, the properties of a pure
chemical substance (e.g. water) or pseudo substance (e.g. air) can
be found in the subdirectory \texttt{components} with the base class
\texttt{components/component.hh}. Fluid systems are located in the
sub-folder \texttt{fluidsystems}, while capillary pressure/relative
permeability laws are located in the sub-folder
\texttt{fluidmatrixinteractions}. Furthermore, the classes computing
binary coefficients like the Henry coefficient or binary diffusion
coefficients are held by the sub-folder \texttt{binarycoefficients}.
\item \texttt{nonlinear}: This folder contains an implementation of
the Newton-Raphson method for solving non-linear systems of
equations.
\item \texttt{linear}: This folder features code which is required to
parallelize the linear solvers, as well as back-ends for these
solvers. For example it contains classes to calculate an overlap
given the distributed matrix of the linear system, and provides
classes which use this overlap to provide overlapping matrices,
vectors, linear operators and scalar products.
\item \texttt{istl}: This folder contains a copy of slightly modified
linear solvers from the ISTL \Dune module. The reason why they where
copied is to provide linear solvers with better performance and
stability without being held back by the \Dune developers.
\item \texttt{parallel}: Contains some helper classes useful for
programming MPI parallel code. For example this folder contains a
simple MPI buffer class, and various commonly used \Dune
data-handles.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{The directory \texttt{test}}\label{sec:test}
The directory \texttt{test} contains at least one test/example for
each numerical model and for each important aspect of the common
\eWoms infrastructure. The directory \texttt{common} contains a test
for the property system. The sub-directory \texttt{implicit}
contains test applications for the fully-implicit models (where each
test is named according to the scheme \texttt{PROBLEMNAME\_MODDEL}).
Each subdirectory contains one or more program
files \texttt{*.cc} which contain the main function for the
test. Moreover, the problem definitions can be found in the
\texttt{*problem.hh} files. Simply executing the tests should either
run the full test or give a list of required command line
arguments. After test execution, VTK output files are generated by
most tests. For more detailed descriptions of the tests, the problem
definitions and their corresponding Doxygen documentation should be
considered.
\begin{landscape}
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth, keepaspectratio]{EPS/ewoms_structure.eps}
\caption{
\label{fig:ewoms-structure}
Structure \texttt{ewoms} sub-directory of the \eWoms source tree.
}
\end{figure}
\end{landscape}
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\section[New model]{How to implement a new model}
TODO: describe how to impelment a new model

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\chapter[Tutorial]{Tutorial}\label{chp:tutorial}
\eWoms provides two sorts of models: Models which use a fully-implicit
discretization in space and time and models that use a
semi-implicit space and an explicit time discretization.
Fully-implicit models as implemented by \eWoms describe the
conservation quantities of a flow system as a system of strongly
coupled partial differential equations which is directly using a
non-linear solver. Physically, these conservation quantities are mass,
momentum and energy; Although the momentum is usually not explicitly
conserved in the context of flow models for porous media.
In section \ref{box} a short introduction to the vertex centered
finite volume scheme (VCFV or box method) used by \eWoms as the
primary spatial discretization is given.
The purpose of this chapter is to introduce how flow problems can be
solved in \eWoms. Being a simple but representative case, an
isothermal two-phase problem (i.e. two fluid phases, one solid phase)
will be considered. The source code of these tutorials is shipped with
the \eWoms source package and can be found in the \texttt{tutorial}
directory.
\input{tutorial1}
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\section{Upfront considerations}
\label{tutorial1}
The process of setting up a problem using \eWoms can be roughly
divided into three parts:
\begin{enumerate}
\item A suitable model has to be chosen.
\item The geometry of the problem has to be defined and the suitable
grid has to be created.
\item Boundary and initial conditions and material properties have to
be specified.
\end{enumerate}
The physical set-up of the flow problem being solved in this tutorial
is illustrated in Figure \ref{tutorial1:problemfigure}: It
consists of a rectangular domain with no-flow boundary conditions on
the top and on the bottom of the domain, which is initially fully
saturated by a light oil. Water infiltrates from the left side and
replaces the oil. The effect of gravity is neglected.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\psfrag{x}{x}
\psfrag{y}{y}
\psfrag{no flow}{no flow}
\psfrag{water}{\textbf{water}}
\psfrag{oil}{\textcolor{white}{\textbf{oil}}}
\psfrag{p_w = 2 x 10^5 [Pa]}{$p_w = 2 \times 10^5$ [Pa]}
\psfrag{p_w_initial = 2 x 10^5 [Pa]}{\textcolor{white}{\textbf{$\mathbf{p_{w_{initial}} = 2 \times 10^5}$ [Pa]}}}
\psfrag{S_n = 0}{$S_n = 0$}
\psfrag{S_n_initial = 0}{\textcolor{white}{$\mathbf{S_{n_{initial}} = 1}$}}
\psfrag{q_w = 0 [kg/m^2s]}{$q_w = 0$ $\left[\frac{\textnormal{kg}}{\textnormal{m}^2 \textnormal{s}}\right]$}
\psfrag{q_n = -3 x 10^-4 [kg/m^2s]}{$q_n = 3 \times 10^{-2}$ $\left[\frac{\textnormal{kg}}{\textnormal{m}^2 \textnormal{s}}\right]$}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{EPS/tutorial-problemconfiguration}
\caption{Geometry of the tutorial problem with initial and boundary conditions.}\label{tutorial1:problemfigure}
\end{figure}
The solved equations are the mass balances of water and oil:
\begin{align}
\label{massbalancewater}
\frac {\partial (\phi \, S_{w}\, \varrho_{w})}{\partial t}
-
\nabla \cdot \left( \varrho_{w} \, \frac{k_{rw}}{\mu_{w}} \, \mathbf{K}\;\nabla p_w \right)
-
q_w
& =
0 \\
\label{massbalanceoil}
\frac {\partial (\phi \, S_{o}\, \varrho_{o})}{\partial t}
-
\nabla \cdot \left( \varrho_{o} \, \frac{k_{ro}}{\mu_{o}} \, \mathbf{K}\;\nabla p_o \right)
-
q_o
& =
0
\end{align}
\subsection{The main source file}
Listing \ref{tutorial1:mainfile} shows the main file
\texttt{tutorial/tutorial1.cc} for the tutorial problem using
a fully-implicit model that assumes immiscibility. This file has to be
compiled and executed in order to solve the problem described above.
\begin{lst}[File tutorial/tutorial1.cc]\label{tutorial1:mainfile} \mbox{}
\lstinputlisting[style=eWomsCode, numbersep=5pt, firstline=27, firstnumber=27]{../../tutorial/tutorial1.cc}
\end{lst}
In \eWoms, this file is usually quite short, as most of the work for
setting up the simulation is done by the generic startup routine
\texttt{Ewoms::start()}. The tasks left for the main source file are:
\begin{itemize}
\item Inclusion of the necessary header files from line
\ref{tutorial1:include-begin} to line
\ref{tutorial1:include-end}.
\item Specifying the type tag of the problem which is going to be
simulated at line \ref{tutorial1:set-type-tag}.
\item Starting the simulation using default \eWoms startup routine
\texttt{Ewoms::start()} on line \ref{tutorial1:call-start}.
\end{itemize}
The default \eWoms startup routine parses the command line arguments,
optionally reads a file which may specify further parameters, creates
the grid which represents the spatial domain, and then starts the
actual simulation. Parameters for the simulation, can be either
specified using command line arguments of the form
(\texttt{--parameter-name=value}), or in the file specified by the
\texttt{--parameter-file="file\_name"} argument. The list of all
parameters used by a simulation can be obtained by passing
\texttt{--help} to the executable on the command line.
\subsection{The problem file}
\begin{lst}[File tutorial/tutorial1problem.hh] \label{tutorial1:problemfile}\mbox{}
\lstinputlisting[style=eWomsCode, numbersep=5pt, firstline=28, firstnumber=28]{../../tutorial/tutorial1problem.hh}
\end{lst}
For using \eWoms, the central file is the \emph{problem file} as
shown in listing~\ref{tutorial1:problemfile}. This file is responsible
for specifying the physical setup of the problem which is to be
simulated. In this context, all problems first need to set up the
relevant properties for the \eWoms property system:
\begin{itemize}
\item First, a new type tag is created for the problem on line
\ref{tutorial1:create-type-tag}. In this case, the new type
tag inherits all properties from the \texttt{ImmiscibleTwoPhaseModel}
type tag, which means that for this problem the immiscible model
for two fluid phases is chosen as discretization scheme.
\item Next, the spatial discretization which ought to be used is
selected on line~\ref{tutorial1:include-discretization}. In this
case, the vertex-centered finite volume (VCFV) method is chosen.
\item On line \ref{tutorial1:set-problem}, the problem class is
specified for the new type tag, while the kind of grid that is to be
used is defined in line \ref{tutorial1:set-grid} -- in this case
it is \texttt{Dune::YaspGrid}.
\item Since \Dune does not provide a uniform mechanism to create or
load grids, \eWoms features the concept of grid managers. In this
case, the generic \texttt{CubeGridManager} is used. This grid
manager constructs a structured rectangular grid with a specified
size and resolution. For this grid manager, the physical domain of
the grid is specified via the run-time parameters
\texttt{DomainSizeX} and \texttt{DomainSizeY} and its resolution by
\texttt{CellsX} and \texttt{CellsY}. These parameters can be
specified via the command-line or in a parameter file, but the
problem file must define default values for them. Defining these
defaults is done on lines \ref{tutorial1:grid-default-params-begin}
to \ref{tutorial1:default-params-end}.
\end{itemize}
Next, an appropriate fluid system -- which specifies the thermodynamic
relations of the fluid phases -- has to be chosen. By default, the
immiscible model for two fluid phases uses
\texttt{\justifyNoHyphen{}Ewoms::Fluid\-Systems::TwoPImmiscible}. This
fluid system simplifies things considerably by assuming immiscibility
of the phases, but it requires to explicitly specify the fluids of the
wetting and non-wetting phases. In this case, liquid water based on
simple relations is selected as the wetting phase on line
\ref{tutorial1:wettingPhase} and a light liquid oil is chosen as the
non-wetting phase on line \ref{tutorial1:nonwettingPhase}. The next
property, which is set on line \ref{tutorial1:gravity}, tells the
model not to use gravity. This is then followed by the specification
default values for parameters specifying the temporal and spatial
simulation domain from line \ref{tutorial1:default-params-begin} to
line \ref{tutorial1:default-params-end}. The values of those can be
overwritten at run-time if desired.
Following the property definitions, is the problem class which
specifies the variable parameters of the physical set-up to be
simulated. Such parameters are, for example, boundary and initial
conditions, source terms and spatially dependent quantities like
temperature, porosity, intrinsic permeability and the parameters
required by the capillary pressure/relative permeability law within
the domain. Since there are quite a few methods necessary to fully
specify a problem, and it is often possible to specify meaningful
defaults, it is strongly recomended to derive the problem from the
class specified by the \texttt{BaseProblem} property as done on line
\ref{tutorial1:def-problem}\footnote{Technically, deriving the problem
from the \texttt{BaseProblem} is not required if it implements all
necessary methods. Do not complain if things explode in this case,
though.}.
For the isothermal multi-phase porous media model which assumes
immiscibility, the problem class provided by the user must implement
at least the following methods:
\begin{itemize}
\item \texttt{initial()} for specifying the initial condition within
the domain,
\item \texttt{source()} which defines the source term for each conservation quantity,
\item \texttt{boundary()} for the conditions at the spatial domain's
boundary,
\item \texttt{temperature()} which provides the temperature within the
spatial domain. Note, that if energy is conserved, this method is
not necessary. Instead, energy fluxes must be specified by the
\texttt{boundary()} and \texttt{source()} methods and an initial
temperature needs to be defined by the \texttt{initial()} method in
this case.
\item \texttt{intrinsicPermeability()} for returning the intrinsic
permeability matrix $\mathbf{K}$ in $[m^2]$ at a given location.
\item \texttt{porosity()} which specifies the ratio of pore space to
total volume of the medium at a given location.
\item \texttt{materialLawParams()} which defines the parameters for
the capillary pressure and relative permeability relations at a
given location.
\end{itemize}
All of these methods take a single template argument,
\texttt{Context}, and the three function arguments \texttt{context},
\texttt{spaceIdx} and \texttt{timeIdx}. Together, these form the
so-called \emph{execution context}. The execution context can be
thought of as a collection of all available information for a given
method. Thus, execution contexts a way to abstract away the
differences of discretization schemes. The following methods are
provided by all \texttt{context} objects:
\begin{itemize}
\item \texttt{pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx)}: This method returns the
relevant position of the execution context within the spatial
domain.
\item \texttt{globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx)}: Returns a global
index for the spatial degree of freedom which is associated to the
execution context. This index can be used to store spatially
dependent information in an array.
\item \texttt{element()}: Returns the \Dune grid element to which the
execution context applies.
\item \texttt{gridView()}: Returns the \Dune grid view of which the
element is part of.
\item \texttt{problem()}: Returns the \eWoms object which describes
the physical problem to be solved.
\item \texttt{model()}: Returns the \eWoms model which is used to simulate
the physical problem.
\end{itemize}
The execution contexts for the \texttt{source} and \texttt{boundary}
methods always provide the following methods in addition:
\begin{itemize}
\item \texttt{volVars(spaceIdx, timeIdx)}: The secondary variables
used by the model relevant for the execution context. These are
useful to specify solution dependent source and boundary terms.
\item \texttt{primaryVars(spaceIdx, timeIdx)}: The vector of primary
variables to which the model solves for.
\end{itemize}
Finally, the execution context for the \texttt{boundary} method
provides the methods \texttt{boundarySegmentArea(spaceIdx, timeIdx)},
and \texttt{normal(spaceIdx, timeIdx)}, which return the area of the
boundary segment and outer unit normal of the boundary segment.
When specifying the boundary conditions in the problem class, a small
safeguard value \texttt{eps\_} should usually be added when comparing
spatial coordinates. For the problem considered here, the left
boundary might not be detected if checking whether the first
coordinate of the global position is equal to zero, but it is detected
reliably by testing whether it is smaller than an
$\epsilon$-value. Also, the \texttt{bboxMax()} (``\textbf{max}imum
coordinate of the grid's \textbf{b}ounding \textbf{box}'') method is
used here to determine the extend of the physical domain. It returns a
vector with the maximum values on each axis of the grid. This method
and the analogous \texttt{bboxMin()} method are provided by the
problem's base class.
In addition to these methods, there might be some additional
model-specific methods.
\subsection{Defining fluid properties}
\label{tutorial1:description-fluid-class}
The \eWoms distribution includes representations of some common
substances which can be used out of the box. The properties of pure
substances (such as nitrogen, water, or the pseudo-component air) are
provided by header files located in the folder
\texttt{ewoms/material/components}.
When two or more substances are considered, interactions between these
become relevant and the properties of these mixtures of substances --
e.g. composition, density or enthalpy -- are required. In \eWoms, such
interactions are defined by {\em fluid systems}, which are located in
\texttt{ewoms/material/fluidsystems}. A more thorough overview of the
\eWoms fluid framework can be found in
chapter~\ref{sec:fluidframework}.
\subsection{Exercises}
\label{tutorial1:exercises}
The following exercises will give you the opportunity to learn how you
can change soil parameters, boundary conditions, run-time parameters
and fluid properties in \eWoms.
\subsubsection{Exercise 1}
\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\alph{enumi})}
For Exercise 1 you have to modify the tutorial files only sightly, or
even not at all.
\begin{enumerate}
\item \textbf{Running the Program} \\
To get an impression what the results should look like, you can
first run the original version of the tutorial problem by entering
the directory into which you installed \eWoms, followed typing
\texttt{make tutorial1 \&\& ./bin/tutorial1}. Note, that the
time-step size is automatically adapted during the simulation. For
visualizing the results using the program \texttt{paraview}, please
refer to section \ref{quick-start-guide}.
\item \textbf{Changing the Model Domain} \\
Change the size of the model domain so that you get a rectangle with
edge lengths of $\text{x} = \unit[400]{m}$ and $\text{y} =
\unit[500]{m}$ and with discretization lengths of $\Delta \text{x} =
\unit[20]{m}$ and $\Delta \text{y} = \unit[20]{m}$. For this, you can
either change the properties defined between lines
\ref{tutorial1:default-params-begin} and
\ref{tutorial1:default-params-end}, or you may pass them as
command line parameters to the simulation when you run it.
If you chose to change the problem file, re-compile the simulation
by typing \texttt{make tutorial1} in the toplevel directory of your
\eWoms build directory. Note, that you do not have to recompile the
program if you use command line parameters. In both cases, don't
forget run the simulation before re-inspecting the results using
\texttt{paraview}.
\item \textbf{Boundary Conditions} \\
Change the boundary conditions in the problem file
\texttt{tutorial1problem.hh} so that water enters from the
bottom and oil is extracted from the top boundary. The right and the
left boundary should be closed for both, water and oil.
Note that in \eWoms, flux boundary conditions are specified as
fluxes of the conserved quantities into the direction of the outer
normal per area. This means a mass flux into the domain is negative,
a flux out of the domain is always positive. Re-compile the
simulation by typing \texttt{make tutorial1} and re-run it
as explained above.
\item \textbf{Changing the Spatial Discretization} \\
Change the spatial discretization used for this problem from the
vertex-centered finite element method (VCFV) to the element-centered
one (ECFV). For this, you need to change the file included on
line~\ref{tutorial1:include-discretization} and the definition of
the splice for the spatial discretization on
line~\ref{tutorial1:set-spatial-discretization}.
\item \textbf{Changing the Shape of the Discrete Elements} \\
In order to complete this exercise you need a \Dune grid manager
that is capable of handling simplex grids. By default, \Dune does
not include such a grid manager in its core modules, but the freely
available \texttt{ALUGrid}~\cite{ALUGRID-HP} can be used. If you do
not want to go through the trouble of installing this grid manager,
please skip this exercise.
Change the grid manager used by the problem to
\texttt{SimplexGridManager<TypeTag>} and the type of the grid to
\texttt{Dune::ALUSimplexGrid<2, 2>}. The grid manager is specified
on line \ref{tutorial1:set-grid-manager}, while the type of the
\Dune grid manager is set on line
\ref{tutorial1:set-grid}. You also need to change the include
statement of the grid manager from \texttt{cubegridmanager.hh} to
\texttt{simplexgridmanager.hh} on line
\ref{tutorial1:include-grid-manager} and the one for the grid
manager from \texttt{dune/grid/yaspgrid.hh} to
\texttt{dune/grid/alugrid.hh} on line \ref{tutorial1:include-grid-manager}.
The resulting grid can be examined by re-compiling and starting the
simulation, loading the result into \texttt{paraview}, and selecting
\texttt{Surface with Edges} instead of the default visualization
mode \texttt{Surface}.
\item \textbf{Changing Fluids} \\
In this exercise you will change the fluids used: Use DNAPL instead
of LNAPL and Brine instead of Water. This can be done by the
following steps:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Brine: Brine is thermodynamically very similar to pure water but
also includes a fixed amount of salt in the liquid phase. Hence,
the class \texttt{Ewoms::Brine} calls back to a class which
represents pure water. (This can be, for example
\texttt{Ewoms::H2O}, or \texttt{Ewoms::SimpleH2O}.) The class which
represents pure water is passed to \texttt{Ewoms::Brine} as the
second template argument after the data type for scalar values,
i.e. the full definition of the brine component is
\texttt{Ewoms::Brine<Scalar, Ewoms::H2O<Scalar> >}. The file which
defines the brine component is located in the folder
\texttt{ewoms/material/components/}. Include this file and select
use the brine component as the wetting phase.
\item DNAPL: Now let us use a component that represents an oil that
is heavier than water (in environmental engineering this class of
substances is often called \textbf{d}ense
\textbf{n}on-\textbf{a}queous \textbf{p}hase \textbf{l}iquid
(DNAPL)) which is also located in the folder
\texttt{ewoms/material/components/}. Include the correct file and
use the DNAPL component as the non-wetting phase.
\end{enumerate}
If you want to take a closer look on how the fluid classes are defined
and which substances are available in the \eWoms distribution, feel
free to browse through the files in the directory
\texttt{ewoms/material/components} and read
chapter~\ref{sec:fluidframework}.
\item \textbf{Use a Full-Fledged Fluid System} \\
In \eWoms, the canonical way to describe fluid mixtures is via
\emph{fluid systems}\footnote{For a thorough introduction into
fluid systems and the concepts related to it, see chapter
\ref{sec:fluidframework}}. In order to include a fluid system,
you first have to comment out lines
\ref{tutorial1:2p-system-start}
to \ref{tutorial1:2p-system-end} in the problem file.\\
Now include the file
\texttt{ewoms/material/fluidsystems/h2oairfluidsystem.hh}, and
instruct the model to use this fluid system by setting
the \texttt{FluidSystem} property via:\\
\begin{lstlisting}[style=eWomsCode]
SET_TYPE_PROP(Tutorial1Problem,
FluidSystem,
Ewoms::FluidSystems::H2OAir<typename GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, Scalar)>)
\end{lstlisting}
However, this is a rather complicated fluid system which considers all
fluid phases as a mixture of the components and also uses tabulated
components that need to be filled with values (i.e. some components
use tables to speed up expensive computations). The initialization of
the fluid system is normally done in the constructor of the problem by
calling \texttt{FluidSystem::init();}.
As water flow replacing a gas is much faster, simulate the problem
only until $2.000$ seconds is reached and start with a time step of
$1$ second.
Now, revert the changes made in this part of the exercise, as we will
continue to use immiscible phases from here on and hence do not need a
complex fluid system.
\item \textbf{Changing Constitutive Relations} \\
Instead of using a regularized Brooks-Corey law for the relative
permeability and for the capillary pressure saturation relationship,
use an linear material law which does not consider residual
saturation. The new material law should exhibit an entry pressure of
$p_e = 0.0\;\text{Pa}$ and maximal capillary pressure of
$p_{c_{max}} = 2000.0\;\text{Pa}$. To do that, you have to change
the material law property on line
\ref{tutorial1:eff2abs} as follows:
\begin{itemize}
\item First, switch to the linear material law. This can be achieved
by replacing \texttt{RegularizedBrooksCorey} in the private section
of the property definition by \texttt{LinearMaterial} and rename
\texttt{RawMaterialLaw} to \texttt{TwoPMaterialLaw}. Also remove the
line which contains the \texttt{EffToAbsLaw} typedef.
\item Then, adapt the necessary parameters of the linear law and the
respective \texttt{set}-functions can be found in the file
\texttt{ewoms/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/2p/linearmaterialparams.hh}.\\
Call the \texttt{set}-functions from the constructor of the problem.
\item Finally, re-compile and re-run the simulation. In order to
successfully compile the simulation, you also have to include the
header file which contains the linear material law. This header is
called \texttt{linearmaterial.hh} and is located in the same
directory as the header for the regularized Brooks-Corey law,
\texttt{regularizedbrookscorey.hh}.
\end{itemize}
\item \textbf{Heterogeneities} \\
Set up a model domain with the soil properties given in Figure
\ref{tutorial1:exercise1_d}. Adjust the boundary conditions
so that water is flowing from the left to the right of the domain again.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\psfrag{K1 =}{$\mathbf{K} = 10^{-8}\;\text{m}^2$}
\psfrag{phi1 =}{$\phi = 0.15$}
\psfrag{K2 =}{\textcolor{white}{$\mathbf{K} = 10^{-9}\;\text{m}^2$}}
\psfrag{phi2 =}{\textcolor{white}{$\phi = 0.3$}}
\psfrag{600 m}{$600 \;\text{m}$}
\psfrag{300 m}{$300 \;\text{m}$}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{EPS/exercise1_c.eps}
\caption{Exercise 1f: Set-up of a model domain with a heterogeneity. $\Delta x = 20 \;\text{m}$ $\Delta y = 20\;\text{m}$.}\label{tutorial1:exercise1_d}
\end{figure}
You can use the fluids of exercise 1b).
\textbf{Hint:} The relevant position in the domain can be obtained using
\texttt{const auto \&pos=context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx);}
When does the front cross the material border? In paraview, the
animation view (\emph{View} $\rightarrow$ \textit{Animation View})
is a convenient way to get a rough feeling of the time-step sizes.
\end{enumerate}
\subsubsection{Exercise 2}
For this exercise, first create a new problem file analogous to the
file \texttt{tutorial1problem.hh} (e.g. with the name
\texttt{ex2\_tutorial1problem.hh}. The new problem
file needs to be included in the file \texttt{tutorial1.cc}.
The new file should contain definitions of new classes with names that
relate to the file name, such as
\texttt{Ex2TutorialProblemCoupled}. Make sure that you also adjust the
guardian macros in lines \ref{tutorial1:guardian1} and
\ref{tutorial1:guardian1} in the header files (e.g. change
\mbox{\texttt{EWOMS\_TUTORIAL1PROBLEM\_HH}} to
\mbox{\texttt{EWOMS\_EX2\_TUTORIAL1PROBLEM\_HH}}). Include the
new problem file in \texttt{tutorial1.cc}. Besides adjusting
the guardian macros, the new problem file should define and use a new
type tag for the problem as well as a new problem class
e.g. \mbox{\texttt{Ex2TutorialProblemCoupled}}. The type tag for the
problem should be adjusted, too. For this, modify line
\ref{tutorial1:set-type-tag} in the problem file and the adapt
the \texttt{main} function in the file \texttt{tutorial1.cc}.
After this, change the domain parameters so that they match the domain
described by figure \ref{tutorial1:ex2_Domain}. Adapt the
problem class so that the boundary conditions are consistent with
figure \ref{tutorial1:ex2_BC}. Initially, the domain is fully
saturated with water and the pressure is $p_w = 5\cdot
10^5\;\text{Pa}$. Oil infiltrates from the left side. Create a grid
with $20$ cells in $x$-direction and $10$ cells in $y$-direction. The
simulation time should end at $10^6\;\text{s}$ with an initial time
step size of $100\;\text{s}$.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\psfrag{K1}{K $= 10^{-7}\;\text{m}^2$}
\psfrag{phi1}{$\phi = 0.2$}
\psfrag{Lin}{\textsc{Brooks}-\textsc{Corey} Law}
\psfrag{Lin2}{$\lambda = 1.8$, $p_e = 1000\;\text{Pa}$}
\psfrag{K2}{K $= 10^{-9}\;\text{m}^2$}
\psfrag{phi2}{$\phi = 0.15$}
\psfrag{BC1}{\textsc{Brooks}-\textsc{Corey} Law}
\psfrag{BC2}{$\lambda = 2$, $p_e = 1500\;\text{Pa}$}
\psfrag{H1y}{$50\;\text{m}$}
\psfrag{H2y}{$15\;\text{m}$}
\psfrag{H3y}{$20\;\text{m}$}
\psfrag{L1x}{$100\;\text{m}$}
\psfrag{L2x}{$50\;\text{m}$}
\psfrag{L3x}{$25\;\text{m}$}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{EPS/Ex2_Domain.eps}
\caption{Set-up of the model domain and the soil parameters}\label{tutorial1:ex2_Domain}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[ht]
\psfrag{pw}{$p_w = 5 \times 10^5\;\text{Pa}$}
\psfrag{S}{$S_n = 1.0$}
\psfrag{qw}{$q_w = 2 \times 10^{-4} \;\text{kg}/\text{m}^2\text{s}$}
\psfrag{qo}{$q_n = 0.0 \;\text{kg}/\text{m}^2\text{s}$}
\psfrag{no flow}{no flow}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth,keepaspectratio]{EPS/Ex2_Boundary.eps}
\caption{Boundary Conditions}\label{tutorial1:ex2_BC}
\end{figure}
\begin{itemize}
\item Increase the simulation time to e.g. $4\times 10^7
\;\text{s}$. Investigate the saturation of the wetting phas: Is the
value range reasonable?
\item What happens if you use a grid with more cells in each direction?
\end{itemize}
\subsubsection{Exercise 3: Create a New Component}
Create a new file for the benzene component called \texttt{benzene.hh}
and implement a new component. (\textbf{Hint:} The easiest way to do
this is to copy and modify one of the existing components located in
the directory \texttt{ewoms/material/components}.) Use benzene as a
new non-wetting fluid and run the problem of Exercise 2 with water and
benzene. Benzene has a density of $889.51 \, \text{kg} / \text{m}^3$
and a viscosity of $0.00112 \, \text{Pa} \; \text{s}$.
\clearpage \newpage
%%% Local Variables:
%%% mode: latex
%%% TeX-master: "ewoms-handbook"
%%% End:

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
#include <dune/common/version.hh>
#include <dune/common/fvector.hh>
#include <dune/common/fmatrix.hh>
#include <algorithm>
#include <fstream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <memory>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
namespace Ewoms {
/*!
* \brief Reads in mesh files in the ART format.
*
* This file format is used to specify grids with fractures.
*/
struct Art2DGF
{
/*!
* \brief Create the Grid
*/
static void convert( const std::string& artFileName,
std::ostream& dgfFile,
const unsigned precision = 16 )
{
using Scalar = double;
using GlobalPosition = Dune::FieldVector< Scalar, 2 >;
enum ParseMode { Vertex, Edge, Element, Finished };
std::vector< std::pair<GlobalPosition, unsigned> > vertexPos;
std::vector<std::pair<unsigned, unsigned> > edges;
std::vector<std::pair<unsigned, unsigned> > fractureEdges;
std::vector<std::vector<unsigned> > elements;
std::ifstream inStream(artFileName);
if (!inStream.is_open()) {
throw std::runtime_error("File '"+artFileName
+"' does not exist or is not readable");
}
std::string curLine;
ParseMode curParseMode = Vertex;
while (inStream) {
std::getline(inStream, curLine);
// remove comments
auto commentPos = curLine.find("%");
if (commentPos != curLine.npos) {
curLine = curLine.substr(0, commentPos);
}
// remove leading whitespace
unsigned numLeadingSpaces = 0;
while (curLine.size() > numLeadingSpaces
&& std::isspace(curLine[numLeadingSpaces]))
++numLeadingSpaces;
curLine = curLine.substr(numLeadingSpaces,
curLine.size() - numLeadingSpaces);
// remove trailing whitespace
unsigned numTrailingSpaces = 0;
while (curLine.size() > numTrailingSpaces
&& std::isspace(curLine[curLine.size() - numTrailingSpaces]))
++numTrailingSpaces;
curLine = curLine.substr(0, curLine.size() - numTrailingSpaces);
// a section of the file is finished, go to the next one
if (curLine == "$") {
if (curParseMode == Vertex)
curParseMode = Edge;
else if (curParseMode == Edge)
curParseMode = Element;
else if (curParseMode == Element)
curParseMode = Finished;
continue;
}
// skip empty lines
if (curLine.empty())
continue;
if (curParseMode == Vertex) {
GlobalPosition coord;
std::istringstream iss(curLine);
// parse only the first two numbers as the vertex
// coordinate. the last number is the Z coordinate
// which we ignore (so far)
iss >> coord[0] >> coord[1];
vertexPos.push_back( std::make_pair( coord, 0 ) );
}
else if (curParseMode == Edge) {
// read an edge and update the fracture mapper
// read the data attached to the edge
std::istringstream iss(curLine);
int dataVal;
std::string tmp;
iss >> dataVal;
iss >> tmp;
assert(tmp == ":");
// read the vertex indices of an edge
std::vector<unsigned int> vertIndices;
while (iss) {
unsigned int tmp2;
iss >> tmp2;
if (!iss)
break;
vertIndices.push_back(tmp2);
assert(tmp2 < vertexPos.size());
}
// an edge always has two indices!
assert(vertIndices.size() == 2);
std::pair<unsigned, unsigned> edge(vertIndices[0], vertIndices[1]);
edges.push_back(edge);
// add the edge to the fracture mapper if it is a fracture
if (dataVal < 0) {
fractureEdges.push_back(edge);
vertexPos[ edge.first ].second = 1;
vertexPos[ edge.second ].second = 1;
}
}
else if (curParseMode == Element) {
// skip the data attached to an element
std::istringstream iss(curLine);
int dataVal;
std::string tmp;
iss >> dataVal;
iss >> tmp;
assert(tmp == ":");
// read the edge indices of an element
std::vector<unsigned> edgeIndices;
while (iss) {
unsigned tmp2;
iss >> tmp2;
if (!iss)
break;
edgeIndices.push_back(tmp2);
assert(tmp2 < edges.size());
}
// so far, we only support triangles
assert(edgeIndices.size() == 3);
// extract the vertex indices of the element
std::vector<unsigned> vertIndices;
for (unsigned i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
bool haveFirstVertex = false;
for (unsigned j = 0; j < vertIndices.size(); ++j) {
assert(edgeIndices[i] < edges.size());
if (vertIndices[j] == edges[edgeIndices[i]].first) {
haveFirstVertex = true;
break;
}
}
if (!haveFirstVertex)
vertIndices.push_back(edges[edgeIndices[i]].first);
bool haveSecondVertex = false;
for (unsigned j = 0; j < vertIndices.size(); ++j) {
assert(edgeIndices[i] < edges.size());
if (vertIndices[j] == edges[edgeIndices[i]].second) {
haveSecondVertex = true;
break;
}
}
if (!haveSecondVertex)
vertIndices.push_back(edges[edgeIndices[i]].second);
}
// check whether the element's vertices are given in
// mathematically positive direction. if not, swap the
// first two.
Dune::FieldMatrix<Scalar, 2, 2> mat;
mat[0] = vertexPos[vertIndices[1]].first;
mat[0] -= vertexPos[vertIndices[0]].first;
mat[1] = vertexPos[vertIndices[2]].first;
mat[1] -= vertexPos[vertIndices[0]].first;
assert(std::abs(mat.determinant()) > 1e-50);
if (mat.determinant() < 0)
std::swap(vertIndices[2], vertIndices[1]);
elements.push_back( vertIndices );
}
else if (curParseMode == Finished) {
assert(curLine.size() == 0);
}
}
dgfFile << "DGF" << std::endl << std::endl;
dgfFile << "GridParameter" << std::endl
<< "overlap 1" << std::endl
<< "closure green" << std::endl
<< "#" << std::endl << std::endl;
dgfFile << "Vertex" << std::endl;
const bool hasFractures = fractureEdges.size() > 0;
if( hasFractures )
{
dgfFile << "parameters 1" << std::endl;
}
dgfFile << std::scientific;
dgfFile.precision( precision );
const size_t vxSize = vertexPos.size();
for( size_t i=0; i<vxSize; ++i)
{
dgfFile << vertexPos[ i ].first;
if( hasFractures )
{
dgfFile << " " << vertexPos[ i ].second;
}
dgfFile << std::endl;
}
dgfFile << "#" << std::endl << std::endl;
dgfFile << "Simplex" << std::endl;
const size_t elSize = elements.size();
for( size_t i=0; i<elSize; ++i )
{
const size_t elVx = elements[ i ].size();
for( size_t j=0; j<elVx; ++j )
dgfFile << elements[ i ][ j ] << " ";
dgfFile << std::endl;
}
dgfFile << "#" << std::endl << std::endl;
dgfFile << "BoundaryDomain" << std::endl;
dgfFile << "default 1" << std::endl;
dgfFile << "#" << std::endl << std::endl;
dgfFile << "#" << std::endl;
}
};
} // namespace Ewoms
int main( int argc, char** argv )
{
if (argc != 2) {
std::cout << "Converts a grid file from the ART file format to DGF (Dune grid format)\n"
<< "\n"
<< "Usage: " << argv[0] << " ART_FILENAME\n"
<< "\n"
<< "The result will be written to the file $ART_FILENAME.dgf\n";
return 1;
}
std::string filename( argv[ 1 ] );
std::string dgfname( filename );
dgfname += ".dgf";
std::cout << "Converting ART file \"" << filename << "\" to DGF file \"" << dgfname << "\"\n";
std::ofstream dgfFile( dgfname );
Ewoms::Art2DGF::convert( filename, dgfFile );
return 0;
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Box problem with two phases and multiple components.
* Solved with a PTFlash two phase solver.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include "problems/co2ptflashproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
namespace TTag {
struct CO2PTEcfvProblem {
using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<CO2PTBaseProblem, FlashModel>;
};
}
template <class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::CO2PTEcfvProblem>
{
using type = TTag::EcfvDiscretization;
};
template <class TypeTag>
struct LocalLinearizerSplice<TypeTag, TTag::CO2PTEcfvProblem>
{
using type = TTag::AutoDiffLocalLinearizer;
};
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using EcfvProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::CO2PTEcfvProblem;
return Opm::start<EcfvProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the isothermal compositional model based on flash
* calculations.
*/
#include "config.h"
#if HAVE_QUAD
#include <opm/material/common/quad.hpp>
#endif
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/flash/flashmodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/ecfv/ecfvdiscretization.hh>
#include "problems/co2injectionflash.hh"
#include "problems/co2injectionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct Co2InjectionFlashEcfvProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<Co2InjectionBaseProblem, FlashModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionFlashEcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::EcfvDiscretization; };
// use automatic differentiation for this simulator
template<class TypeTag>
struct LocalLinearizerSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionFlashEcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::AutoDiffLocalLinearizer; };
// use the flash solver adapted to the CO2 injection problem
template<class TypeTag>
struct FlashSolver<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionFlashEcfvProblem>
{ using type = Opm::Co2InjectionFlash<GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>,
GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>>; };
// the flash model has serious problems with the numerical
// precision. if quadruple precision math is available, we use it,
// else we increase the tolerance of the Newton solver
#if HAVE_QUAD
template<class TypeTag>
struct Scalar<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionFlashEcfvProblem>
{ using type = quad; };
#endif
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using EcfvProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::Co2InjectionFlashEcfvProblem;
#if ! HAVE_QUAD
Opm::Co2InjectionTolerance = 1e-5;
#endif
return Opm::start<EcfvProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the non-isothermal compositional model based on flash
* calculations.
*/
#include "config.h"
// this must be included before the vanguard
#include <opm/material/common/quad.hpp>
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/flash/flashmodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/ecfv/ecfvdiscretization.hh>
#include "problems/co2injectionflash.hh"
#include "problems/co2injectionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct Co2InjectionFlashNiEcfvProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<Co2InjectionBaseProblem, FlashModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionFlashNiEcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::EcfvDiscretization; };
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableEnergy<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionFlashNiEcfvProblem>
{ static constexpr bool value = true; };
//! Use automatic differentiation to linearize the system of PDEs
template<class TypeTag>
struct LocalLinearizerSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionFlashNiEcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::AutoDiffLocalLinearizer; };
// use the CO2 injection problem adapted flash solver
template<class TypeTag>
struct FlashSolver<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionFlashNiEcfvProblem>
{ using type = Opm::Co2InjectionFlash<GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>,
GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>>; };
// the flash model has serious problems with the numerical
// precision. if quadruple precision math is available, we use it,
// else we increase the tolerance of the Newton solver
#if HAVE_QUAD
template<class TypeTag>
struct Scalar<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionFlashNiEcfvProblem>
{ using type = quad; };
#endif
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using EcfvProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::Co2InjectionFlashNiEcfvProblem;
#if ! HAVE_QUAD
Opm::Co2InjectionTolerance = 1e-5;
#endif
return Opm::start<EcfvProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the non-isothermal compositional model based on flash
* calculations.
*/
#include "config.h"
// this must be included before the vanguard
#include <opm/material/common/quad.hpp>
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/flash/flashmodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/vcfv/vcfvdiscretization.hh>
#include "problems/co2injectionflash.hh"
#include "problems/co2injectionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct Co2InjectionFlashNiVcfvProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<Co2InjectionBaseProblem, FlashModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionFlashNiVcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::VcfvDiscretization; };
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableEnergy<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionFlashNiVcfvProblem>
{ static constexpr bool value = true; };
// use the CO2 injection problem adapted flash solver
template<class TypeTag>
struct FlashSolver<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionFlashNiVcfvProblem>
{ using type = Opm::Co2InjectionFlash<GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>,
GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>>; };
// the flash model has serious problems with the numerical
// precision. if quadruple precision math is available, we use it,
// else we increase the tolerance of the Newton solver
#if HAVE_QUAD
template<class TypeTag>
struct Scalar<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionFlashNiVcfvProblem>
{ using type = quad; };
#endif
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using VcfvProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::Co2InjectionFlashNiVcfvProblem;
#if ! HAVE_QUAD
Opm::Co2InjectionTolerance = 1e-5;
#endif
return Opm::start<VcfvProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the isothermal compositional model based on flash
* calculations.
*/
#include "config.h"
#if HAVE_QUAD
#include <opm/material/common/quad.hpp>
#endif
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/flash/flashmodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/vcfv/vcfvdiscretization.hh>
#include "problems/co2injectionflash.hh"
#include "problems/co2injectionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct Co2InjectionFlashVcfvProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<Co2InjectionBaseProblem, FlashModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionFlashVcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::VcfvDiscretization; };
// use the flash solver adapted to the CO2 injection problem
template<class TypeTag>
struct FlashSolver<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionFlashVcfvProblem>
{ using type = Opm::Co2InjectionFlash<GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>,
GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>>; };
// the flash model has serious problems with the numerical
// precision. if quadruple precision math is available, we use it,
// else we increase the tolerance of the Newton solver
#if HAVE_QUAD
template<class TypeTag>
struct Scalar<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionFlashVcfvProblem>
{ using type = quad; };
#endif
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using VcfvProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::Co2InjectionFlashVcfvProblem;
#if ! HAVE_QUAD
Opm::Co2InjectionTolerance = 1e-5;
#endif
return Opm::start<VcfvProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the isothermal immiscible model using the CO2 injection
* example problem
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/immiscible/immisciblemodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/ecfv/ecfvdiscretization.hh>
#include "problems/co2injectionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
namespace TTag {
struct Co2InjectionImmiscibleEcfvProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<Co2InjectionBaseProblem, ImmiscibleModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionImmiscibleEcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::EcfvDiscretization; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
////////////////////////
// the main function
////////////////////////
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using EcfvProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::Co2InjectionImmiscibleEcfvProblem;
return Opm::start<EcfvProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Simulation of the injection problem using the VCVF discretization
* assuming immisicibility and with energy enabled.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/immiscible/immisciblemodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/ecfv/ecfvdiscretization.hh>
#include "problems/co2injectionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct Co2InjectionImmiscibleNiEcfvProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<Co2InjectionBaseProblem, ImmiscibleModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionImmiscibleNiEcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::EcfvDiscretization; };
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableEnergy<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionImmiscibleNiEcfvProblem>
{ static constexpr bool value = true; };
//! Use automatic differentiation to linearize the system of PDEs
template<class TypeTag>
struct LocalLinearizerSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionImmiscibleNiEcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::AutoDiffLocalLinearizer; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
////////////////////////
// the main function
////////////////////////
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using EcfvProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::Co2InjectionImmiscibleNiEcfvProblem;
return Opm::start<EcfvProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Simulation of the injection problem using the VCVF discretization
* assuming immisicibility and with energy enabled.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/immiscible/immisciblemodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/vcfv/vcfvdiscretization.hh>
#include "problems/co2injectionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
namespace TTag {
struct Co2InjectionImmiscibleNiVcfvProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<Co2InjectionBaseProblem, ImmiscibleModel>; };
} // namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionImmiscibleNiVcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::VcfvDiscretization; };
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableEnergy<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionImmiscibleNiVcfvProblem>
{ static constexpr bool value = true; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
////////////////////////
// the main function
////////////////////////
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using VcfvProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::Co2InjectionImmiscibleNiVcfvProblem;
return Opm::start<VcfvProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the isothermal immiscible model using the CO2 injection
* example problem
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/immiscible/immisciblemodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/vcfv/vcfvdiscretization.hh>
#include "problems/co2injectionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
namespace TTag {
struct Co2InjectionImmiscibleVcfvProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<Co2InjectionBaseProblem, ImmiscibleModel>; };
} // namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionImmiscibleVcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::VcfvDiscretization; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
////////////////////////
// the main function
////////////////////////
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using VcfvProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::Co2InjectionImmiscibleVcfvProblem;
return Opm::start<VcfvProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the isothermal VCVF discretization based on non-linear
* complementarity problems.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/ncp/ncpmodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/ecfv/ecfvdiscretization.hh>
#include "problems/co2injectionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct Co2InjectionNcpEcfvProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<Co2InjectionBaseProblem, NcpModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionNcpEcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::EcfvDiscretization; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using EcfvProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::Co2InjectionNcpEcfvProblem;
return Opm::start<EcfvProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the non-isothermal VCVF discretization based on non-linear
* complementarity problems.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/ncp/ncpmodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/ecfv/ecfvdiscretization.hh>
#include "problems/co2injectionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct Co2InjectionNcpNiEcfvProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<Co2InjectionBaseProblem, NcpModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionNcpNiEcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::EcfvDiscretization; };
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableEnergy<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionNcpNiEcfvProblem>
{ static constexpr bool value = true; };
//! Use automatic differentiation to linearize the system of PDEs
template<class TypeTag>
struct LocalLinearizerSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionNcpNiEcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::AutoDiffLocalLinearizer; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using EcfvProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::Co2InjectionNcpNiEcfvProblem;
return Opm::start<EcfvProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the non-isothermal VCVF discretization based on non-linear
* complementarity problems.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/ncp/ncpmodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/vcfv/vcfvdiscretization.hh>
#include "problems/co2injectionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct Co2InjectionNcpNiVcfvProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<Co2InjectionBaseProblem, NcpModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionNcpNiVcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::VcfvDiscretization; };
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableEnergy<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionNcpNiVcfvProblem>
{ static constexpr bool value = true; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using VcfvProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::Co2InjectionNcpNiVcfvProblem;
return Opm::start<VcfvProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the isothermal VCVF discretization based on non-linear
* complementarity problems.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/ncp/ncpmodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/vcfv/vcfvdiscretization.hh>
#include "problems/co2injectionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct Co2InjectionNcpVcfvProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<Co2InjectionBaseProblem, NcpModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionNcpVcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::VcfvDiscretization; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using VcfvProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::Co2InjectionNcpVcfvProblem;
return Opm::start<VcfvProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the isothermal primary variable switching model
* using the ECVF discretization.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/pvs/pvsmodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/ecfv/ecfvdiscretization.hh>
#include "problems/co2injectionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct Co2InjectionPvsEcfvProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<Co2InjectionBaseProblem, PvsModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionPvsEcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::EcfvDiscretization; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using EcfvProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::Co2InjectionPvsEcfvProblem;
return Opm::start<EcfvProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the non-isothermal primary variable switching VCVF
* discretization.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/pvs/pvsmodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/ecfv/ecfvdiscretization.hh>
#include "problems/co2injectionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct Co2InjectionPvsNiEcfvProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<Co2InjectionBaseProblem, PvsModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionPvsNiEcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::EcfvDiscretization; };
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableEnergy<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionPvsNiEcfvProblem>
{ static constexpr bool value = true; };
//! Use automatic differentiation to linearize the system of PDEs
template<class TypeTag>
struct LocalLinearizerSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionPvsNiEcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::AutoDiffLocalLinearizer; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using EcfvProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::Co2InjectionPvsNiEcfvProblem;
return Opm::start<EcfvProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the non-isothermal primary variable switching model
* using the VCVF discretization.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/pvs/pvsmodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/vcfv/vcfvdiscretization.hh>
#include "problems/co2injectionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct Co2InjectionPvsNiVcfvProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<Co2InjectionBaseProblem, PvsModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionPvsNiVcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::VcfvDiscretization; };
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableEnergy<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionPvsNiVcfvProblem>
{ static constexpr bool value = true; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using VcfvProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::Co2InjectionPvsNiVcfvProblem;
return Opm::start<VcfvProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the isothermal primary variable switching model using the VCVF
* discretization.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/pvs/pvsmodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/vcfv/vcfvdiscretization.hh>
#include "problems/co2injectionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct Co2InjectionPvsVcfvProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<Co2InjectionBaseProblem, PvsModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionPvsVcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::VcfvDiscretization; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using VcfvProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::Co2InjectionPvsVcfvProblem;
return Opm::start<VcfvProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief test for the 3p3cni VCVF discretization
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/pvs/pvsmodel.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include "problems/cuvetteproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct CuvetteProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<CuvetteBaseProblem, PvsModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::CuvetteProblem;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the Forchheimer velocity model
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/flash/flashmodel.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include "problems/diffusionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct DiffusionProblem { using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<DiffusionBaseProblem, FlashModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::DiffusionProblem;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the Forchheimer velocity model
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/ncp/ncpmodel.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include "problems/diffusionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct DiffusionProblem { using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<DiffusionBaseProblem, NcpModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::DiffusionProblem;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the Forchheimer velocity model
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/pvs/pvsmodel.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include "problems/diffusionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct DiffusionProblem { using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<DiffusionBaseProblem, PvsModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::DiffusionProblem;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Problem featuring a saturation overshoot.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/immiscible/immisciblemodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/ecfv/ecfvdiscretization.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include "problems/fingerproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct FingerProblemEcfv { using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<FingerBaseProblem, ImmiscibleTwoPhaseModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::FingerProblemEcfv> { using type = TTag::EcfvDiscretization; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::FingerProblemEcfv;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Problem featuring a saturation overshoot.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/immiscible/immisciblemodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/vcfv/vcfvdiscretization.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include "problems/fingerproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct FingerProblemVcfv { using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<FingerBaseProblem, ImmiscibleTwoPhaseModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::FingerProblemVcfv> { using type = TTag::VcfvDiscretization; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::FingerProblemVcfv;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Two-phase problem test with fractures.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include "problems/fractureproblem.hh"
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::FractureProblem;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the immisicible VCVF discretization with only a single phase
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/immiscible/immisciblemodel.hh>
#include "problems/groundwaterproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct GroundWaterProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<GroundWaterBaseProblem, ImmiscibleSinglePhaseModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::GroundWaterProblem;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief test for the primary variable switching VCVF discretization
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/pvs/pvsmodel.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include "problems/infiltrationproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct InfiltrationProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<InfiltrationBaseProblem, PvsModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::InfiltrationProblem;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Two-phase test for the immiscible model which uses the element-centered finite
* volume discretization in conjunction with automatic differentiation
*/
#include "config.h"
#include "lens_immiscible_ecfv_ad.hh"
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::LensProblemEcfvAd;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Two-phase test for the immiscible model which uses the element-centered finite
* volume discretization in conjunction with automatic differentiation
*/
#ifndef EWOMS_LENS_IMMISCIBLE_ECFV_AD_HH
#define EWOMS_LENS_IMMISCIBLE_ECFV_AD_HH
#include <opm/models/immiscible/immisciblemodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/ecfv/ecfvdiscretization.hh>
#include "problems/lensproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct LensProblemEcfvAd { using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<LensBaseProblem, ImmiscibleTwoPhaseModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
// use the element centered finite volume spatial discretization
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::LensProblemEcfvAd> { using type = TTag::EcfvDiscretization; };
// use automatic differentiation for this simulator
template<class TypeTag>
struct LocalLinearizerSplice<TypeTag, TTag::LensProblemEcfvAd> { using type = TTag::AutoDiffLocalLinearizer; };
// this problem works fine if the linear solver uses single precision scalars
template<class TypeTag>
struct LinearSolverScalar<TypeTag, TTag::LensProblemEcfvAd> { using type = float; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
#endif // EWOMS_LENS_IMMISCIBLE_ECFV_AD_HH

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Two-phase test for the immiscible model which uses the element-centered finite
* volume discretization in conjunction with automatic differentiation
*/
#include "config.h"
#include "lens_immiscible_ecfv_ad.hh"
#include <dune/grid/geometrygrid.hh>
#include <dune/grid/io/file/dgfparser/dgfgeogrid.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Use Dune-grid's GeometryGrid< YaspGrid >
template<class TypeTag>
struct Grid <TypeTag, TTag::LensProblemEcfvAd>
{
template< class ctype, unsigned int dim, unsigned int dimworld >
class IdentityCoordFct
: public Dune::AnalyticalCoordFunction
< ctype, dim, dimworld, IdentityCoordFct< ctype, dim, dimworld > >
{
using This = IdentityCoordFct< ctype, dim, dimworld >;
using Base = Dune::AnalyticalCoordFunction< ctype, dim, dimworld, This >;
public:
using DomainVector = typename Base :: DomainVector;
using RangeVector = typename Base :: RangeVector ;
template< typename... Args >
IdentityCoordFct( Args&... )
{}
RangeVector operator()(const DomainVector& x) const
{
RangeVector y;
evaluate( x, y );
return y;
}
void evaluate( const DomainVector &x, RangeVector &y ) const
{
y = 0;
for( unsigned int i = 0; i<dim; ++i )
y[ i ] = x[ i ];
}
};
using MyYaspGrid = Dune::YaspGrid< 2 >;
public:
using type = Dune::GeometryGrid< MyYaspGrid,
IdentityCoordFct< typename MyYaspGrid::ctype,
MyYaspGrid::dimension,
MyYaspGrid::dimensionworld+1> >;
};
} // namespace Opm::Properties
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::LensProblemEcfvAd;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief This test is identical to the simulation of the lens problem that uses the
* element centered finite volume discretization in conjunction with automatic
* differentiation (lens_immiscible_ecfv_ad).
*
* The only difference is that it uses multiple compile units in order to ensure that
* eWoms code can be used within libraries that use the same type tag within multiple
* compile units. This file represents the first compile unit and just defines an startup
* function for the simulator.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include "lens_immiscible_ecfv_ad.hh"
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
// fake forward declaration to prevent esoteric compiler warning
int mainCU1(int argc, char **argv);
int mainCU1(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::LensProblemEcfvAd;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief This test is identical to the simulation of the lens problem that uses the
* element centered finite volume discretization in conjunction with automatic
* differentiation (lens_immiscible_ecfv_ad).
*
* The only difference is that it uses multiple compile units in order to ensure that
* eWoms code can be used within libraries that use the same type tag within multiple
* compile units. This file represents the second compile unit and just defines an
* startup function for the simulator.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include "lens_immiscible_ecfv_ad.hh"
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
// fake forward declaration to prevent esoteric compiler warning
int mainCU2(int argc, char **argv);
int mainCU2(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::LensProblemEcfvAd;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief This test is identical to the simulation of the lens problem that uses the
* element centered finite volume discretization in conjunction with automatic
* differentiation (lens_immiscible_ecfv_ad).
*
* The only difference is that it uses multiple compile units in order to ensure that
* eWoms code can be used within libraries that use the same type tag within multiple
* compile units. This file calls contains main() and just calls the main entry point
* defined by the first compile unit.
*/
int mainCU1(int argc, char **argv);
int mainCU2(int argc, char **argv);
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
return mainCU1(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Two-phase test for the immiscible model which uses the element-centered finite
* volume discretization with two-point-flux using the transmissibility module
* in conjunction with automatic differentiation
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/immiscible/immisciblemodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/ecfv/ecfvdiscretization.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include "problems/lensproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct LensProblemEcfvAdTrans { using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<LensBaseProblem, ImmiscibleTwoPhaseModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
// use automatic differentiation for this simulator
template<class TypeTag>
struct LocalLinearizerSplice<TypeTag, TTag::LensProblemEcfvAdTrans> { using type = TTag::AutoDiffLocalLinearizer; };
// use the element centered finite volume spatial discretization
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::LensProblemEcfvAdTrans> { using type = TTag::EcfvDiscretization; };
// Set the problem property
template <class TypeTag>
struct FluxModule<TypeTag, TTag::LensProblemEcfvAdTrans> {
using type = TransFluxModule<TypeTag>;
};
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::LensProblemEcfvAdTrans;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Two-phase test for the immiscible model which uses the
* vertex-centered finite volume discretization
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/immiscible/immisciblemodel.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include "problems/lensproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct LensProblemVcfvAd { using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<LensBaseProblem, ImmiscibleTwoPhaseModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
// use automatic differentiation for this simulator
template<class TypeTag>
struct LocalLinearizerSplice<TypeTag, TTag::LensProblemVcfvAd> { using type = TTag::AutoDiffLocalLinearizer; };
// use linear finite element gradients if dune-localfunctions is available
#if HAVE_DUNE_LOCALFUNCTIONS
template<class TypeTag>
struct UseP1FiniteElementGradients<TypeTag, TTag::LensProblemVcfvAd> { static constexpr bool value = true; };
#endif
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::LensProblemVcfvAd;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Two-phase test for the immiscible model which uses the
* vertex-centered finite volume discretization
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/immiscible/immisciblemodel.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include "problems/lensproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct LensProblemVcfvFd { using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<LensBaseProblem, ImmiscibleTwoPhaseModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
// use the finite difference methodfor this simulator
template<class TypeTag>
struct LocalLinearizerSplice<TypeTag, TTag::LensProblemVcfvFd> { using type = TTag::FiniteDifferenceLocalLinearizer; };
// use linear finite element gradients if dune-localfunctions is available
#if HAVE_DUNE_LOCALFUNCTIONS
template<class TypeTag>
struct UseP1FiniteElementGradients<TypeTag, TTag::LensProblemVcfvFd> { static constexpr bool value = true; };
#endif
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::LensProblemVcfvFd;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the Richards model using the ECFV discretization.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/ecfv/ecfvdiscretization.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include "problems/richardslensproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct RichardsLensEcfvProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<RichardsLensProblem>; };
} // end namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::RichardsLensEcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::EcfvDiscretization; };
//! Use automatic differentiation to linearize the system of PDEs
template<class TypeTag>
struct LocalLinearizerSplice<TypeTag, TTag::RichardsLensEcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::AutoDiffLocalLinearizer; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::RichardsLensEcfvProblem;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the Richards model using the VCFV discretization.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/vcfv/vcfvdiscretization.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include "problems/richardslensproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct RichardsLensVcfvProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<RichardsLensProblem>; };
} // end namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::RichardsLensVcfvProblem>
{ using type = TTag::VcfvDiscretization; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::RichardsLensVcfvProblem;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the immiscible multi-phase VCVF discretization.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include <opm/models/immiscible/immisciblemodel.hh>
#include "problems/obstacleproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct ObstacleProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<ObstacleBaseProblem, ImmiscibleModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::ObstacleProblem;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the compositional NCP VCVF discretization.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/ncp/ncpmodel.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include "problems/obstacleproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct ObstacleProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<ObstacleBaseProblem, NcpModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::ObstacleProblem;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the isothermal primary variable switching model
* using "obstacle" problem and the VCVF discretization.
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/pvs/pvsmodel.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include "problems/obstacleproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct ObstacleProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<ObstacleBaseProblem, PvsModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::ObstacleProblem;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief test for the compositional PVS VCVF discretization
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/pvs/pvsmodel.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include "problems/outflowproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct OutflowProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<OutflowBaseProblem, PvsModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::OutflowProblem;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the Forchheimer velocity model
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include <opm/models/immiscible/immisciblemodel.hh>
#include "problems/powerinjectionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
namespace TTag {
struct PowerInjectionDarcyAdProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<PowerInjectionBaseProblem, ImmiscibleTwoPhaseModel>; };
} // namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct FluxModule<TypeTag, TTag::PowerInjectionDarcyAdProblem> { using type = Opm::DarcyFluxModule<TypeTag>; };
template<class TypeTag>
struct LocalLinearizerSplice<TypeTag, TTag::PowerInjectionDarcyAdProblem> { using type = TTag::AutoDiffLocalLinearizer; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::PowerInjectionDarcyAdProblem;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the Forchheimer velocity model
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/immiscible/immisciblemodel.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include "problems/powerinjectionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
namespace TTag {
struct PowerInjectionDarcyFdProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<PowerInjectionBaseProblem, ImmiscibleTwoPhaseModel>; };
} // namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct FluxModule<TypeTag, TTag::PowerInjectionDarcyFdProblem> { using type = Opm::DarcyFluxModule<TypeTag>; };
template<class TypeTag>
struct LocalLinearizerSplice<TypeTag, TTag::PowerInjectionDarcyFdProblem> { using type = TTag::FiniteDifferenceLocalLinearizer; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::PowerInjectionDarcyFdProblem;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the Forchheimer velocity model
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include <opm/models/immiscible/immisciblemodel.hh>
#include "problems/powerinjectionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
namespace TTag {
struct PowerInjectionForchheimerAdProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<PowerInjectionBaseProblem, ImmiscibleTwoPhaseModel>; };
} // namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct FluxModule<TypeTag, TTag::PowerInjectionForchheimerAdProblem> { using type = Opm::ForchheimerFluxModule<TypeTag>; };
template<class TypeTag>
struct LocalLinearizerSplice<TypeTag, TTag::PowerInjectionForchheimerAdProblem> { using type = TTag::AutoDiffLocalLinearizer; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::PowerInjectionForchheimerAdProblem;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \brief Test for the Forchheimer velocity model
*/
#include "config.h"
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/models/immiscible/immisciblemodel.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include "problems/powerinjectionproblem.hh"
namespace Opm::Properties {
namespace TTag {
struct PowerInjectionForchheimerFdProblem
{ using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<PowerInjectionBaseProblem, ImmiscibleTwoPhaseModel>; };
} // namespace TTag
template<class TypeTag>
struct FluxModule<TypeTag, TTag::PowerInjectionForchheimerFdProblem> { using type = Opm::ForchheimerFluxModule<TypeTag>; };
template<class TypeTag>
struct LocalLinearizerSplice<TypeTag, TTag::PowerInjectionForchheimerFdProblem> { using type = TTag::FiniteDifferenceLocalLinearizer; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
using ProblemTypeTag = Opm::Properties::TTag::PowerInjectionForchheimerFdProblem;
return Opm::start<ProblemTypeTag>(argc, argv);
}

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \copydoc Opm::Co2InjectionFlash
*/
#ifndef EWOMS_CO2_INJECTION_FLASH_HH
#define EWOMS_CO2_INJECTION_FLASH_HH
#include <opm/material/constraintsolvers/NcpFlash.hpp>
namespace Opm {
/*!
* \brief Flash solver used by the CO2 injection problem.
*
* This class is just the NCP flash solver with the guessInitial()
* method that is adapted to the pressure regime of the CO2 injection
* problem.
*/
template <class Scalar, class FluidSystem>
class Co2InjectionFlash : public Opm::NcpFlash<Scalar, FluidSystem>
{
using ParentType = Opm::NcpFlash<Scalar, FluidSystem>;
enum { numPhases = FluidSystem::numPhases };
public:
/*!
* \brief Guess initial values for all quantities.
*/
template <class FluidState, class ComponentVector>
static void guessInitial(FluidState& fluidState, const ComponentVector& globalMolarities)
{
ParentType::guessInitial(fluidState, globalMolarities);
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
// pressure. use something close to the reservoir pressure as initial guess
fluidState.setPressure(phaseIdx, 100e5);
}
}
};
} // namespace Opm
#endif // EWOMS_CO2_INJECTION_FLASH_HH

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \copydoc Opm::Co2InjectionProblem
*/
#ifndef EWOMS_CO2_INJECTION_PROBLEM_HH
#define EWOMS_CO2_INJECTION_PROBLEM_HH
#include <opm/models/immiscible/immisciblemodel.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelamgbackend.hh>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/H2ON2FluidSystem.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/BrineCO2FluidSystem.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidstates/CompositionalFluidState.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidstates/ImmiscibleFluidState.hpp>
#include <opm/material/constraintsolvers/ComputeFromReferencePhase.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/LinearMaterial.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/RegularizedBrooksCorey.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/EffToAbsLaw.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/MaterialTraits.hpp>
#include <opm/material/thermal/SomertonThermalConductionLaw.hpp>
#include <opm/material/thermal/ConstantSolidHeatCapLaw.hpp>
#include <opm/material/binarycoefficients/Brine_CO2.hpp>
#include <opm/material/common/UniformTabulated2DFunction.hpp>
#include <dune/grid/yaspgrid.hh>
#include <dune/grid/io/file/dgfparser/dgfyasp.hh>
#include <dune/common/version.hh>
#include <dune/common/fvector.hh>
#include <dune/common/fmatrix.hh>
#include <sstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
namespace Opm {
//! \cond SKIP_THIS
template <class TypeTag>
class Co2InjectionProblem;
//! \endcond
}
namespace Opm::Properties {
namespace TTag {
struct Co2InjectionBaseProblem {};
}
// Set the grid type
template<class TypeTag>
struct Grid<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionBaseProblem> { using type = Dune::YaspGrid<2>; };
// Set the problem property
template<class TypeTag>
struct Problem<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionBaseProblem>
{ using type = Opm::Co2InjectionProblem<TypeTag>; };
// Set fluid configuration
template<class TypeTag>
struct FluidSystem<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionBaseProblem>
{
private:
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
public:
using type = Opm::BrineCO2FluidSystem<Scalar>;
//using type = Opm::H2ON2FluidSystem<Scalar, /*useComplexRelations=*/false>;
};
// Set the material Law
template<class TypeTag>
struct MaterialLaw<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionBaseProblem>
{
private:
using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;
enum { liquidPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::liquidPhaseIdx };
enum { gasPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx };
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
using Traits = Opm::TwoPhaseMaterialTraits<Scalar,
/*wettingPhaseIdx=*/FluidSystem::liquidPhaseIdx,
/*nonWettingPhaseIdx=*/FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx>;
// define the material law which is parameterized by effective
// saturations
using EffMaterialLaw = Opm::RegularizedBrooksCorey<Traits>;
public:
// define the material law parameterized by absolute saturations
using type = Opm::EffToAbsLaw<EffMaterialLaw>;
};
// Set the thermal conduction law
template<class TypeTag>
struct ThermalConductionLaw<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionBaseProblem>
{
private:
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;
public:
// define the material law parameterized by absolute saturations
using type = Opm::SomertonThermalConductionLaw<FluidSystem, Scalar>;
};
// set the energy storage law for the solid phase
template<class TypeTag>
struct SolidEnergyLaw<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionBaseProblem>
{ using type = Opm::ConstantSolidHeatCapLaw<GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>>; };
// Use the algebraic multi-grid linear solver for this problem
template<class TypeTag>
struct LinearSolverSplice<TypeTag, TTag::Co2InjectionBaseProblem> { using type = TTag::ParallelAmgLinearSolver; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
namespace Opm::Parameters {
struct FluidSystemNumPressure { static constexpr unsigned value = 100; };
struct FluidSystemNumTemperature { static constexpr unsigned value = 100; };
template<class Scalar>
struct FluidSystemPressureHigh { static constexpr Scalar value = 4e7; };
template<class Scalar>
struct FluidSystemPressureLow { static constexpr Scalar value = 3e7; };
template<class Scalar>
struct FluidSystemTemperatureHigh { static constexpr Scalar value = 500.0; };
template<class Scalar>
struct FluidSystemTemperatureLow { static constexpr Scalar value = 290.0; };
template<class Scalar>
struct MaxDepth { static constexpr Scalar value = 2500.0; };
struct SimulationName { static constexpr auto value = "co2injection"; };
template<class Scalar>
struct Temperature { static constexpr Scalar value = 293.15; };
} // namespace Opm::Parameters
namespace Opm {
double Co2InjectionTolerance = 1e-8;
/*!
* \ingroup TestProblems
*
* \brief Problem where \f$CO_2\f$ is injected under a low permeable
* layer at a depth of 2700m.
*
* The domain is sized 60m times 40m and consists of two layers, one
* which is moderately permeable (\f$K = 10^{-12}\;m^2\f$) for \f$ y >
* 22\; m\f$ and one with a lower intrinsic permeablility (\f$
* K=10^{-13}\;m^2\f$) in the rest of the domain.
*
* \f$CO_2\f$ gets injected by means of a forced-flow boundary
* condition into water-filled aquifer, which is situated 2700m below
* sea level, at the lower-right boundary (\f$5m<y<15m\f$) and
* migrates upwards due to buoyancy. It accumulates and eventually
* enters the lower permeable aquitard.
*
* The boundary conditions applied by this problem are no-flow
* conditions on the top bottom and right boundaries and a free-flow
* boundary condition on the left. For the free-flow condition,
* hydrostatic pressure is assumed.
*/
template <class TypeTag>
class Co2InjectionProblem : public GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BaseProblem>
{
using ParentType = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BaseProblem>;
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
using Evaluation = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Evaluation>;
using GridView = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::GridView>;
using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;
enum { dim = GridView::dimension };
enum { dimWorld = GridView::dimensionworld };
// copy some indices for convenience
using Indices = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Indices>;
enum { numPhases = FluidSystem::numPhases };
enum { gasPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx };
enum { liquidPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::liquidPhaseIdx };
enum { CO2Idx = FluidSystem::CO2Idx };
enum { BrineIdx = FluidSystem::BrineIdx };
enum { conti0EqIdx = Indices::conti0EqIdx };
enum { contiCO2EqIdx = conti0EqIdx + CO2Idx };
using PrimaryVariables = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::PrimaryVariables>;
using RateVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::RateVector>;
using BoundaryRateVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BoundaryRateVector>;
using MaterialLaw = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::MaterialLaw>;
using Simulator = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Simulator>;
using Model = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Model>;
using MaterialLawParams = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::MaterialLawParams>;
using ThermalConductionLaw = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::ThermalConductionLaw>;
using SolidEnergyLawParams = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::SolidEnergyLawParams>;
using ThermalConductionLawParams = typename ThermalConductionLaw::Params;
using Toolbox = Opm::MathToolbox<Evaluation>;
using CoordScalar = typename GridView::ctype;
using GlobalPosition = Dune::FieldVector<CoordScalar, dimWorld>;
using DimMatrix = Dune::FieldMatrix<Scalar, dimWorld, dimWorld>;
public:
/*!
* \copydoc Doxygen::defaultProblemConstructor
*/
Co2InjectionProblem(Simulator& simulator)
: ParentType(simulator)
{ }
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::finishInit
*/
void finishInit()
{
ParentType::finishInit();
eps_ = 1e-6;
temperatureLow_ = Parameters::Get<Parameters::FluidSystemTemperatureLow<Scalar>>();
temperatureHigh_ = Parameters::Get<Parameters::FluidSystemTemperatureHigh<Scalar>>();
nTemperature_ = Parameters::Get<Parameters::FluidSystemNumTemperature>();
pressureLow_ = Parameters::Get<Parameters::FluidSystemPressureLow<Scalar>>();
pressureHigh_ = Parameters::Get<Parameters::FluidSystemPressureHigh<Scalar>>();
nPressure_ = Parameters::Get<Parameters::FluidSystemNumPressure>();
maxDepth_ = Parameters::Get<Parameters::MaxDepth<Scalar>>();
temperature_ = Parameters::Get<Parameters::Temperature<Scalar>>();
// initialize the tables of the fluid system
// FluidSystem::init();
FluidSystem::init(/*Tmin=*/temperatureLow_,
/*Tmax=*/temperatureHigh_,
/*nT=*/nTemperature_,
/*pmin=*/pressureLow_,
/*pmax=*/pressureHigh_,
/*np=*/nPressure_);
fineLayerBottom_ = 22.0;
// intrinsic permeabilities
fineK_ = this->toDimMatrix_(1e-13);
coarseK_ = this->toDimMatrix_(1e-12);
// porosities
finePorosity_ = 0.3;
coarsePorosity_ = 0.3;
// residual saturations
fineMaterialParams_.setResidualSaturation(liquidPhaseIdx, 0.2);
fineMaterialParams_.setResidualSaturation(gasPhaseIdx, 0.0);
coarseMaterialParams_.setResidualSaturation(liquidPhaseIdx, 0.2);
coarseMaterialParams_.setResidualSaturation(gasPhaseIdx, 0.0);
// parameters for the Brooks-Corey law
fineMaterialParams_.setEntryPressure(1e4);
coarseMaterialParams_.setEntryPressure(5e3);
fineMaterialParams_.setLambda(2.0);
coarseMaterialParams_.setLambda(2.0);
fineMaterialParams_.finalize();
coarseMaterialParams_.finalize();
// parameters for the somerton law thermal conduction
computeThermalCondParams_(fineThermalCondParams_, finePorosity_);
computeThermalCondParams_(coarseThermalCondParams_, coarsePorosity_);
// assume constant heat capacity and granite
solidEnergyLawParams_.setSolidHeatCapacity(790.0 // specific heat capacity of granite [J / (kg K)]
* 2700.0); // density of granite [kg/m^3]
solidEnergyLawParams_.finalize();
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::registerParameters
*/
static void registerParameters()
{
ParentType::registerParameters();
Parameters::Register<Parameters::FluidSystemTemperatureLow<Scalar>>
("The lower temperature [K] for tabulation of the fluid system");
Parameters::Register<Parameters::FluidSystemTemperatureHigh<Scalar>>
("The upper temperature [K] for tabulation of the fluid system");
Parameters::Register<Parameters::FluidSystemNumTemperature>
("The number of intervals between the lower and upper temperature");
Parameters::Register<Parameters::FluidSystemPressureLow<Scalar>>
("The lower pressure [Pa] for tabulation of the fluid system");
Parameters::Register<Parameters::FluidSystemPressureHigh<Scalar>>
("The upper pressure [Pa] for tabulation of the fluid system");
Parameters::Register<Parameters::FluidSystemNumPressure>
("The number of intervals between the lower and upper pressure");
Parameters::Register<Parameters::Temperature<Scalar>>
("The temperature [K] in the reservoir");
Parameters::Register<Parameters::MaxDepth<Scalar>>
("The maximum depth [m] of the reservoir");
Parameters::Register<Parameters::SimulationName>
("The name of the simulation used for the output files");
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::GridFile>("data/co2injection.dgf");
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::EndTime<Scalar>>(1e4);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::InitialTimeStepSize<Scalar>>(250);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::NewtonTolerance<Scalar>>(Scalar{Co2InjectionTolerance});
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::EnableGravity>(true);
}
/*!
* \name Problem parameters
*/
//! \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::name
*/
std::string name() const
{
std::ostringstream oss;
oss << Parameters::Get<Parameters::SimulationName>()
<< "_" << Model::name();
if (getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::EnableEnergy>())
oss << "_ni";
oss << "_" << Model::discretizationName();
return oss.str();
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::endTimeStep
*/
void endTimeStep()
{
#ifndef NDEBUG
Scalar tol = this->model().newtonMethod().tolerance()*1e5;
this->model().checkConservativeness(tol);
// Calculate storage terms
PrimaryVariables storageL, storageG;
this->model().globalPhaseStorage(storageL, /*phaseIdx=*/0);
this->model().globalPhaseStorage(storageG, /*phaseIdx=*/1);
// Write mass balance information for rank 0
if (this->gridView().comm().rank() == 0) {
std::cout << "Storage: liquid=[" << storageL << "]"
<< " gas=[" << storageG << "]\n" << std::flush;
}
#endif // NDEBUG
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::temperature
*/
template <class Context>
Scalar temperature(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
{
const auto& pos = context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
if (inHighTemperatureRegion_(pos))
return temperature_ + 100;
return temperature_;
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::intrinsicPermeability
*/
template <class Context>
const DimMatrix& intrinsicPermeability(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx,
unsigned timeIdx) const
{
const GlobalPosition& pos = context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
if (isFineMaterial_(pos))
return fineK_;
return coarseK_;
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::porosity
*/
template <class Context>
Scalar porosity(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
{
const GlobalPosition& pos = context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
if (isFineMaterial_(pos))
return finePorosity_;
return coarsePorosity_;
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::materialLawParams
*/
template <class Context>
const MaterialLawParams& materialLawParams(const Context& context,
unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
{
const GlobalPosition& pos = context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
if (isFineMaterial_(pos))
return fineMaterialParams_;
return coarseMaterialParams_;
}
/*!
* \brief Return the parameters for the heat storage law of the rock
*
* In this case, we assume the rock-matrix to be granite.
*/
template <class Context>
const SolidEnergyLawParams&
solidEnergyLawParams(const Context& /*context*/,
unsigned /*spaceIdx*/,
unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{ return solidEnergyLawParams_; }
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::thermalConductionParams
*/
template <class Context>
const ThermalConductionLawParams &
thermalConductionLawParams(const Context& context,
unsigned spaceIdx,
unsigned timeIdx) const
{
const GlobalPosition& pos = context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
if (isFineMaterial_(pos))
return fineThermalCondParams_;
return coarseThermalCondParams_;
}
//! \}
/*!
* \name Boundary conditions
*/
//! \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::boundary
*/
template <class Context>
void boundary(BoundaryRateVector& values, const Context& context,
unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
{
const auto& pos = context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
if (onLeftBoundary_(pos)) {
Opm::CompositionalFluidState<Scalar, FluidSystem> fs;
initialFluidState_(fs, context, spaceIdx, timeIdx);
fs.checkDefined();
// impose an freeflow boundary condition
values.setFreeFlow(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx, fs);
}
else if (onInlet_(pos)) {
RateVector massRate(0.0);
massRate[contiCO2EqIdx] = -1e-3; // [kg/(m^3 s)]
using FluidState = Opm::ImmiscibleFluidState<Scalar, FluidSystem>;
FluidState fs;
fs.setSaturation(gasPhaseIdx, 1.0);
const auto& pg =
context.intensiveQuantities(spaceIdx, timeIdx).fluidState().pressure(gasPhaseIdx);
fs.setPressure(gasPhaseIdx, Toolbox::value(pg));
fs.setTemperature(temperature(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx));
typename FluidSystem::template ParameterCache<Scalar> paramCache;
paramCache.updatePhase(fs, gasPhaseIdx);
Scalar h = FluidSystem::template enthalpy<FluidState, Scalar>(fs, paramCache, gasPhaseIdx);
// impose an forced inflow boundary condition for pure CO2
values.setMassRate(massRate);
values.setEnthalpyRate(massRate[contiCO2EqIdx] * h);
}
else
// no flow on top and bottom
values.setNoFlow();
}
// \}
/*!
* \name Volumetric terms
*/
//! \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::initial
*/
template <class Context>
void initial(PrimaryVariables& values, const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx,
unsigned timeIdx) const
{
Opm::CompositionalFluidState<Scalar, FluidSystem> fs;
initialFluidState_(fs, context, spaceIdx, timeIdx);
// const auto& matParams = this->materialLawParams(context, spaceIdx,
// timeIdx);
// values.assignMassConservative(fs, matParams, /*inEquilibrium=*/true);
values.assignNaive(fs);
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::source
*
* For this problem, the source term of all components is 0
* everywhere.
*/
template <class Context>
void source(RateVector& rate,
const Context& /*context*/,
unsigned /*spaceIdx*/,
unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{ rate = Scalar(0.0); }
//! \}
private:
template <class Context, class FluidState>
void initialFluidState_(FluidState& fs,
const Context& context,
unsigned spaceIdx,
unsigned timeIdx) const
{
const GlobalPosition& pos = context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
//////
// set temperature
//////
fs.setTemperature(temperature(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx));
//////
// set saturations
//////
fs.setSaturation(FluidSystem::liquidPhaseIdx, 1.0);
fs.setSaturation(FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx, 0.0);
//////
// set pressures
//////
Scalar densityL = FluidSystem::Brine::liquidDensity(temperature_, Scalar(1e5));
Scalar depth = maxDepth_ - pos[dim - 1];
Scalar pl = 1e5 - densityL * this->gravity()[dim - 1] * depth;
Scalar pC[numPhases];
const auto& matParams = this->materialLawParams(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx);
MaterialLaw::capillaryPressures(pC, matParams, fs);
fs.setPressure(liquidPhaseIdx, pl + (pC[liquidPhaseIdx] - pC[liquidPhaseIdx]));
fs.setPressure(gasPhaseIdx, pl + (pC[gasPhaseIdx] - pC[liquidPhaseIdx]));
//////
// set composition of the liquid phase
//////
fs.setMoleFraction(liquidPhaseIdx, CO2Idx, 0.005);
fs.setMoleFraction(liquidPhaseIdx, BrineIdx,
1.0 - fs.moleFraction(liquidPhaseIdx, CO2Idx));
typename FluidSystem::template ParameterCache<Scalar> paramCache;
using CFRP = Opm::ComputeFromReferencePhase<Scalar, FluidSystem>;
CFRP::solve(fs, paramCache,
/*refPhaseIdx=*/liquidPhaseIdx,
/*setViscosity=*/true,
/*setEnthalpy=*/true);
}
bool onLeftBoundary_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{ return pos[0] < eps_; }
bool onRightBoundary_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{ return pos[0] > this->boundingBoxMax()[0] - eps_; }
bool onInlet_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{ return onRightBoundary_(pos) && (5 < pos[1]) && (pos[1] < 15); }
bool inHighTemperatureRegion_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{ return (pos[0] > 20) && (pos[0] < 30) && (pos[1] > 5) && (pos[1] < 35); }
void computeThermalCondParams_(ThermalConductionLawParams& params, Scalar poro)
{
Scalar lambdaWater = 0.6;
Scalar lambdaGranite = 2.8;
Scalar lambdaWet = std::pow(lambdaGranite, (1 - poro))
* std::pow(lambdaWater, poro);
Scalar lambdaDry = std::pow(lambdaGranite, (1 - poro));
params.setFullySaturatedLambda(gasPhaseIdx, lambdaDry);
params.setFullySaturatedLambda(liquidPhaseIdx, lambdaWet);
params.setVacuumLambda(lambdaDry);
}
bool isFineMaterial_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{ return pos[dim - 1] > fineLayerBottom_; }
DimMatrix fineK_;
DimMatrix coarseK_;
Scalar fineLayerBottom_;
Scalar finePorosity_;
Scalar coarsePorosity_;
MaterialLawParams fineMaterialParams_;
MaterialLawParams coarseMaterialParams_;
ThermalConductionLawParams fineThermalCondParams_;
ThermalConductionLawParams coarseThermalCondParams_;
SolidEnergyLawParams solidEnergyLawParams_;
Scalar temperature_;
Scalar maxDepth_;
Scalar eps_;
unsigned nTemperature_;
unsigned nPressure_;
Scalar pressureLow_, pressureHigh_;
Scalar temperatureLow_, temperatureHigh_;
};
} // namespace Opm
#endif

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \copydoc Opm::co2ptflashproblem
*/
#ifndef OPM_CO2PTFLASH_PROBLEM_HH
#define OPM_CO2PTFLASH_PROBLEM_HH
#include <opm/common/Exceptions.hpp>
#include <opm/material/components/SimpleCO2.hpp>
#include <opm/material/components/C10.hpp>
#include <opm/material/components/C1.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/RegularizedBrooksCorey.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/BrooksCorey.hpp>
#include <opm/material/constraintsolvers/PTFlash.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/GenericOilGasFluidSystem.hpp>
#include <opm/material/common/Valgrind.hpp>
#include <opm/models/immiscible/immisciblemodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/ecfv/ecfvdiscretization.hh>
#include <opm/models/ptflash/flashmodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/io/structuredgridvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/propertysystem.hh>
#include <opm/models/utils/start.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelistlbackend.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelbicgstabbackend.hh>
#include <dune/grid/yaspgrid.hh>
#include <dune/grid/io/file/dgfparser/dgfyasp.hh>
#include <dune/common/version.hh>
#include <dune/common/fvector.hh>
#include <dune/common/fmatrix.hh>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
namespace Opm {
template <class TypeTag>
class CO2PTProblem;
} // namespace Opm */
namespace Opm::Properties {
namespace TTag {
struct CO2PTBaseProblem {};
} // end namespace TTag
template <class TypeTag, class MyTypeTag>
struct NumComp { using type = UndefinedProperty; };
template <class TypeTag>
struct NumComp<TypeTag, TTag::CO2PTBaseProblem> {
static constexpr int value = 3;
};
// Set the grid type: --->2D
template <class TypeTag>
struct Grid<TypeTag, TTag::CO2PTBaseProblem> { using type = Dune::YaspGrid</*dim=*/2>; };
// Set the problem property
template <class TypeTag>
struct Problem<TypeTag, TTag::CO2PTBaseProblem>
{ using type = Opm::CO2PTProblem<TypeTag>; };
// Set flash solver
template <class TypeTag>
struct FlashSolver<TypeTag, TTag::CO2PTBaseProblem> {
private:
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;
using Evaluation = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Evaluation>;
public:
using type = Opm::PTFlash<Scalar, FluidSystem>;
};
// Set fluid configuration
template <class TypeTag>
struct FluidSystem<TypeTag, TTag::CO2PTBaseProblem>
{
private:
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
static constexpr int num_comp = getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::NumComp>();
public:
using type = Opm::GenericOilGasFluidSystem<Scalar, num_comp>;
};
// Set the material Law
template <class TypeTag>
struct MaterialLaw<TypeTag, TTag::CO2PTBaseProblem> {
private:
using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;
enum { oilPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx };
enum { gasPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx };
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
using Traits = Opm::TwoPhaseMaterialTraits<Scalar,
// /*wettingPhaseIdx=*/FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx, // TODO
/*nonWettingPhaseIdx=*/FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx,
/*gasPhaseIdx=*/FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx>;
// define the material law which is parameterized by effective saturation
using EffMaterialLaw = Opm::NullMaterial<Traits>;
//using EffMaterialLaw = Opm::BrooksCorey<Traits>;
public:
using type = EffMaterialLaw;
};
// mesh grid
template <class TypeTag>
struct Vanguard<TypeTag, TTag::CO2PTBaseProblem> {
using type = Opm::StructuredGridVanguard<TypeTag>;
};
template <class TypeTag>
struct EnableEnergy<TypeTag, TTag::CO2PTBaseProblem> {
static constexpr bool value = false;
};
} // namespace Opm::Properties
namespace Opm::Parameters {
// this is kinds of telling the report step length
template<class Scalar>
struct EpisodeLength { static constexpr Scalar value = 0.1 * 60. * 60.; };
template<class Scalar>
struct Initialpressure { static constexpr Scalar value = 75e5; };
struct SimulationName { static constexpr auto value = "co2_ptflash"; };
// set the defaults for the problem specific properties
template<class Scalar>
struct Temperature { static constexpr Scalar value = 423.25; };
} // namespace Opm::Parameters
namespace Opm {
/*!
* \ingroup TestProblems
*
* \brief 3 component simple testproblem with ["CO2", "C1", "C10"]
*
*/
template <class TypeTag>
class CO2PTProblem : public GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BaseProblem>
{
using ParentType = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BaseProblem>;
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
using Evaluation = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Evaluation>;
using GridView = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::GridView>;
using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;
enum { dim = GridView::dimension };
enum { dimWorld = GridView::dimensionworld };
using Indices = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Indices>;
using PrimaryVariables = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::PrimaryVariables>;
using RateVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::RateVector>;
using BoundaryRateVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BoundaryRateVector>;
using MaterialLaw = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::MaterialLaw>;
using Simulator = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Simulator>;
using Model = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Model>;
using MaterialLawParams = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::MaterialLawParams>;
using Toolbox = Opm::MathToolbox<Evaluation>;
using CoordScalar = typename GridView::ctype;
enum { numPhases = FluidSystem::numPhases };
enum { oilPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx };
enum { gasPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx };
enum { conti0EqIdx = Indices::conti0EqIdx };
enum { numComponents = getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::NumComponents>() };
enum { enableEnergy = getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::EnableEnergy>() };
enum { enableDiffusion = getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::EnableDiffusion>() };
using GlobalPosition = Dune::FieldVector<CoordScalar, dimWorld>;
using DimMatrix = Dune::FieldMatrix<Scalar, dimWorld, dimWorld>;
using DimVector = Dune::FieldVector<Scalar, dimWorld>;
using ComponentVector = Dune::FieldVector<Evaluation, numComponents>;
using FlashSolver = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FlashSolver>;
public:
using FluidState = Opm::CompositionalFluidState<Evaluation, FluidSystem, enableEnergy>;
/*!
* \copydoc Doxygen::defaultProblemConstructor
*/
explicit CO2PTProblem(Simulator& simulator)
: ParentType(simulator)
{
const Scalar epi_len = Parameters::Get<Parameters::EpisodeLength<Scalar>>();
simulator.setEpisodeLength(epi_len);
FluidSystem::init();
using CompParm = typename FluidSystem::ComponentParam;
using CO2 = Opm::SimpleCO2<Scalar>;
using C1 = Opm::C1<Scalar>;
using C10 = Opm::C10<Scalar>;
FluidSystem::addComponent(CompParm {CO2::name(), CO2::molarMass(), CO2::criticalTemperature(),
CO2::criticalPressure(), CO2::criticalVolume(), CO2::acentricFactor()});
FluidSystem::addComponent(CompParm {C1::name(), C1::molarMass(), C1::criticalTemperature(),
C1::criticalPressure(), C1::criticalVolume(), C1::acentricFactor()});
FluidSystem::addComponent(CompParm{C10::name(), C10::molarMass(), C10::criticalTemperature(),
C10::criticalPressure(), C10::criticalVolume(), C10::acentricFactor()});
// FluidSystem::add
}
void initPetrophysics()
{
temperature_ = Parameters::Get<Parameters::Temperature<Scalar>>();
K_ = this->toDimMatrix_(9.869232667160131e-14);
porosity_ = 0.1;
}
template <class Context>
const DimVector&
gravity([[maybe_unused]]const Context& context,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned spaceIdx,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned timeIdx) const
{
return gravity();
}
const DimVector& gravity() const
{
return gravity_;
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::finishInit
*/
void finishInit()
{
ParentType::finishInit();
// initialize fixed parameters; temperature, permeability, porosity
initPetrophysics();
}
/*!
* \copydoc co2ptflashproblem::registerParameters
*/
static void registerParameters()
{
ParentType::registerParameters();
Parameters::Register<Parameters::Temperature<Scalar>>
("The temperature [K] in the reservoir");
Parameters::Register<Parameters::Initialpressure<Scalar>>
("The initial pressure [Pa s] in the reservoir");
Parameters::Register<Parameters::SimulationName>
("The name of the simulation used for the output files");
Parameters::Register<Parameters::EpisodeLength<Scalar>>
("Time interval [s] for episode length");
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::CellsX>(30);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::DomainSizeX<Scalar>>(300.0);
if constexpr (dim > 1) {
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::CellsY>(1);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::DomainSizeY<Scalar>>(1.0);
}
if constexpr (dim == 3) {
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::CellsZ>(1);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::DomainSizeZ<Scalar>>(1.0);
}
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::EndTime<Scalar>>(60. * 60.);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::InitialTimeStepSize<Scalar>>(0.1 * 60. * 60.);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::NewtonMaxIterations>(30);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::NewtonTargetIterations>(6);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::NewtonTolerance<Scalar>>(1e-3);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::VtkWriteFilterVelocities>(true);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::VtkWriteFugacityCoeffs>(true);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::VtkWritePotentialGradients>(true);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::VtkWriteTotalMassFractions>(true);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::VtkWriteTotalMoleFractions>(true);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::VtkWriteEquilibriumConstants>(true);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::VtkWriteLiquidMoleFractions>(true);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::LinearSolverAbsTolerance<Scalar>>(0.0);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::LinearSolverTolerance<Scalar>>(1e-3);
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::name
*/
std::string name() const
{
std::ostringstream oss;
oss << Parameters::Get<Parameters::SimulationName>();
return oss.str();
}
// This method must be overridden for the simulator to continue with
// a new episode. We just start a new episode with the same length as
// the old one.
void endEpisode()
{
Scalar epi_len = Parameters::Get<Parameters::EpisodeLength<Scalar>>();
this->simulator().startNextEpisode(epi_len);
}
// only write output when episodes change, aka. report steps, and
// include the initial timestep too
bool shouldWriteOutput()
{
return this->simulator().episodeWillBeOver() || (this->simulator().timeStepIndex() == -1);
}
// we don't care about doing restarts from every fifth timestep, it
// will just slow us down
bool shouldWriteRestartFile()
{
return false;
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::endTimeStep
*/
void endTimeStep()
{
Scalar tol = this->model().newtonMethod().tolerance() * 1e5;
this->model().checkConservativeness(tol);
// Calculate storage terms
PrimaryVariables storageO, storageW;
this->model().globalPhaseStorage(storageO, oilPhaseIdx);
// Calculate storage terms
PrimaryVariables storageL, storageG;
this->model().globalPhaseStorage(storageL, /*phaseIdx=*/0);
this->model().globalPhaseStorage(storageG, /*phaseIdx=*/1);
// Write mass balance information for rank 0
// if (this->gridView().comm().rank() == 0) {
// std::cout << "Storage: liquid=[" << storageL << "]"
// << " gas=[" << storageG << "]\n" << std::flush;
// }
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::initial
*/
template <class Context>
void initial(PrimaryVariables& values, const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
{
Opm::CompositionalFluidState<Evaluation, FluidSystem> fs;
initialFluidState(fs, context, spaceIdx, timeIdx);
values.assignNaive(fs);
}
// Constant temperature
template <class Context>
Scalar temperature([[maybe_unused]] const Context& context, [[maybe_unused]] unsigned spaceIdx, [[maybe_unused]] unsigned timeIdx) const
{
return temperature_;
}
// Constant permeability
template <class Context>
const DimMatrix& intrinsicPermeability([[maybe_unused]] const Context& context,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned spaceIdx,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned timeIdx) const
{
return K_;
}
// Constant porosity
template <class Context>
Scalar porosity([[maybe_unused]] const Context& context, [[maybe_unused]] unsigned spaceIdx, [[maybe_unused]] unsigned timeIdx) const
{
int spatialIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
int inj = 0;
int prod = Parameters::Get<Parameters::CellsX>() - 1;
if (spatialIdx == inj || spatialIdx == prod) {
return 1.0;
} else {
return porosity_;
}
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::materialLawParams
*/
template <class Context>
const MaterialLawParams& materialLawParams([[maybe_unused]] const Context& context,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned spaceIdx,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned timeIdx) const
{
return this->mat_;
}
// No flow (introduce fake wells instead)
template <class Context>
void boundary(BoundaryRateVector& values,
const Context& /*context*/,
unsigned /*spaceIdx*/,
unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{ values.setNoFlow(); }
// No source terms
template <class Context>
void source(RateVector& source_rate,
[[maybe_unused]] const Context& context,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned spaceIdx,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned timeIdx) const
{
source_rate = Scalar(0.0);
}
private:
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::initial
*/
template <class FluidState, class Context>
void initialFluidState(FluidState& fs, const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
{
// z0 = [0.5, 0.3, 0.2]
// zi = [0.99, 0.01-1e-3, 1e-3]
// p0 = 75e5
// T0 = 423.25
int inj = 0;
int prod = Parameters::Get<Parameters::CellsX>() - 1;
int spatialIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
ComponentVector comp;
comp[0] = Evaluation::createVariable(0.5, 1);
comp[1] = Evaluation::createVariable(0.3, 2);
comp[2] = 1. - comp[0] - comp[1];
if (spatialIdx == inj) {
comp[0] = Evaluation::createVariable(0.99, 1);
comp[1] = Evaluation::createVariable(0.01 - 1e-3, 2);
comp[2] = 1. - comp[0] - comp[1];
}
ComponentVector sat;
sat[0] = 1.0;
sat[1] = 1.0 - sat[0];
Scalar p0 = Parameters::Get<Parameters::Initialpressure<Scalar>>();
//\Note, for an AD variable, if we multiply it with 2, the derivative will also be scalced with 2,
//\Note, so we should not do it.
if (spatialIdx == inj) {
p0 *= 2.0;
}
if (spatialIdx == prod) {
p0 *= 0.5;
}
Evaluation p_init = Evaluation::createVariable(p0, 0);
fs.setPressure(FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx, p_init);
fs.setPressure(FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx, p_init);
for (unsigned compIdx = 0; compIdx < numComponents; ++compIdx) {
fs.setMoleFraction(FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx, compIdx, comp[compIdx]);
fs.setMoleFraction(FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx, compIdx, comp[compIdx]);
}
// It is used here only for calculate the z
fs.setSaturation(FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx, sat[0]);
fs.setSaturation(FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx, sat[1]);
fs.setTemperature(temperature_);
// ParameterCache paramCache;
{
typename FluidSystem::template ParameterCache<Evaluation> paramCache;
paramCache.updatePhase(fs, FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx);
paramCache.updatePhase(fs, FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx);
fs.setDensity(FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx, FluidSystem::density(fs, paramCache, FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx));
fs.setDensity(FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx, FluidSystem::density(fs, paramCache, FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx));
fs.setViscosity(FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx, FluidSystem::viscosity(fs, paramCache, FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx));
fs.setViscosity(FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx, FluidSystem::viscosity(fs, paramCache, FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx));
}
// Set initial K and L
for (unsigned compIdx = 0; compIdx < numComponents; ++compIdx) {
const Evaluation Ktmp = fs.wilsonK_(compIdx);
fs.setKvalue(compIdx, Ktmp);
}
const Evaluation& Ltmp = -1.0;
fs.setLvalue(Ltmp);
}
DimMatrix K_;
Scalar porosity_;
Scalar temperature_;
MaterialLawParams mat_;
DimVector gravity_;
};
} // namespace Opm
#endif

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \copydoc Opm::CuvetteProblem
*/
#ifndef EWOMS_CUVETTE_PROBLEM_HH
#define EWOMS_CUVETTE_PROBLEM_HH
#include <opm/models/pvs/pvsproperties.hh>
#include <opm/material/fluidstates/CompositionalFluidState.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidstates/ImmiscibleFluidState.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/H2OAirMesityleneFluidSystem.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/ThreePhaseParkerVanGenuchten.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/LinearMaterial.hpp>
#include <opm/material/thermal/ConstantSolidHeatCapLaw.hpp>
#include <opm/material/thermal/SomertonThermalConductionLaw.hpp>
#include <opm/material/constraintsolvers/MiscibleMultiPhaseComposition.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/MaterialTraits.hpp>
#include <opm/material/common/Valgrind.hpp>
#include <dune/grid/yaspgrid.hh>
#include <dune/grid/io/file/dgfparser/dgfyasp.hh>
#include <dune/common/version.hh>
#include <dune/common/fvector.hh>
#include <dune/common/fmatrix.hh>
#include <string>
namespace Opm {
template <class TypeTag>
class CuvetteProblem;
}
namespace Opm::Properties {
// create a new type tag for the cuvette steam injection problem
namespace TTag {
struct CuvetteBaseProblem {};
}
// Set the grid type
template<class TypeTag>
struct Grid<TypeTag, TTag::CuvetteBaseProblem> { using type = Dune::YaspGrid<2>; };
// Set the problem property
template<class TypeTag>
struct Problem<TypeTag, TTag::CuvetteBaseProblem> { using type = Opm::CuvetteProblem<TypeTag>; };
// Set the fluid system
template<class TypeTag>
struct FluidSystem<TypeTag, TTag::CuvetteBaseProblem>
{ using type = Opm::H2OAirMesityleneFluidSystem<GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>>; };
// Set the material Law
template<class TypeTag>
struct MaterialLaw<TypeTag, TTag::CuvetteBaseProblem>
{
private:
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;
using Traits = Opm::ThreePhaseMaterialTraits<
Scalar,
/*wettingPhaseIdx=*/FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx,
/*nonWettingPhaseIdx=*/FluidSystem::naplPhaseIdx,
/*gasPhaseIdx=*/FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx>;
public:
using type = Opm::ThreePhaseParkerVanGenuchten<Traits>;
};
// set the energy storage law for the solid phase
template<class TypeTag>
struct SolidEnergyLaw<TypeTag, TTag::CuvetteBaseProblem>
{ using type = Opm::ConstantSolidHeatCapLaw<GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>>; };
// Set the thermal conduction law
template<class TypeTag>
struct ThermalConductionLaw<TypeTag, TTag::CuvetteBaseProblem>
{
private:
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;
public:
// define the material law parameterized by absolute saturations
using type = Opm::SomertonThermalConductionLaw<FluidSystem, Scalar>;
};
} // namespace Opm::Properties
namespace Opm {
/*!
* \ingroup TestProblems
*
* \brief Non-isothermal three-phase gas injection problem where a hot gas
* is injected into a unsaturated porous medium with a residually
* trapped NAPL contamination.
*
* The domain is a quasi-two-dimensional container (cuvette). Its
* dimensions are 1.5 m x 0.74 m. The top and bottom boundaries are
* closed, the right boundary is a free-flow boundary allowing fluids
* to escape. From the left, an injection of a hot water-air mixture
* is injected. The set-up is aimed at remediating an initial NAPL
* (Non-Aquoeus Phase Liquid) contamination in the domain. The
* contamination is initially placed partly into the ambient coarse
* sand and partly into a fine sand lens.
*
* This simulation can be varied through assigning different boundary conditions
* at the left boundary as described in Class (2001):
* Theorie und numerische Modellierung nichtisothermer Mehrphasenprozesse in
* NAPL-kontaminierten poroesen Medien, Dissertation, Eigenverlag des Instituts
* fuer Wasserbau
*
* To see the basic effect and the differences to scenarios with pure
* steam or pure air injection, it is sufficient to simulate this
* problem to about 2-3 hours simulation time. Complete remediation
* of the domain requires much longer (about 10 days simulated time).
*/
template <class TypeTag>
class CuvetteProblem : public GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BaseProblem>
{
using ParentType = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BaseProblem>;
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
using GridView = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::GridView>;
using MaterialLaw = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::MaterialLaw>;
using MaterialLawParams = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::MaterialLawParams>;
using ThermalConductionLawParams = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::ThermalConductionLawParams>;
using SolidEnergyLawParams = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::SolidEnergyLawParams>;
using EqVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::EqVector>;
using PrimaryVariables = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::PrimaryVariables>;
using RateVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::RateVector>;
using BoundaryRateVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BoundaryRateVector>;
using Simulator = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Simulator>;
using Model = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Model>;
using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;
// copy some indices for convenience
using Indices = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Indices>;
enum { numPhases = FluidSystem::numPhases };
enum { numComponents = FluidSystem::numComponents };
enum { waterPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx };
enum { naplPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::naplPhaseIdx };
enum { gasPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx };
enum { H2OIdx = FluidSystem::H2OIdx };
enum { airIdx = FluidSystem::airIdx };
enum { NAPLIdx = FluidSystem::NAPLIdx };
enum { conti0EqIdx = Indices::conti0EqIdx };
// Grid and world dimension
enum { dimWorld = GridView::dimensionworld };
using CoordScalar = typename GridView::ctype;
using GlobalPosition = Dune::FieldVector<CoordScalar, dimWorld>;
using DimMatrix = Dune::FieldMatrix<Scalar, dimWorld, dimWorld>;
public:
/*!
* \copydoc Doxygen::defaultProblemConstructor
*/
CuvetteProblem(Simulator& simulator)
: ParentType(simulator)
, eps_(1e-6)
{ }
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::finishInit
*/
void finishInit()
{
ParentType::finishInit();
if (Opm::Valgrind::IsRunning())
FluidSystem::init(/*minT=*/283.15, /*maxT=*/500.0, /*nT=*/20,
/*minp=*/0.8e5, /*maxp=*/2e5, /*np=*/10);
else
FluidSystem::init(/*minT=*/283.15, /*maxT=*/500.0, /*nT=*/200,
/*minp=*/0.8e5, /*maxp=*/2e5, /*np=*/100);
// intrinsic permeabilities
fineK_ = this->toDimMatrix_(6.28e-12);
coarseK_ = this->toDimMatrix_(9.14e-10);
// porosities
finePorosity_ = 0.42;
coarsePorosity_ = 0.42;
// parameters for the capillary pressure law
#if 1
// three-phase Parker -- van Genuchten law
fineMaterialParams_.setVgAlpha(0.0005);
coarseMaterialParams_.setVgAlpha(0.005);
fineMaterialParams_.setVgN(4.0);
coarseMaterialParams_.setVgN(4.0);
coarseMaterialParams_.setkrRegardsSnr(true);
fineMaterialParams_.setkrRegardsSnr(true);
// residual saturations
fineMaterialParams_.setSwr(0.1201);
fineMaterialParams_.setSwrx(0.1201);
fineMaterialParams_.setSnr(0.0701);
fineMaterialParams_.setSgr(0.0101);
coarseMaterialParams_.setSwr(0.1201);
coarseMaterialParams_.setSwrx(0.1201);
coarseMaterialParams_.setSnr(0.0701);
coarseMaterialParams_.setSgr(0.0101);
#else
// linear material law
fineMaterialParams_.setPcMinSat(gasPhaseIdx, 0);
fineMaterialParams_.setPcMaxSat(gasPhaseIdx, 0);
fineMaterialParams_.setPcMinSat(naplPhaseIdx, 0);
fineMaterialParams_.setPcMaxSat(naplPhaseIdx, -1000);
fineMaterialParams_.setPcMinSat(waterPhaseIdx, 0);
fineMaterialParams_.setPcMaxSat(waterPhaseIdx, -10000);
coarseMaterialParams_.setPcMinSat(gasPhaseIdx, 0);
coarseMaterialParams_.setPcMaxSat(gasPhaseIdx, 0);
coarseMaterialParams_.setPcMinSat(naplPhaseIdx, 0);
coarseMaterialParams_.setPcMaxSat(naplPhaseIdx, -100);
coarseMaterialParams_.setPcMinSat(waterPhaseIdx, 0);
coarseMaterialParams_.setPcMaxSat(waterPhaseIdx, -1000);
// residual saturations
fineMaterialParams_.setResidSat(waterPhaseIdx, 0.1201);
fineMaterialParams_.setResidSat(naplPhaseIdx, 0.0701);
fineMaterialParams_.setResidSat(gasPhaseIdx, 0.0101);
coarseMaterialParams_.setResidSat(waterPhaseIdx, 0.1201);
coarseMaterialParams_.setResidSat(naplPhaseIdx, 0.0701);
coarseMaterialParams_.setResidSat(gasPhaseIdx, 0.0101);
#endif
fineMaterialParams_.finalize();
coarseMaterialParams_.finalize();
// initialize parameters for the thermal conduction law
computeThermalCondParams_(thermalCondParams_, finePorosity_);
// assume constant volumetric heat capacity and granite
solidEnergyLawParams_.setSolidHeatCapacity(790.0 // specific heat capacity of granite [J / (kg K)]
* 2700.0); // density of granite [kg/m^3]
solidEnergyLawParams_.finalize();
initInjectFluidState_();
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::registerParameters
*/
static void registerParameters()
{
ParentType::registerParameters();
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::GridFile>("./data/cuvette_11x4.dgf");
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::EndTime<Scalar>>(100.0);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::InitialTimeStepSize<Scalar>>(1.0);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::MaxTimeStepSize<Scalar>>(600.0);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::EnableGravity>(true);
}
/*!
* \name Auxiliary methods
*/
//! \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::shouldWriteRestartFile
*
* This problem writes a restart file after every time step.
*/
bool shouldWriteRestartFile() const
{ return true; }
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::name
*/
std::string name() const
{ return std::string("cuvette_") + Model::name(); }
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::endTimeStep
*/
void endTimeStep()
{
#ifndef NDEBUG
this->model().checkConservativeness();
// Calculate storage terms
EqVector storage;
this->model().globalStorage(storage);
// Write mass balance information for rank 0
if (this->gridView().comm().rank() == 0) {
std::cout << "Storage: " << storage << std::endl << std::flush;
}
#endif // NDEBUG
}
//! \}
/*!
* \name Soil parameters
*/
//! \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::temperature
*/
template <class Context>
Scalar temperature(const Context& /*context*/,
unsigned /*spaceIdx*/,
unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{ return 293.15; /* [K] */ }
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::intrinsicPermeability
*/
template <class Context>
const DimMatrix& intrinsicPermeability(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx,
unsigned timeIdx) const
{
const GlobalPosition& pos = context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
if (isFineMaterial_(pos))
return fineK_;
return coarseK_;
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::porosity
*/
template <class Context>
Scalar porosity(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
{
const GlobalPosition& pos = context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
if (isFineMaterial_(pos))
return finePorosity_;
else
return coarsePorosity_;
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::materialLawParams
*/
template <class Context>
const MaterialLawParams& materialLawParams(const Context& context,
unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
{
const GlobalPosition& pos = context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
if (isFineMaterial_(pos))
return fineMaterialParams_;
else
return coarseMaterialParams_;
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::thermalConductionParams
*/
template <class Context>
const ThermalConductionLawParams &
thermalConductionParams(const Context& /*context*/,
unsigned /*spaceIdx*/,
unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{ return thermalCondParams_; }
//! \}
/*!
* \name Boundary conditions
*/
//! \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::boundary
*/
template <class Context>
void boundary(BoundaryRateVector& values, const Context& context,
unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
{
const auto& pos = context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
if (onRightBoundary_(pos)) {
Opm::CompositionalFluidState<Scalar, FluidSystem> fs;
initialFluidState_(fs, context, spaceIdx, timeIdx);
values.setFreeFlow(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx, fs);
values.setNoFlow();
}
else if (onLeftBoundary_(pos)) {
// injection
RateVector molarRate;
// inject with the same composition as the gas phase of
// the injection fluid state
Scalar molarInjectionRate = 0.3435; // [mol/(m^2 s)]
for (unsigned compIdx = 0; compIdx < numComponents; ++compIdx)
molarRate[conti0EqIdx + compIdx] =
-molarInjectionRate
* injectFluidState_.moleFraction(gasPhaseIdx, compIdx);
// calculate the total mass injection rate [kg / (m^2 s)
Scalar massInjectionRate =
molarInjectionRate
* injectFluidState_.averageMolarMass(gasPhaseIdx);
// set the boundary rate vector [J / (m^2 s)]
values.setMolarRate(molarRate);
values.setEnthalpyRate(-injectFluidState_.enthalpy(gasPhaseIdx) * massInjectionRate);
}
else
values.setNoFlow();
}
//! \}
/*!
* \name Volumetric terms
*/
//! \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::initial
*/
template <class Context>
void initial(PrimaryVariables& values, const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx,
unsigned timeIdx) const
{
Opm::CompositionalFluidState<Scalar, FluidSystem> fs;
initialFluidState_(fs, context, spaceIdx, timeIdx);
const auto& matParams = materialLawParams(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx);
values.assignMassConservative(fs, matParams, /*inEquilibrium=*/false);
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::source
*
* For this problem, the source term of all components is 0
* everywhere.
*/
template <class Context>
void source(RateVector& rate,
const Context& /*context*/,
unsigned /*spaceIdx*/,
unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{ rate = Scalar(0.0); }
//! \}
private:
bool onLeftBoundary_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{ return pos[0] < eps_; }
bool onRightBoundary_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{ return pos[0] > this->boundingBoxMax()[0] - eps_; }
bool onLowerBoundary_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{ return pos[1] < eps_; }
bool onUpperBoundary_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{ return pos[1] > this->boundingBoxMax()[1] - eps_; }
bool isContaminated_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{
return (0.20 <= pos[0]) && (pos[0] <= 0.80) && (0.4 <= pos[1])
&& (pos[1] <= 0.65);
}
bool isFineMaterial_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{
if (0.13 <= pos[0] && 1.20 >= pos[0] && 0.32 <= pos[1] && pos[1] <= 0.57)
return true;
else if (pos[1] <= 0.15 && 1.20 <= pos[0])
return true;
else
return false;
}
template <class FluidState, class Context>
void initialFluidState_(FluidState& fs, const Context& context,
unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
{
const GlobalPosition& pos = context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
fs.setTemperature(293.0 /*[K]*/);
Scalar pw = 1e5;
if (isContaminated_(pos)) {
fs.setSaturation(waterPhaseIdx, 0.12);
fs.setSaturation(naplPhaseIdx, 0.07);
fs.setSaturation(gasPhaseIdx, 1 - 0.12 - 0.07);
// set the capillary pressures
const auto& matParams = materialLawParams(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx);
Scalar pc[numPhases];
MaterialLaw::capillaryPressures(pc, matParams, fs);
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++phaseIdx)
fs.setPressure(phaseIdx, pw + (pc[phaseIdx] - pc[waterPhaseIdx]));
// compute the phase compositions
using MMPC = Opm::MiscibleMultiPhaseComposition<Scalar, FluidSystem>;
typename FluidSystem::template ParameterCache<Scalar> paramCache;
MMPC::solve(fs, paramCache, /*setViscosity=*/true, /*setEnthalpy=*/true);
}
else {
fs.setSaturation(waterPhaseIdx, 0.12);
fs.setSaturation(gasPhaseIdx, 1 - fs.saturation(waterPhaseIdx));
fs.setSaturation(naplPhaseIdx, 0);
// set the capillary pressures
const auto& matParams = materialLawParams(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx);
Scalar pc[numPhases];
MaterialLaw::capillaryPressures(pc, matParams, fs);
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++phaseIdx)
fs.setPressure(phaseIdx, pw + (pc[phaseIdx] - pc[waterPhaseIdx]));
// compute the phase compositions
using MMPC = Opm::MiscibleMultiPhaseComposition<Scalar, FluidSystem>;
typename FluidSystem::template ParameterCache<Scalar> paramCache;
MMPC::solve(fs, paramCache, /*setViscosity=*/true, /*setEnthalpy=*/true);
// set the contaminant mole fractions to zero. this is a little bit hacky...
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
fs.setMoleFraction(phaseIdx, NAPLIdx, 0.0);
if (phaseIdx == naplPhaseIdx)
continue;
Scalar sumx = 0;
for (unsigned compIdx = 0; compIdx < numComponents; ++compIdx)
sumx += fs.moleFraction(phaseIdx, compIdx);
for (unsigned compIdx = 0; compIdx < numComponents; ++compIdx)
fs.setMoleFraction(phaseIdx, compIdx,
fs.moleFraction(phaseIdx, compIdx) / sumx);
}
}
}
void computeThermalCondParams_(ThermalConductionLawParams& params, Scalar poro)
{
Scalar lambdaGranite = 2.8; // [W / (K m)]
// create a Fluid state which has all phases present
Opm::ImmiscibleFluidState<Scalar, FluidSystem> fs;
fs.setTemperature(293.15);
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
fs.setPressure(phaseIdx, 1.0135e5);
}
typename FluidSystem::template ParameterCache<Scalar> paramCache;
paramCache.updateAll(fs);
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
Scalar rho = FluidSystem::density(fs, paramCache, phaseIdx);
fs.setDensity(phaseIdx, rho);
}
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
Scalar lambdaSaturated;
if (FluidSystem::isLiquid(phaseIdx)) {
Scalar lambdaFluid = FluidSystem::thermalConductivity(fs, paramCache, phaseIdx);
lambdaSaturated =
std::pow(lambdaGranite, (1 - poro))
+
std::pow(lambdaFluid, poro);
}
else
lambdaSaturated = std::pow(lambdaGranite, (1 - poro));
params.setFullySaturatedLambda(phaseIdx, lambdaSaturated);
if (!FluidSystem::isLiquid(phaseIdx))
params.setVacuumLambda(lambdaSaturated);
}
}
void initInjectFluidState_()
{
injectFluidState_.setTemperature(383.0); // [K]
injectFluidState_.setPressure(gasPhaseIdx, 1e5); // [Pa]
injectFluidState_.setSaturation(gasPhaseIdx, 1.0); // [-]
Scalar xgH2O = 0.417;
injectFluidState_.setMoleFraction(gasPhaseIdx, H2OIdx, xgH2O); // [-]
injectFluidState_.setMoleFraction(gasPhaseIdx, airIdx, 1 - xgH2O); // [-]
injectFluidState_.setMoleFraction(gasPhaseIdx, NAPLIdx, 0.0); // [-]
// set the specific enthalpy of the gas phase
typename FluidSystem::template ParameterCache<Scalar> paramCache;
paramCache.updatePhase(injectFluidState_, gasPhaseIdx);
Scalar h = FluidSystem::enthalpy(injectFluidState_, paramCache, gasPhaseIdx);
injectFluidState_.setEnthalpy(gasPhaseIdx, h);
}
DimMatrix fineK_;
DimMatrix coarseK_;
Scalar finePorosity_;
Scalar coarsePorosity_;
MaterialLawParams fineMaterialParams_;
MaterialLawParams coarseMaterialParams_;
ThermalConductionLawParams thermalCondParams_;
SolidEnergyLawParams solidEnergyLawParams_;
Opm::CompositionalFluidState<Scalar, FluidSystem> injectFluidState_;
const Scalar eps_;
};
} // namespace Opm
#endif

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \copydoc Opm::DiffusionProblem
*/
#ifndef EWOMS_POWER_INJECTION_PROBLEM_HH
#define EWOMS_POWER_INJECTION_PROBLEM_HH
#include <opm/models/ncp/ncpproperties.hh>
#include <opm/models/io/cubegridvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/LinearMaterial.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/MaterialTraits.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/H2ON2FluidSystem.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidstates/CompositionalFluidState.hpp>
#include <opm/material/constraintsolvers/ComputeFromReferencePhase.hpp>
#include <dune/grid/yaspgrid.hh>
#include <dune/common/version.hh>
#include <dune/common/fvector.hh>
#include <dune/common/fmatrix.hh>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
namespace Opm {
template <class TypeTag>
class DiffusionProblem;
}
namespace Opm::Properties {
namespace TTag {
struct DiffusionBaseProblem {};
} // namespace TTag
// Set the grid implementation to be used
template<class TypeTag>
struct Grid<TypeTag, TTag::DiffusionBaseProblem> { using type = Dune::YaspGrid</*dim=*/1>; };
// set the Vanguard property
template<class TypeTag>
struct Vanguard<TypeTag, TTag::DiffusionBaseProblem> { using type = Opm::CubeGridVanguard<TypeTag>; };
// Set the problem property
template<class TypeTag>
struct Problem<TypeTag, TTag::DiffusionBaseProblem> { using type = Opm::DiffusionProblem<TypeTag>; };
// Set the fluid system
template<class TypeTag>
struct FluidSystem<TypeTag, TTag::DiffusionBaseProblem>
{
private:
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
public:
using type = Opm::H2ON2FluidSystem<Scalar>;
};
// Set the material Law
template<class TypeTag>
struct MaterialLaw<TypeTag, TTag::DiffusionBaseProblem>
{
private:
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;
static_assert(FluidSystem::numPhases == 2,
"A fluid system with two phases is required "
"for this problem!");
using Traits = Opm::TwoPhaseMaterialTraits<Scalar,
/*wettingPhaseIdx=*/FluidSystem::liquidPhaseIdx,
/*nonWettingPhaseIdx=*/FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx>;
public:
using type = Opm::LinearMaterial<Traits>;
};
// Enable molecular diffusion for this problem
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableDiffusion<TypeTag, TTag::DiffusionBaseProblem> { static constexpr bool value = true; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
namespace Opm {
/*!
* \ingroup TestProblems
* \brief 1D problem which is driven by molecular diffusion.
*
* The domain is one meter long and completely filled with gas and
* closed on all boundaries. Its left half exhibits a slightly higher
* water concentration than the right one. After a while, the
* concentration of water will be equilibrate due to molecular
* diffusion.
*/
template <class TypeTag>
class DiffusionProblem : public GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BaseProblem>
{
using ParentType = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BaseProblem>;
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
using GridView = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::GridView>;
using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;
using PrimaryVariables = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::PrimaryVariables>;
using Simulator = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Simulator>;
using Model = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Model>;
enum {
// number of phases
numPhases = FluidSystem::numPhases,
// phase indices
liquidPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::liquidPhaseIdx,
gasPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx,
// component indices
H2OIdx = FluidSystem::H2OIdx,
N2Idx = FluidSystem::N2Idx,
// Grid and world dimension
dim = GridView::dimension,
dimWorld = GridView::dimensionworld
};
using EqVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::EqVector>;
using RateVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::RateVector>;
using BoundaryRateVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BoundaryRateVector>;
using MaterialLaw = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::MaterialLaw>;
using MaterialLawParams = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::MaterialLawParams>;
using CoordScalar = typename GridView::ctype;
using GlobalPosition = Dune::FieldVector<CoordScalar, dimWorld>;
using DimMatrix = Dune::FieldMatrix<Scalar, dimWorld, dimWorld>;
public:
/*!
* \copydoc Doxygen::defaultProblemConstructor
*/
DiffusionProblem(Simulator& simulator)
: ParentType(simulator)
{ }
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::finishInit
*/
void finishInit()
{
ParentType::finishInit();
FluidSystem::init();
temperature_ = 273.15 + 20.0;
materialParams_.finalize();
K_ = this->toDimMatrix_(1e-12); // [m^2]
setupInitialFluidStates_();
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::registerParameters
*/
static void registerParameters()
{
ParentType::registerParameters();
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::CellsX>(250);
if constexpr (dim > 1) {
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::CellsY>(1);
}
if constexpr (dim == 3) {
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::CellsZ>(1);
}
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::EndTime<Scalar>>(1e6);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::InitialTimeStepSize<Scalar>>(1000);
}
/*!
* \name Auxiliary methods
*/
//! \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::name
*/
std::string name() const
{ return std::string("diffusion_") + Model::name(); }
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::endTimeStep
*/
void endTimeStep()
{
#ifndef NDEBUG
this->model().checkConservativeness();
// Calculate storage terms
EqVector storage;
this->model().globalStorage(storage);
// Write mass balance information for rank 0
if (this->gridView().comm().rank() == 0) {
std::cout << "Storage: " << storage << std::endl << std::flush;
}
#endif // NDEBUG
}
//! \}
/*!
* \name Soil parameters
*/
//! \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::intrinsicPermeability
*/
template <class Context>
const DimMatrix& intrinsicPermeability(const Context& /*context*/,
unsigned /*spaceIdx*/,
unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{ return K_; }
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::porosity
*/
template <class Context>
Scalar porosity(const Context& /*context*/,
unsigned /*spaceIdx*/,
unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{ return 0.35; }
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::materialLawParams
*/
template <class Context>
const MaterialLawParams&
materialLawParams(const Context& /*context*/,
unsigned /*spaceIdx*/,
unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{ return materialParams_; }
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::temperature
*/
template <class Context>
Scalar temperature(const Context& /*context*/,
unsigned /*spaceIdx*/,
unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{ return temperature_; }
//! \}
/*!
* \name Boundary conditions
*/
//! \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::boundary
*
* This problem sets no-flow boundaries everywhere.
*/
template <class Context>
void boundary(BoundaryRateVector& values,
const Context& /*context*/,
unsigned /*spaceIdx*/,
unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{ values.setNoFlow(); }
//! \}
/*!
* \name Volumetric terms
*/
//! \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::initial
*/
template <class Context>
void initial(PrimaryVariables& values,
const Context& context,
unsigned spaceIdx,
unsigned timeIdx) const
{
const auto& pos = context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
if (onLeftSide_(pos))
values.assignNaive(leftInitialFluidState_);
else
values.assignNaive(rightInitialFluidState_);
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::source
*
* For this problem, the source term of all components is 0
* everywhere.
*/
template <class Context>
void source(RateVector& rate,
const Context& /*context*/,
unsigned /*spaceIdx*/,
unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{ rate = Scalar(0.0); }
//! \}
private:
bool onLeftSide_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{ return pos[0] < (this->boundingBoxMin()[0] + this->boundingBoxMax()[0]) / 2; }
void setupInitialFluidStates_()
{
// create the initial fluid state for the left half of the domain
leftInitialFluidState_.setTemperature(temperature_);
Scalar Sl = 0.0;
leftInitialFluidState_.setSaturation(liquidPhaseIdx, Sl);
leftInitialFluidState_.setSaturation(gasPhaseIdx, 1 - Sl);
Scalar p = 1e5;
leftInitialFluidState_.setPressure(liquidPhaseIdx, p);
leftInitialFluidState_.setPressure(gasPhaseIdx, p);
Scalar xH2O = 0.01;
leftInitialFluidState_.setMoleFraction(gasPhaseIdx, H2OIdx, xH2O);
leftInitialFluidState_.setMoleFraction(gasPhaseIdx, N2Idx, 1 - xH2O);
using CFRP = Opm::ComputeFromReferencePhase<Scalar, FluidSystem>;
typename FluidSystem::template ParameterCache<Scalar> paramCache;
CFRP::solve(leftInitialFluidState_, paramCache, gasPhaseIdx,
/*setViscosity=*/false, /*setEnthalpy=*/false);
// create the initial fluid state for the right half of the domain
rightInitialFluidState_.assign(leftInitialFluidState_);
xH2O = 0.0;
rightInitialFluidState_.setMoleFraction(gasPhaseIdx, H2OIdx, xH2O);
rightInitialFluidState_.setMoleFraction(gasPhaseIdx, N2Idx, 1 - xH2O);
CFRP::solve(rightInitialFluidState_, paramCache, gasPhaseIdx,
/*setViscosity=*/false, /*setEnthalpy=*/false);
}
DimMatrix K_;
MaterialLawParams materialParams_;
Opm::CompositionalFluidState<Scalar, FluidSystem> leftInitialFluidState_;
Opm::CompositionalFluidState<Scalar, FluidSystem> rightInitialFluidState_;
Scalar temperature_;
};
} // namespace Opm
#endif

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \copydoc Opm::FingerProblem
*/
#ifndef EWOMS_FINGER_PROBLEM_HH
#define EWOMS_FINGER_PROBLEM_HH
#if HAVE_DUNE_ALUGRID
#include <dune/alugrid/grid.hh>
#endif
#include <dune/common/fmatrix.hh>
#include <dune/common/fvector.hh>
#include <dune/common/version.hh>
#include <dune/grid/utility/persistentcontainer.hh>
#include <opm/material/components/Air.hpp>
#include <opm/material/components/SimpleH2O.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/EffToAbsLaw.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/LinearMaterial.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/MaterialTraits.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/ParkerLenhard.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/RegularizedVanGenuchten.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidstates/ImmiscibleFluidState.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/TwoPhaseImmiscibleFluidSystem.hpp>
#include <opm/models/common/multiphasebaseparameters.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/common/fvbasefdlocallinearizer.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/common/restrictprolong.hh>
#include <opm/models/immiscible/immiscibleproperties.hh>
#include <opm/models/io/structuredgridvanguard.hh>
#include <string>
namespace Opm {
template <class TypeTag>
class FingerProblem;
} // namespace Opm
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct FingerBaseProblem { using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<StructuredGridVanguard>; };
} // end namespace TTag
#if HAVE_DUNE_ALUGRID
// use dune-alugrid if available
template<class TypeTag>
struct Grid<TypeTag, TTag::FingerBaseProblem>
{ using type = Dune::ALUGrid</*dim=*/2,
/*dimWorld=*/2,
Dune::cube,
Dune::nonconforming>; };
#endif
// Set the problem property
template<class TypeTag>
struct Problem<TypeTag, TTag::FingerBaseProblem> { using type = Opm::FingerProblem<TypeTag>; };
// Set the wetting phase
template<class TypeTag>
struct WettingPhase<TypeTag, TTag::FingerBaseProblem>
{
private:
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
public:
using type = Opm::LiquidPhase<Scalar, Opm::SimpleH2O<Scalar> >;
};
// Set the non-wetting phase
template<class TypeTag>
struct NonwettingPhase<TypeTag, TTag::FingerBaseProblem>
{
private:
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
public:
using type = Opm::GasPhase<Scalar, Opm::Air<Scalar> >;
};
// Set the material Law
template<class TypeTag>
struct MaterialLaw<TypeTag, TTag::FingerBaseProblem>
{
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;
using Traits = Opm::TwoPhaseMaterialTraits<Scalar,
/*wettingPhaseIdx=*/FluidSystem::wettingPhaseIdx,
/*nonWettingPhaseIdx=*/FluidSystem::nonWettingPhaseIdx>;
// use the parker-lenhard hysteresis law
using ParkerLenhard = Opm::ParkerLenhard<Traits>;
using type = ParkerLenhard;
};
// Enable constraints
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableConstraints<TypeTag, TTag::FingerBaseProblem> { static constexpr int value = true; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
namespace Opm::Parameters {
template<class Scalar>
struct InitialWaterSaturation { static constexpr Scalar value = 0.01; };
} // namespace Opm::Parameters
namespace Opm {
/*!
* \ingroup TestProblems
*
* \brief Two-phase problem featuring some gravity-driven saturation
* fingers.
*
* The domain of this problem is sized 10cm times 1m and is initially
* dry. Water is then injected at three locations on the top of the
* domain which leads to gravity fingering. The boundary conditions
* used are no-flow for the left and right and top of the domain and
* free-flow at the bottom. This problem uses the Parker-Lenhard
* hystersis model which might lead to non-monotonic saturation in the
* fingers if the right material parameters is chosen and the spatial
* discretization is fine enough.
*/
template <class TypeTag>
class FingerProblem : public GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BaseProblem>
{
//!\cond SKIP_THIS
using ParentType = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BaseProblem>;
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
using GridView = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::GridView>;
using Indices = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Indices>;
using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;
using WettingPhase = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::WettingPhase>;
using NonwettingPhase = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::NonwettingPhase>;
using PrimaryVariables = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::PrimaryVariables>;
using Simulator = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Simulator>;
using Constraints = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Constraints>;
using Model = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Model>;
enum {
// number of phases
numPhases = FluidSystem::numPhases,
// phase indices
wettingPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::wettingPhaseIdx,
nonWettingPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::nonWettingPhaseIdx,
// equation indices
contiWettingEqIdx = Indices::conti0EqIdx + wettingPhaseIdx,
// Grid and world dimension
dim = GridView::dimension,
dimWorld = GridView::dimensionworld
};
using ElementContext = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::ElementContext>;
using Stencil = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Stencil> ;
enum { codim = Stencil::Entity::codimension };
using EqVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::EqVector>;
using RateVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::RateVector>;
using BoundaryRateVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BoundaryRateVector>;
using ParkerLenhard = typename GetProp<TypeTag, Properties::MaterialLaw>::ParkerLenhard;
using MaterialLaw = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::MaterialLaw>;
using MaterialLawParams = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::MaterialLawParams>;
using CoordScalar = typename GridView::ctype;
using GlobalPosition = Dune::FieldVector<CoordScalar, dimWorld>;
using DimMatrix = Dune::FieldMatrix<Scalar, dimWorld, dimWorld>;
using Grid = typename GridView :: Grid;
using MaterialLawParamsContainer = Dune::PersistentContainer< Grid, std::shared_ptr< MaterialLawParams > > ;
//!\endcond
public:
using RestrictProlongOperator = CopyRestrictProlong< Grid, MaterialLawParamsContainer >;
/*!
* \copydoc Doxygen::defaultProblemConstructor
*/
FingerProblem(Simulator& simulator)
: ParentType(simulator),
materialParams_( simulator.vanguard().grid(), codim )
{
}
/*!
* \name Auxiliary methods
*/
//! \{
/*!
* \brief \copydoc FvBaseProblem::restrictProlongOperator
*/
RestrictProlongOperator restrictProlongOperator()
{
return RestrictProlongOperator( materialParams_ );
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::name
*/
std::string name() const
{ return
std::string("finger") +
"_" + Model::name() +
"_" + Model::discretizationName() +
(this->model().enableGridAdaptation()?"_adaptive":"");
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::registerParameters
*/
static void registerParameters()
{
ParentType::registerParameters();
Parameters::Register<Parameters::InitialWaterSaturation<Scalar>>
("The initial saturation in the domain [] of the wetting phase");
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::CellsX>(20);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::DomainSizeX<Scalar>>(0.1);
if constexpr (dim > 1) {
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::CellsY>(70);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::DomainSizeY<Scalar>>(0.3);
}
if constexpr (dim == 3) {
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::CellsZ>(1);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::DomainSizeZ<Scalar>>(0.1);
}
// Use forward differences
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::NumericDifferenceMethod>(+1);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::EndTime<Scalar>>(215);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::InitialTimeStepSize<Scalar>>(10);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::EnableGravity>(true);
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::finishInit()
*/
void finishInit()
{
ParentType::finishInit();
eps_ = 3e-6;
temperature_ = 273.15 + 20; // -> 20°C
FluidSystem::init();
// parameters for the Van Genuchten law of the main imbibition
// and the main drainage curves.
micParams_.setVgAlpha(0.0037);
micParams_.setVgN(4.7);
micParams_.finalize();
mdcParams_.setVgAlpha(0.0037);
mdcParams_.setVgN(4.7);
mdcParams_.finalize();
// initialize the material parameter objects of the individual
// finite volumes, resize will resize the container to the number of elements
materialParams_.resize();
for (auto it = materialParams_.begin(),
end = materialParams_.end(); it != end; ++it ) {
std::shared_ptr< MaterialLawParams >& materialParams = *it ;
if( ! materialParams )
{
materialParams.reset( new MaterialLawParams() );
materialParams->setMicParams(&micParams_);
materialParams->setMdcParams(&mdcParams_);
materialParams->setSwr(0.0);
materialParams->setSnr(0.1);
materialParams->finalize();
ParkerLenhard::reset(*materialParams);
}
}
K_ = this->toDimMatrix_(4.6e-10);
setupInitialFluidState_();
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::endTimeStep
*/
void endTimeStep()
{
#ifndef NDEBUG
// checkConservativeness() does not include the effect of constraints, so we
// disable it for this problem...
//this->model().checkConservativeness();
// Calculate storage terms
EqVector storage;
this->model().globalStorage(storage);
// Write mass balance information for rank 0
if (this->gridView().comm().rank() == 0) {
std::cout << "Storage: " << storage << std::endl << std::flush;
}
#endif // NDEBUG
// update the history of the hysteresis law
ElementContext elemCtx(this->simulator());
for (const auto& elem : elements(this->gridView())) {
elemCtx.updateAll(elem);
size_t numDofs = elemCtx.numDof(/*timeIdx=*/0);
for (unsigned scvIdx = 0; scvIdx < numDofs; ++scvIdx)
{
MaterialLawParams& materialParam = materialLawParams( elemCtx, scvIdx, /*timeIdx=*/0 );
const auto& fs = elemCtx.intensiveQuantities(scvIdx, /*timeIdx=*/0).fluidState();
ParkerLenhard::update(materialParam, fs);
}
}
}
//! \}
/*!
* \name Soil parameters
*/
//! \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::temperature
*/
template <class Context>
Scalar temperature(const Context& /*context*/, unsigned /*spaceIdx*/, unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{ return temperature_; }
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::intrinsicPermeability
*/
template <class Context>
const DimMatrix& intrinsicPermeability(const Context& /*context*/, unsigned /*spaceIdx*/, unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{ return K_; }
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::porosity
*/
template <class Context>
Scalar porosity(const Context& /*context*/, unsigned /*spaceIdx*/, unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{ return 0.4; }
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::materialLawParams
*/
template <class Context>
MaterialLawParams& materialLawParams(const Context& context,
unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx)
{
const auto& entity = context.stencil(timeIdx).entity(spaceIdx);
assert(materialParams_[entity]);
return *materialParams_[entity];
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::materialLawParams
*/
template <class Context>
const MaterialLawParams& materialLawParams(const Context& context,
unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
{
const auto& entity = context.stencil(timeIdx).entity( spaceIdx );
assert(materialParams_[entity]);
return *materialParams_[entity];
}
//! \}
/*!
* \name Boundary conditions
*/
//! \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::boundary
*/
template <class Context>
void boundary(BoundaryRateVector& values, const Context& context,
unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
{
const GlobalPosition& pos = context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
if (onLeftBoundary_(pos) || onRightBoundary_(pos) || onLowerBoundary_(pos))
values.setNoFlow();
else {
assert(onUpperBoundary_(pos));
values.setFreeFlow(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx, initialFluidState_);
}
// override the value for the liquid phase by forced
// imbibition of water on inlet boundary segments
if (onInlet_(pos)) {
values[contiWettingEqIdx] = -0.001; // [kg/(m^2 s)]
}
}
//! \}
/*!
* \name Volumetric terms
*/
//! \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::initial
*/
template <class Context>
void initial(PrimaryVariables& values, const Context& /*context*/, unsigned /*spaceIdx*/, unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{
// assign the primary variables
values.assignNaive(initialFluidState_);
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::constraints
*/
template <class Context>
void constraints(Constraints& constraints, const Context& context,
unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
{
const GlobalPosition& pos = context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
if (onUpperBoundary_(pos) && !onInlet_(pos)) {
constraints.setActive(true);
constraints.assignNaive(initialFluidState_);
}
else if (onLowerBoundary_(pos)) {
constraints.setActive(true);
constraints.assignNaive(initialFluidState_);
}
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::source
*
* For this problem, the source term of all components is 0
* everywhere.
*/
template <class Context>
void source(RateVector& rate, const Context& /*context*/,
unsigned /*spaceIdx*/, unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{ rate = Scalar(0.0); }
//! \}
private:
bool onLeftBoundary_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{ return pos[0] < this->boundingBoxMin()[0] + eps_; }
bool onRightBoundary_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{ return pos[0] > this->boundingBoxMax()[0] - eps_; }
bool onLowerBoundary_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{ return pos[1] < this->boundingBoxMin()[1] + eps_; }
bool onUpperBoundary_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{ return pos[1] > this->boundingBoxMax()[1] - eps_; }
bool onInlet_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{
Scalar width = this->boundingBoxMax()[0] - this->boundingBoxMin()[0];
Scalar lambda = (this->boundingBoxMax()[0] - pos[0]) / width;
if (!onUpperBoundary_(pos))
return false;
Scalar xInject[] = { 0.25, 0.75 };
Scalar injectLen[] = { 0.1, 0.1 };
for (unsigned i = 0; i < sizeof(xInject) / sizeof(Scalar); ++i) {
if (xInject[i] - injectLen[i] / 2 < lambda
&& lambda < xInject[i] + injectLen[i] / 2)
return true;
}
return false;
}
void setupInitialFluidState_()
{
auto& fs = initialFluidState_;
fs.setPressure(wettingPhaseIdx, /*pressure=*/1e5);
Scalar Sw = Parameters::Get<Parameters::InitialWaterSaturation<Scalar>>();
fs.setSaturation(wettingPhaseIdx, Sw);
fs.setSaturation(nonWettingPhaseIdx, 1 - Sw);
fs.setTemperature(temperature_);
// set the absolute pressures
Scalar pn = 1e5;
fs.setPressure(nonWettingPhaseIdx, pn);
fs.setPressure(wettingPhaseIdx, pn);
typename FluidSystem::template ParameterCache<Scalar> paramCache;
paramCache.updateAll(fs);
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++ phaseIdx) {
fs.setDensity(phaseIdx, FluidSystem::density(fs, paramCache, phaseIdx));
fs.setViscosity(phaseIdx, FluidSystem::viscosity(fs, paramCache, phaseIdx));
}
}
DimMatrix K_;
typename MaterialLawParams::VanGenuchtenParams micParams_;
typename MaterialLawParams::VanGenuchtenParams mdcParams_;
MaterialLawParamsContainer materialParams_;
Opm::ImmiscibleFluidState<Scalar, FluidSystem> initialFluidState_;
Scalar temperature_;
Scalar eps_;
};
} // namespace Opm
#endif

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \copydoc Opm::FractureProblem
*/
#ifndef EWOMS_FRACTURE_PROBLEM_HH
#define EWOMS_FRACTURE_PROBLEM_HH
#if HAVE_DUNE_ALUGRID
// avoid reordering of macro elements, otherwise this problem won't work
#define DISABLE_ALUGRID_SFC_ORDERING 1
#include <dune/alugrid/grid.hh>
#include <dune/alugrid/dgf.hh>
#else
#error "dune-alugrid not found!"
#endif
#include <opm/models/discretefracture/discretefracturemodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/io/dgfvanguard.hh>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/RegularizedBrooksCorey.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/RegularizedVanGenuchten.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/LinearMaterial.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/EffToAbsLaw.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/MaterialTraits.hpp>
#include <opm/material/thermal/SomertonThermalConductionLaw.hpp>
#include <opm/material/thermal/ConstantSolidHeatCapLaw.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/TwoPhaseImmiscibleFluidSystem.hpp>
#include <opm/material/components/SimpleH2O.hpp>
#include <opm/material/components/Dnapl.hpp>
#include <dune/common/version.hh>
#include <dune/common/fmatrix.hh>
#include <dune/common/fvector.hh>
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
namespace Opm {
template <class TypeTag>
class FractureProblem;
}
namespace Opm::Properties {
// Create a type tag for the problem
// Create new type tags
namespace TTag {
struct FractureProblem { using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<DiscreteFractureModel>; };
} // end namespace TTag
// Set the grid type
template<class TypeTag>
struct Grid<TypeTag, TTag::FractureProblem>
{ using type = Dune::ALUGrid</*dim=*/2, /*dimWorld=*/2, Dune::simplex, Dune::nonconforming>; };
// Set the Vanguard property
template<class TypeTag>
struct Vanguard<TypeTag, TTag::FractureProblem> { using type = Opm::DgfVanguard<TypeTag>; };
// Set the problem property
template<class TypeTag>
struct Problem<TypeTag, TTag::FractureProblem> { using type = Opm::FractureProblem<TypeTag>; };
// Set the wetting phase
template<class TypeTag>
struct WettingPhase<TypeTag, TTag::FractureProblem>
{
private:
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
public:
using type = Opm::LiquidPhase<Scalar, Opm::SimpleH2O<Scalar> >;
};
// Set the non-wetting phase
template<class TypeTag>
struct NonwettingPhase<TypeTag, TTag::FractureProblem>
{
private:
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
public:
using type = Opm::LiquidPhase<Scalar, Opm::DNAPL<Scalar> >;
};
// Set the material Law
template<class TypeTag>
struct MaterialLaw<TypeTag, TTag::FractureProblem>
{
private:
using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;
enum { wettingPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::wettingPhaseIdx };
enum { nonWettingPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::nonWettingPhaseIdx };
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
using Traits = Opm::TwoPhaseMaterialTraits<Scalar,
/*wettingPhaseIdx=*/FluidSystem::wettingPhaseIdx,
/*nonWettingPhaseIdx=*/FluidSystem::nonWettingPhaseIdx>;
// define the material law which is parameterized by effective
// saturations
using EffectiveLaw = Opm::RegularizedBrooksCorey<Traits>;
// using EffectiveLaw = RegularizedVanGenuchten<Traits>;
// using EffectiveLaw = LinearMaterial<Traits>;
public:
using type = Opm::EffToAbsLaw<EffectiveLaw>;
};
// Enable the energy equation
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableEnergy<TypeTag, TTag::FractureProblem> { static constexpr bool value = true; };
// Set the thermal conduction law
template<class TypeTag>
struct ThermalConductionLaw<TypeTag, TTag::FractureProblem>
{
private:
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;
public:
// define the material law parameterized by absolute saturations
using type = Opm::SomertonThermalConductionLaw<FluidSystem, Scalar>;
};
// set the energy storage law for the solid phase
template<class TypeTag>
struct SolidEnergyLaw<TypeTag, TTag::FractureProblem>
{ using type = Opm::ConstantSolidHeatCapLaw<GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>>; };
// For this problem, we use constraints to specify the left boundary
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableConstraints<TypeTag, TTag::FractureProblem> { static constexpr bool value = true; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
namespace Opm {
/*!
* \ingroup TestProblems
*
* \brief Two-phase problem which involves fractures
*
* The domain is initially completely saturated by the oil phase,
* except for the left side, which is fully water saturated. Since the
* capillary pressure in the fractures is lower than in the rock
* matrix and the material is hydrophilic, water infiltrates through
* the fractures and gradually pushes the oil out on the right side,
* where the pressure is kept constant.
*/
template <class TypeTag>
class FractureProblem : public GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BaseProblem>
{
using ParentType = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BaseProblem>;
using GridView = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::GridView>;
using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;
using WettingPhase = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::WettingPhase>;
using NonwettingPhase = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::NonwettingPhase>;
using Constraints = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Constraints>;
using EqVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::EqVector>;
using PrimaryVariables = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::PrimaryVariables>;
using BoundaryRateVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BoundaryRateVector>;
using RateVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::RateVector>;
using Simulator = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Simulator>;
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
using MaterialLaw = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::MaterialLaw>;
using MaterialLawParams = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::MaterialLawParams>;
using ThermalConductionLawParams = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::ThermalConductionLawParams>;
using SolidEnergyLawParams = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::SolidEnergyLawParams>;
using Model = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Model>;
enum {
// phase indices
wettingPhaseIdx = MaterialLaw::wettingPhaseIdx,
nonWettingPhaseIdx = MaterialLaw::nonWettingPhaseIdx,
// number of phases
numPhases = FluidSystem::numPhases,
// Grid and world dimension
dim = GridView::dimension,
dimWorld = GridView::dimensionworld
};
using FluidState = Opm::ImmiscibleFluidState<Scalar, FluidSystem>;
using GlobalPosition = Dune::FieldVector<Scalar, dimWorld>;
using DimMatrix = Dune::FieldMatrix<Scalar, dimWorld, dimWorld>;
template <int dim>
struct FaceLayout
{
bool contains(Dune::GeometryType gt)
{ return gt.dim() == dim - 1; }
};
using FaceMapper = Dune::MultipleCodimMultipleGeomTypeMapper<GridView>;
using FractureMapper = Opm::FractureMapper<TypeTag>;
public:
/*!
* \copydoc Doxygen::defaultProblemConstructor
*/
FractureProblem(Simulator& simulator)
: ParentType(simulator)
{ }
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::finishInit
*/
void finishInit()
{
ParentType::finishInit();
eps_ = 3e-6;
temperature_ = 273.15 + 20; // -> 20°C
matrixMaterialParams_.setResidualSaturation(wettingPhaseIdx, 0.0);
matrixMaterialParams_.setResidualSaturation(nonWettingPhaseIdx, 0.0);
fractureMaterialParams_.setResidualSaturation(wettingPhaseIdx, 0.0);
fractureMaterialParams_.setResidualSaturation(nonWettingPhaseIdx, 0.0);
#if 0 // linear
matrixMaterialParams_.setEntryPC(0.0);
matrixMaterialParams_.setMaxPC(2000.0);
fractureMaterialParams_.setEntryPC(0.0);
fractureMaterialParams_.setMaxPC(1000.0);
#endif
#if 1 // Brooks-Corey
matrixMaterialParams_.setEntryPressure(2000);
matrixMaterialParams_.setLambda(2.0);
matrixMaterialParams_.setPcLowSw(1e-1);
fractureMaterialParams_.setEntryPressure(1000);
fractureMaterialParams_.setLambda(2.0);
fractureMaterialParams_.setPcLowSw(5e-2);
#endif
#if 0 // van Genuchten
matrixMaterialParams_.setVgAlpha(0.0037);
matrixMaterialParams_.setVgN(4.7);
fractureMaterialParams_.setVgAlpha(0.0025);
fractureMaterialParams_.setVgN(4.7);
#endif
matrixMaterialParams_.finalize();
fractureMaterialParams_.finalize();
matrixK_ = this->toDimMatrix_(1e-15); // m^2
fractureK_ = this->toDimMatrix_(1e5 * 1e-15); // m^2
matrixPorosity_ = 0.10;
fracturePorosity_ = 0.25;
fractureWidth_ = 1e-3; // [m]
// initialize the energy-related parameters
initEnergyParams_(thermalConductionParams_, matrixPorosity_);
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::registerParameters
*/
static void registerParameters()
{
ParentType::registerParameters();
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::GridFile>("data/fracture.art.dgf");
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::EndTime<Scalar>>(3e3);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::InitialTimeStepSize<Scalar>>(100);
}
/*!
* \name Auxiliary methods
*/
//! \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::name
*/
std::string name() const
{
std::ostringstream oss;
oss << "fracture_" << Model::name();
return oss.str();
}
/*!
* \brief Called directly after the time integration.
*/
void endTimeStep()
{
#ifndef NDEBUG
// checkConservativeness() does not include the effect of constraints, so we
// disable it for this problem...
//this->model().checkConservativeness();
// Calculate storage terms
EqVector storage;
this->model().globalStorage(storage);
// Write mass balance information for rank 0
if (this->gridView().comm().rank() == 0) {
std::cout << "Storage: " << storage << std::endl << std::flush;
}
#endif // NDEBUG
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::temperature
*/
template <class Context>
Scalar temperature([[maybe_unused]] const Context& context,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned spaceIdx,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned timeIdx) const
{ return temperature_; }
// \}
/*!
* \name Soil parameters
*/
//! \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::intrinsicPermeability
*/
template <class Context>
const DimMatrix& intrinsicPermeability([[maybe_unused]] const Context& context,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned spaceIdx,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned timeIdx) const
{ return matrixK_; }
/*!
* \brief Intrinsic permeability of fractures.
*
* \copydoc Doxygen::contextParams
*/
template <class Context>
const DimMatrix& fractureIntrinsicPermeability([[maybe_unused]] const Context& context,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned spaceIdx,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned timeIdx) const
{ return fractureK_; }
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::porosity
*/
template <class Context>
Scalar porosity([[maybe_unused]] const Context& context,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned spaceIdx,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned timeIdx) const
{ return matrixPorosity_; }
/*!
* \brief The porosity inside the fractures.
*
* \copydoc Doxygen::contextParams
*/
template <class Context>
Scalar fracturePorosity([[maybe_unused]] const Context& context,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned spaceIdx,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned timeIdx) const
{ return fracturePorosity_; }
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::materialLawParams
*/
template <class Context>
const MaterialLawParams& materialLawParams([[maybe_unused]] const Context& context,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned spaceIdx,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned timeIdx) const
{ return matrixMaterialParams_; }
/*!
* \brief The parameters for the material law inside the fractures.
*
* \copydoc Doxygen::contextParams
*/
template <class Context>
const MaterialLawParams& fractureMaterialLawParams([[maybe_unused]] const Context& context,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned spaceIdx,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned timeIdx) const
{ return fractureMaterialParams_; }
/*!
* \brief Returns the object representating the fracture topology.
*/
const FractureMapper& fractureMapper() const
{ return this->simulator().vanguard().fractureMapper(); }
/*!
* \brief Returns the width of the fracture.
*
* \todo This method should get one face index instead of two
* vertex indices. This probably requires a new context
* class, though.
*
* \param context The execution context.
* \param spaceIdx1 The local index of the edge's first edge.
* \param spaceIdx2 The local index of the edge's second edge.
* \param timeIdx The index used by the time discretization.
*/
template <class Context>
Scalar fractureWidth([[maybe_unused]] const Context& context,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned spaceIdx1,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned spaceIdx2,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned timeIdx) const
{ return fractureWidth_; }
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::thermalConductionParams
*/
template <class Context>
const ThermalConductionLawParams&
thermalConductionLawParams([[maybe_unused]] const Context& context,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned spaceIdx,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned timeIdx) const
{ return thermalConductionParams_; }
/*!
* \brief Return the parameters for the energy storage law of the rock
*
* In this case, we assume the rock-matrix to be granite.
*/
template <class Context>
const SolidEnergyLawParams&
solidEnergyLawParams([[maybe_unused]] const Context& context,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned spaceIdx,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned timeIdx) const
{ return solidEnergyParams_; }
// \}
/*!
* \name Boundary conditions
*/
// \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::boundary
*/
template <class Context>
void boundary(BoundaryRateVector& values, const Context& context,
unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
{
const GlobalPosition& pos = context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
if (onRightBoundary_(pos)) {
// on the right boundary, we impose a free-flow
// (i.e. Dirichlet) condition
FluidState fluidState;
fluidState.setTemperature(temperature_);
fluidState.setSaturation(wettingPhaseIdx, 0.0);
fluidState.setSaturation(nonWettingPhaseIdx,
1.0 - fluidState.saturation(wettingPhaseIdx));
fluidState.setPressure(wettingPhaseIdx, 1e5);
fluidState.setPressure(nonWettingPhaseIdx, fluidState.pressure(wettingPhaseIdx));
typename FluidSystem::template ParameterCache<Scalar> paramCache;
paramCache.updateAll(fluidState);
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++ phaseIdx) {
fluidState.setDensity(phaseIdx,
FluidSystem::density(fluidState, paramCache, phaseIdx));
fluidState.setViscosity(phaseIdx,
FluidSystem::viscosity(fluidState, paramCache, phaseIdx));
}
// set a free flow (i.e. Dirichlet) boundary
values.setFreeFlow(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx, fluidState);
}
else
// for the upper, lower and left boundaries, use a no-flow
// condition (i.e. a Neumann 0 condition)
values.setNoFlow();
}
// \}
/*!
* \name Volumetric terms
*/
// \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::constraints
*/
template <class Context>
void constraints(Constraints& constraints, const Context& context,
unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
{
const GlobalPosition& pos = context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
if (!onLeftBoundary_(pos))
// only impose constraints adjacent to the left boundary
return;
unsigned globalIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
if (!fractureMapper().isFractureVertex(globalIdx)) {
// do not impose constraints if the finite volume does
// not contain fractures.
return;
}
// if the current finite volume is on the left boundary
// and features a fracture, specify the fracture fluid
// state.
FluidState fractureFluidState;
fractureFluidState.setTemperature(temperature_ + 10.0);
fractureFluidState.setSaturation(wettingPhaseIdx, 1.0);
fractureFluidState.setSaturation(nonWettingPhaseIdx,
1.0 - fractureFluidState.saturation(
wettingPhaseIdx));
Scalar pCFracture[numPhases];
MaterialLaw::capillaryPressures(pCFracture, fractureMaterialParams_,
fractureFluidState);
fractureFluidState.setPressure(wettingPhaseIdx, /*pressure=*/1.0e5);
fractureFluidState.setPressure(nonWettingPhaseIdx,
fractureFluidState.pressure(wettingPhaseIdx)
+ (pCFracture[nonWettingPhaseIdx]
- pCFracture[wettingPhaseIdx]));
constraints.setActive(true);
constraints.assignNaiveFromFracture(fractureFluidState,
matrixMaterialParams_);
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::initial
*/
template <class Context>
void initial(PrimaryVariables& values,
[[maybe_unused]] const Context& context,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned spaceIdx,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned timeIdx) const
{
FluidState fluidState;
fluidState.setTemperature(temperature_);
fluidState.setPressure(FluidSystem::wettingPhaseIdx, /*pressure=*/1e5);
fluidState.setPressure(nonWettingPhaseIdx, fluidState.pressure(wettingPhaseIdx));
fluidState.setSaturation(wettingPhaseIdx, 0.0);
fluidState.setSaturation(nonWettingPhaseIdx,
1.0 - fluidState.saturation(wettingPhaseIdx));
values.assignNaive(fluidState);
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::source
*
* For this problem, the source term of all components is 0
* everywhere.
*/
template <class Context>
void source(RateVector& rate,
[[maybe_unused]] const Context& context,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned spaceIdx,
[[maybe_unused]] unsigned timeIdx) const
{ rate = Scalar(0.0); }
// \}
private:
bool onLeftBoundary_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{ return pos[0] < this->boundingBoxMin()[0] + eps_; }
bool onRightBoundary_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{ return pos[0] > this->boundingBoxMax()[0] - eps_; }
bool onLowerBoundary_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{ return pos[1] < this->boundingBoxMin()[1] + eps_; }
bool onUpperBoundary_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{ return pos[1] > this->boundingBoxMax()[1] - eps_; }
void initEnergyParams_(ThermalConductionLawParams& params, Scalar poro)
{
// assume the volumetric heat capacity of granite
solidEnergyParams_.setSolidHeatCapacity(790.0 // specific heat capacity of granite [J / (kg K)]
* 2700.0); // density of granite [kg/m^3]
solidEnergyParams_.finalize();
Scalar lambdaGranite = 2.8; // [W / (K m)]
// create a Fluid state which has all phases present
Opm::ImmiscibleFluidState<Scalar, FluidSystem> fs;
fs.setTemperature(293.15);
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
fs.setPressure(phaseIdx, 1.0135e5);
}
typename FluidSystem::template ParameterCache<Scalar> paramCache;
paramCache.updateAll(fs);
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
Scalar rho = FluidSystem::density(fs, paramCache, phaseIdx);
fs.setDensity(phaseIdx, rho);
}
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
Scalar lambdaSaturated;
if (FluidSystem::isLiquid(phaseIdx)) {
Scalar lambdaFluid = FluidSystem::thermalConductivity(fs, paramCache, phaseIdx);
lambdaSaturated =
std::pow(lambdaGranite, (1 - poro))
+ std::pow(lambdaFluid, poro);
}
else
lambdaSaturated = std::pow(lambdaGranite, (1 - poro));
params.setFullySaturatedLambda(phaseIdx, lambdaSaturated);
}
Scalar lambdaVac = std::pow(lambdaGranite, (1 - poro));
params.setVacuumLambda(lambdaVac);
}
DimMatrix matrixK_;
DimMatrix fractureK_;
Scalar matrixPorosity_;
Scalar fracturePorosity_;
Scalar fractureWidth_;
MaterialLawParams fractureMaterialParams_;
MaterialLawParams matrixMaterialParams_;
ThermalConductionLawParams thermalConductionParams_;
SolidEnergyLawParams solidEnergyParams_;
Scalar temperature_;
Scalar eps_;
};
} // namespace Opm
#endif // EWOMS_FRACTURE_PROBLEM_HH

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// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
copyright holders.
*/
/*!
* \file
*
* \copydoc Opm::GroundWaterProblem
*/
#ifndef EWOMS_GROUND_WATER_PROBLEM_HH
#define EWOMS_GROUND_WATER_PROBLEM_HH
#include <dune/common/fmatrix.hh>
#include <dune/common/fvector.hh>
#include <dune/common/version.hh>
#include <dune/grid/yaspgrid.hh>
#include <dune/grid/io/file/dgfparser/dgfyasp.hh>
#include <opm/material/components/SimpleH2O.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidstates/ImmiscibleFluidState.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/LiquidPhase.hpp>
#include <opm/models/common/multiphasebaseparameters.hh>
#include <opm/models/immiscible/immiscibleproperties.hh>
#include <opm/simulators/linalg/parallelistlbackend.hh>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
namespace Opm {
template <class TypeTag>
class GroundWaterProblem;
}
namespace Opm::Properties {
namespace TTag {
struct GroundWaterBaseProblem {};
}
template<class TypeTag>
struct Fluid<TypeTag, TTag::GroundWaterBaseProblem>
{
private:
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
public:
using type = Opm::LiquidPhase<Scalar, Opm::SimpleH2O<Scalar> >;
};
// Set the grid type
template<class TypeTag>
struct Grid<TypeTag, TTag::GroundWaterBaseProblem> { using type = Dune::YaspGrid<2>; };
// struct Grid<TypeTag, TTag::GroundWaterBaseProblem> { using type = Dune::SGrid<2, 2>; };
template<class TypeTag>
struct Problem<TypeTag, TTag::GroundWaterBaseProblem>
{ using type = Opm::GroundWaterProblem<TypeTag>; };
// Use the conjugated gradient linear solver with the default preconditioner (i.e.,
// ILU-0) from dune-istl
template<class TypeTag>
struct LinearSolverSplice<TypeTag, TTag::GroundWaterBaseProblem> { using type = TTag::ParallelIstlLinearSolver; };
template<class TypeTag>
struct LinearSolverWrapper<TypeTag, TTag::GroundWaterBaseProblem>
{ using type = Opm::Linear::SolverWrapperConjugatedGradients<TypeTag>; };
} // namespace Opm::Properties
namespace Opm::Parameters {
template<class Scalar>
struct LensLowerLeftX { static constexpr Scalar value = 0.25; };
template<class Scalar>
struct LensLowerLeftY { static constexpr Scalar value = 0.25; };
template<class Scalar>
struct LensLowerLeftZ { static constexpr Scalar value = 0.25; };
template<class Scalar>
struct LensUpperRightX { static constexpr Scalar value = 0.75; };
template<class Scalar>
struct LensUpperRightY { static constexpr Scalar value = 0.75; };
template<class Scalar>
struct LensUpperRightZ { static constexpr Scalar value = 0.75; };
template<class Scalar>
struct Permeability { static constexpr Scalar value = 1e-10; };
template<class Scalar>
struct PermeabilityLens { static constexpr Scalar value = 1e-12; };
} // namespace Opm::Parameters
namespace Opm {
/*!
* \ingroup TestProblems
*
* \brief Test for the immisicible VCVF discretization with only a single phase
*
* This problem is inspired by groundwater flow. Don't expect it to be
* realistic, though: For two dimensions, the domain size is 1m times
* 1m. On the left and right of the domain, no-flow boundaries are
* used, while at the top and bottom free flow boundaries with a
* pressure of 2 bar and 1 bar are used. The center of the domain is
* occupied by a rectangular lens of lower permeability.
*/
template <class TypeTag>
class GroundWaterProblem : public GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BaseProblem>
{
using ParentType = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BaseProblem>;
using GridView = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::GridView>;
using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;
// copy some indices for convenience
using Indices = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Indices>;
enum {
numPhases = FluidSystem::numPhases,
// Grid and world dimension
dim = GridView::dimension,
dimWorld = GridView::dimensionworld,
// indices of the primary variables
pressure0Idx = Indices::pressure0Idx
};
using Simulator = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Simulator>;
using EqVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::EqVector>;
using RateVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::RateVector>;
using BoundaryRateVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BoundaryRateVector>;
using PrimaryVariables = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::PrimaryVariables>;
using Model = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Model>;
using CoordScalar = typename GridView::ctype;
using GlobalPosition = Dune::FieldVector<CoordScalar, dimWorld>;
using DimMatrix = Dune::FieldMatrix<Scalar, dimWorld, dimWorld>;
public:
/*!
* \copydoc Doxygen::defaultProblemConstructor
*/
GroundWaterProblem(Simulator& simulator)
: ParentType(simulator)
{ }
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::finishInit
*/
void finishInit()
{
ParentType::finishInit();
eps_ = 1.0e-3;
lensLowerLeft_[0] = Parameters::Get<Parameters::LensLowerLeftX<Scalar>>();
if (dim > 1)
lensLowerLeft_[1] = Parameters::Get<Parameters::LensLowerLeftY<Scalar>>();
if (dim > 2)
lensLowerLeft_[2] = Parameters::Get<Parameters::LensLowerLeftY<Scalar>>();
lensUpperRight_[0] = Parameters::Get<Parameters::LensUpperRightX<Scalar>>();
if (dim > 1)
lensUpperRight_[1] = Parameters::Get<Parameters::LensUpperRightY<Scalar>>();
if (dim > 2)
lensUpperRight_[2] = Parameters::Get<Parameters::LensUpperRightY<Scalar>>();
intrinsicPerm_ = this->toDimMatrix_(Parameters::Get<Parameters::Permeability<Scalar>>());
intrinsicPermLens_ = this->toDimMatrix_(Parameters::Get<Parameters::PermeabilityLens<Scalar>>());
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::registerParameters
*/
static void registerParameters()
{
ParentType::registerParameters();
Parameters::Register<Parameters::LensLowerLeftX<Scalar>>
("The x-coordinate of the lens' lower-left corner [m].");
Parameters::Register<Parameters::LensUpperRightX<Scalar>>
("The x-coordinate of the lens' upper-right corner [m].");
if (dimWorld > 1) {
Parameters::Register<Parameters::LensLowerLeftY<Scalar>>
("The y-coordinate of the lens' lower-left corner [m].");
Parameters::Register<Parameters::LensUpperRightY<Scalar>>
("The y-coordinate of the lens' upper-right corner [m].");
}
if (dimWorld > 2) {
Parameters::Register<Parameters::LensLowerLeftZ<Scalar>>
("The z-coordinate of the lens' lower-left corner [m].");
Parameters::Register<Parameters::LensUpperRightZ<Scalar>>
("The z-coordinate of the lens' upper-right corner [m].");
}
Parameters::Register<Parameters::Permeability<Scalar>>
("The intrinsic permeability [m^2] of the ambient material.");
Parameters::Register<Parameters::PermeabilityLens<Scalar>>
("The intrinsic permeability [m^2] of the lens.");
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::GridFile>("./data/groundwater_2d.dgf");
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::EndTime<Scalar>>(1.0);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::InitialTimeStepSize<Scalar>>(1.0);
Parameters::SetDefault<Parameters::EnableGravity>(true);
}
/*!
* \name Problem parameters
*/
// \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::name
*/
std::string name() const
{
std::ostringstream oss;
oss << "groundwater_" << Model::name();
return oss.str();
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::endTimeStep
*/
void endTimeStep()
{
#ifndef NDEBUG
this->model().checkConservativeness();
// Calculate storage terms
EqVector storage;
this->model().globalStorage(storage);
// Write mass balance information for rank 0
if (this->gridView().comm().rank() == 0) {
std::cout << "Storage: " << storage << std::endl << std::flush;
}
#endif // NDEBUG
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::temperature
*/
template <class Context>
Scalar temperature(const Context& /*context*/,
unsigned /*spaceIdx*/,
unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{ return 273.15 + 10; } // 10C
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::porosity
*/
template <class Context>
Scalar porosity(const Context& /*context*/,
unsigned /*spaceIdx*/,
unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{ return 0.4; }
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::intrinsicPermeability
*/
template <class Context>
const DimMatrix& intrinsicPermeability(const Context& context,
unsigned spaceIdx,
unsigned timeIdx) const
{
if (isInLens_(context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx)))
return intrinsicPermLens_;
else
return intrinsicPerm_;
}
//! \}
/*!
* \name Boundary conditions
*/
//! \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::boundary
*/
template <class Context>
void boundary(BoundaryRateVector& values, const Context& context,
unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
{
const GlobalPosition& globalPos = context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
if (onLowerBoundary_(globalPos) || onUpperBoundary_(globalPos)) {
Scalar pressure;
Scalar T = temperature(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx);
if (onLowerBoundary_(globalPos))
pressure = 2e5;
else // on upper boundary
pressure = 1e5;
Opm::ImmiscibleFluidState<Scalar, FluidSystem,
/*storeEnthalpy=*/false> fs;
fs.setSaturation(/*phaseIdx=*/0, 1.0);
fs.setPressure(/*phaseIdx=*/0, pressure);
fs.setTemperature(T);
typename FluidSystem::template ParameterCache<Scalar> paramCache;
paramCache.updateAll(fs);
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++ phaseIdx) {
fs.setDensity(phaseIdx, FluidSystem::density(fs, paramCache, phaseIdx));
fs.setViscosity(phaseIdx, FluidSystem::viscosity(fs, paramCache, phaseIdx));
}
// impose an freeflow boundary condition
values.setFreeFlow(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx, fs);
}
else {
// no flow boundary
values.setNoFlow();
}
}
//! \}
/*!
* \name Volumetric terms
*/
//! \{
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::initial
*/
template <class Context>
void initial(PrimaryVariables& values,
const Context& /*context*/,
unsigned /*spaceIdx*/,
unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{
// const GlobalPosition& globalPos = context.pos(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
values[pressure0Idx] = 1.0e+5; // + 9.81*1.23*(20-globalPos[dim-1]);
}
/*!
* \copydoc FvBaseProblem::source
*/
template <class Context>
void source(RateVector& rate,
const Context& /*context*/,
unsigned /*spaceIdx*/,
unsigned /*timeIdx*/) const
{ rate = Scalar(0.0); }
//! \}
private:
bool onLowerBoundary_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{ return pos[dim - 1] < eps_; }
bool onUpperBoundary_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{ return pos[dim - 1] > this->boundingBoxMax()[dim - 1] - eps_; }
bool isInLens_(const GlobalPosition& pos) const
{
return lensLowerLeft_[0] <= pos[0] && pos[0] <= lensUpperRight_[0]
&& lensLowerLeft_[1] <= pos[1] && pos[1] <= lensUpperRight_[1];
}
GlobalPosition lensLowerLeft_;
GlobalPosition lensUpperRight_;
DimMatrix intrinsicPerm_;
DimMatrix intrinsicPermLens_;
Scalar eps_;
};
} // namespace Opm
#endif

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