\chapter{Detailed Installation Instructions} \label{install}
\section{Preliminary remarks}

In this section about the installation of \Dumux it is assumed that you work on a Unix or Linux compatible operating system
and that you are familiar with the use of a command line shell. Installation means that you unpack \Dune together with \Dumux in a certain directory.
Then, you compile it in that directory tree in which you do the further work, too. You also should know how to install new software packages
or you should have a person on hand who can give you assistance with that. In section \ref{sec:prerequisites} we list some prerequisites for running \Dune and \Dumux. 
Please check in said paragraph whether you can fulfill them. In addition, section \ref{sec:external-modules-libraries} provides some details on optional libraries and modules.

In a technical sense \Dumux is a module of \Dune. 
Thus, the installation procedure of \Dumux is the same as that of \Dune. 
Details regarding the installation of \Dune are provided on the \Dune website \cite{DUNE-INST}. 
If you are interested in more details about the build system that is used,
they can be found in the {\Dune} Buildsystem Howto \cite{DUNE-BS}.


All \Dune modules, including \Dumux, get extracted into a common directory, as it is done in an ordinary \Dune installation. 
We refer to that directory abstractly as {\Dune} root directory or, in short, as {\Dune}-Root. 
If it is used as directory's path of a shell command it is typed as \texttt{\Dune-Root}. 
For the real {\Dune} root directory on your file system any valid directory name can be chosen.

Source code files for each \Dune module are contained in their own subdirectory within {\Dune}-Root.
We name this directory of a certain module \emph{module root directory} or \texttt{module-root-directory} if it is a directory path,
e.\,g. for the module \texttt{dumux} these names are  \emph{dumux root directory} respective \texttt{dumux-root-directory}.
The real directory names for the modules can be chosen arbitrarily. In this manual they are the same as the
module name or the module name extended by a version number suffix.
The name of each \Dune module is defined in the file \texttt{dune.module}, which is in the root
directory of the respective module. This should not be changed by the user. 
It is allowed to have own files and directories in \Dune-Root, which are not related to \Dune's needs.

After installing source code for all relevant \Dune modules including \Dumux, \Dune is being built by the shell-command \texttt{dunecontrol} which is part of the \Dune build system. The \Dune build system is a front-end of to the GNU build system adapted to the needs of \Dune.

\section{Prerequisites} \label{sec:prerequisites}
The GNU tool chain of \texttt{g++}  and the tools of the GNU build system \cite{GNU-BS}, also known as GNU autotools
(\texttt{autoconf}, \texttt{automake}, \texttt{autogen}, \texttt{libtool}), as well as the GNU variant of \texttt{make}
called gmake must be available in a recent version. For example Ubuntu Linux provides these tools with the
packages \texttt{autoconf}, \texttt{automake}, \texttt{libtool}
and the \Cplusplus compiler \texttt{g++} and \texttt{make} are contained in \texttt{build-essential}.

At the time of writing this manual, it is expected that \texttt{g++} of version $\geqslant$ 4.5.0, \texttt{automake} of version $\geqslant$ 1.9,
\texttt{autoconf} of version $\geqslant$ 2.65, \texttt{autogen} of version $\geqslant$ 5.9.7,  \texttt{libtool} of version $\geqslant$ 2.2.6
and GNU \texttt{make} version $\geqslant$ 3.81 should do their job for building \Dumux.

The building of included documentation like this handbook requires \LaTeX\  and auxiliary tools
like \texttt{dvipdf} and \texttt{bibtex}. One usually chooses a \LaTeX\  distribution like \texttt{texlive} for this purpose.
It is possible to switch off the building of the documentation by setting the switch \texttt{--disable-documentation} 
in the \texttt{CONFIGURE\_FLAGS} of the building options (see Chapter \ref{buildIt}).
Additional parts of documentation are contained within the source code files as special formatted comments.
Extracting them can be done using \texttt{doxygen} (version $\geqslant$ 1.7.2 works). 
See for this optional step Section \ref{sec:build-doxy-doc}.

Depending on whether you are going to use external libraries and modules for additional \Dune features, 
additional software packages may be required. Some hints on that are given in Section \ref{sec:external-modules-libraries}.

For the extraction of the content of tar files, the GNU version of \texttt{tar} is used.
The subversion (svn) software repositories can be accessed with help of a subversion client. We recommend the Apache Subversion command-line client \texttt{svn}
contained in Apache Subversion of version $\geqslant$ 1.6.0 \cite{APACHE-SUBVERSION-HP}.

\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{Ubuntu package names for Ubuntu 12.04}
\begin{tabular}{llll}
\toprule
\textbf{purpose} & \textbf{package names} \\
\midrule
general: & subversion & git & libtool \\
& automake & build-essential & libboost-all-dev \\
& texlive-latex-base & doxygen & csh\\
& gfortran & ? libpthread-stubs0 ?\\
\midrule
for alberta: & freeglut3-dev &  \\
\midrule
for parallel use: & openmpi-common & mpi-default-bin & mpi-default-dev \\
\midrule
for ug parallel: & flex & bison & \\
\midrule
for alberta parallel: & libblas-dev &\\
\midrule
for debugging: & valgrind &\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\label{tbl:ubuntu-pkg}
\end{table}

\section{Obtaining source code for \Dune and \Dumux}
As stated above, the \Dumux release 2.1.0 and trunk (developer tree) are based on the \Dune release 2.1.1, 
comprising the core modules \texttt{dune-common}, \texttt{dune-grid}, \texttt{dune-istl} and \texttt{dune-localfunctions}.
% and the external dune module \texttt{dune-pdelab}.
For working with \Dumux, these modules are required.

Two possibilities exist to get the source code of \Dune and \Dumux.
Firstly, \Dune and \Dumux can be downloaded as tar files from the respective \Dune and \Dumux website. They have to be extracted as described in the next paragraph.
Secondly, a method to obtain the most recent source code (or, more generally, any of its previous revisions) by direct access 
via Internet to the software repositories of the revision control system is described in the subsequent part. 

However, if a user does not want to use the most recent version,
certain version tags (i.\,e. special names), version numbers and even software branches are means 
of the software revision control system to provide access to different versions of the software.

\paragraph{Obtaining the software by installing tar files}
The slightly old-fashionedly named tape-archive-file, shortly named tar file or tarball, is a common file format for distributing collections of files contained within these archives.
The extraction from the tar files is done as follows: 
Download the tarballs from the respective \Dune (version 2.1.1) and \Dumux websites to a certain folder in your file system.
Create the {\Dune} root directory, named DUMUX in the example below. Then extract the content of the tar files, e.\,g. with the command-line program \texttt{tar}.
This can be achieved by the following shell commands. Replace \texttt{path\_to\_tarball} with the directory name where the downloaded files are actually located.
After extraction, the actual name of the \emph{dumux root directory} is \texttt{dumux-2.1}. 

\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
$ mkdir DUMUX
$ cd DUMUX
$ tar xzvf path_to_tarball_of/dune-common-2.1.1.tar.gz 
$ tar xzvf path_to_tarball_of/dune-grid-2.1.1.tar.gz 
$ tar xzvf path_to_tarball_of/dune-istl-2.1.1.tar.gz 
$ tar xzvf path_to_tarball_of/dune-localfunctions-2.1.1.tar.gz 
$ tar xzvf path_to_tarball_of/dumux-2.1.0.tar.gz
\end{lstlisting}

Furthermore, if you wish to install the optional \Dune Grid-Howto which provides a tutorial on the Dune grid interface:

\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
$ tar xzvf path_to_tarball_of/dune-grid-howto-2.1.1.tar.gz
\end{lstlisting}

\paragraph{Obtaining \Dune and \Dumux from software repositories} 

Direct access to a software revision control system for downloading code can be of advantage for the user later on. 
It can be easier for him to keep up with code changes and to receive important bug fixes using the update command of the revision control system. 
\Dune and \Dumux use Apache Subversion for their software repositories. To access them a certain program is needed which is referred to here shortly as subversion client. 
In our description, we use the subversion client of the Apache Subversion software itself, which is a command-line tool named \texttt{svn}. 
It is available for most Linux and Unix distributions as software package.

In the technical language of Apache Subversion \emph{checking out a certain software version} means nothing more then fetching 
a local copy from the software repository and laying it out in the file system.  In addition to the software some more files for the use of the software revision control system itself are created. They are kept in directories named \texttt{.svn} and can be found in each subfolder which is under version control.
If you have developer access to \Dumux, it is also possible to do the opposite, i.\,e. to load up a modified revision of software into the software repository. This is usually termed as \emph{software commit}.

The installation procedure is done as follows:
Create a  {\Dune} root directory, named \texttt{DUMUX} in the lines below.
Then, enter the previously created directory and check out the desired modules. 
As you see below, the check-out uses two different servers for getting the sources, one for \Dune and one for {\Dumux}.
The \Dune modules of the stable 2.1 release branch are checked out as described on the \Dune website \cite{DUNE-DOWNLOAD-SVN}:

\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
$ mkdir DUMUX
$ cd DUMUX
$ svn checkout https://svn.dune-project.org/svn/dune-common/branches/release-2.1 dune-common
$ svn checkout https://svn.dune-project.org/svn/dune-istl/branches/release-2.1 dune-istl
$ svn checkout https://svn.dune-project.org/svn/dune-grid/branches/release-2.1 dune-grid
$ svn checkout https://svn.dune-project.org/svn/dune-localfunctions/branches/release-2.1 dune-localfunctions
\end{lstlisting}

The newest and maybe unstable developments are also provided in these repositories in a folder called \emph{trunk}. Please check the \Dune website \cite{DUNE-DOWNLOAD-SVN} for further information. However, the current \Dumux release is based on the stable 2.1 release and it might not compile without further adaptations using the the newest versions of \Dune.

The additional module \texttt{dune-grid-howto} is a tutorial which provides information about the \Dune grid interface.
It may give you an idea of how some abstractions in \Dune are done.
The installation of \texttt{dune-grid-howto} is optional and is not required by \Dumux. It is done by: 

\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
$ svn checkout https://svn.dune-project.org/svn/dune-grid-howto/branches/release-2.1 dune-grid-howto
\end{lstlisting}

The \texttt{dumux} module is checked out as described below (see also the \Dumux website \cite{DUMUX-HP}).
Its file tree has to be created in the \Dune-Root directory, where the \Dune modules have also been checked out to. Subsequently, the next command
is executed there, too. The dumux root directory is called \texttt{dumux} here.

\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
$ # make sure you are in DUNE-Root
$ svn checkout --username=anonymous --password='' svn://svn.iws.uni-stuttgart.de/DUMUX/dumux/trunk dumux
\end{lstlisting}

\paragraph{Hints for \Dumux-Developers}
If you also want to actively participate in the development of \Dumux, you can apply either for full developer
access or for developer access on certain parts of \Dumux. Granted developer access means that
you are allowed to commit own code and that you can access the \texttt{dumux-devel} module.
This enhances \texttt{dumux} by providing maybe unstable code from the developer group.
A developer usually checks out non-anonymously the modules \texttt{dumux} and \texttt{dumux-devel}. 
\texttt{Dumux-devel} itself makes use of the stable part \texttt{dumux}. Hence, the two parts have to be checked out together.
This is done using the commands below. But \texttt{joeuser} needs to be replaced by
the actual user name of the developer for accessing the software repository. 
One can omit the \texttt{--username} option in the commands above if the user name for the repository access is
identical to the one for the system account.

\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
$ svn co --username=joeuser svn://svn.iws.uni-stuttgart.de/DUMUX/dumux/trunk dumux
$ svn co --username=joeuser svn://svn.iws.uni-stuttgart.de/DUMUX/dune-mux/trunk dumux-devel
\end{lstlisting}

Please choose either not to store the password by subversion in an insecure way or
choose to store it by subversion in a secure way, e.\,g. together with KDE's KWallet or GNOME Keyring.
Check the documentation of Subversion for info on how this is done.
A leaked out password can be used by evil persons to abuse a software repository.

\section{Patching \Dune or external libraries}
Patching of \Dune modules in order to work together with \Dumux can be necessary for several reasons.
Software like a compiler or even a standard library
changes at times. But, for example, a certain release of a software component that we depend on, may not reflect that change and thus it has to be modified.
In the dynamic developing process of software which depends on other modules it is not always feasible 
to adapt everything to the most recent version of each module. Consequently, patches exist or they will be brought into existence. They may fix problems with a certain module
of a certain release without introducing too much structural change. It can also happen 
that a release gets amendments (updates) and a formerly useful patch becomes obsolete.

\Dumux contains patches and documentation about their usage and application within the directory \texttt{dumux/patches}.
Please check the README file in that directory for recent information. 
In general, a patch can be applied as follows (the exact command or the used parameters may be slightly different).
We include here an example of a patch against 2.0 release of \Dune for \Dumux release 2.0 for purpose of showing how a patch gets applied. Note this patch is no longer necessary for \Dune 2.1 releases.

\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
$ # make sure you are in DUNE-Root
$ cd dune-istl
$ patch -p1 < ../dumux/patches/dune-istl-2.0.patch
\end{lstlisting}

It can be removed by 
\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
$ path -p1 -R < ../dumux/patches/dune-istl-2.0.patch
\end{lstlisting}

The \texttt{checkout-dumux} script also applies patches, if not explicitly requested not to do so.


\section{Building doxygen documentation} \label{sec:build-doxy-doc}

Doxygen documentation is done by especially formatted comments integrated in the source code, which can get extracted by the program 
\texttt{doxygen}. Beside extracting these comments, \texttt{doxygen} builds up a web-browsable code structure documentation
like class hierarchy of code displayed as graphs, see \cite{DOXYGEN-HP}.

Building the doxygen documentation of a module is done as follows, provided the program \texttt{doxygen} is installed:
Set in building options the \texttt{--enable-doxygen} switch.
This is either accomplished by adding it in \texttt{dunecontrol} options-file to  \texttt{CONFIGURE\_FLAGS}, or by adding
it to  \texttt{dunecontrol}'s command-line-argument \texttt{--configure-opts}. 
After running \texttt{dunecontrol} enter in module's root directory the subdirectory \texttt{doc/doxygen}.
You then run the command \texttt{doxygen} within that directory. Point your web browser to the file 
\texttt{module-root-directory/doc/doxygen/html/index.html} to read the generated documentation.
All  \Dune-modules that are used here except \texttt{dune-grid-howto}  including also \texttt{dumux} contain some doxygen documentation, which can be extracted as
described in the following lines. The external library UG has also a \texttt{doc/doxygen} directory for building its doxygen documentation.

\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
$ # change before next command your directory to DUNE-Root
$ cd dumux/doc/doxygen
$ doxygen
$ firefox html/index.html
\end{lstlisting}

\section{Building documentation of other \Dune modules}

If the \texttt{--enable-documentation} switch has been set in the configure flags of
\texttt{dunecontrol}, this does not necessarily mean that for every 
\Dune module the documentation is being built.
However, at least Makefiles for building the documentation are generated.
Provided you run \texttt{dunecontrol} with the option above,
it should be possible to build documentation if available.
Check the targets you can build in \texttt{module-root-directory/doc/Makefile.am}.
For example in the module \texttt{dune-istl} you can build the documentation \texttt{istl.pdf} by typing the following into the console, when you are in the \Dune-Root:

\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
$ # change before next command your directory to DUNE-Root
$ cd dune-istl/doc
$ make istl.pdf
\end{lstlisting}

Or for module \texttt{dune-grid-howto} the documentation can be build by: 

\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
$ # change before next command your directory to DUNE-Root
$ cd dune-grid-howto/doc
$ make grid-howto.pdf
\end{lstlisting}

This applies for \Dumux, too. Rebuilding the handbook can be done as follows:

\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
$ cd dumux/doc/handbook
$ make dumux-handbook.pdf
\end{lstlisting}


%As of writing this, no general method of building documentation contained in \Dune's modules is known to the author.

%Alternatively, the tool CMake can be used to build \Dumux. Please check the file \texttt{INSTALL.cmake} for details.

\section{External libraries and modules} \label{sec:external-modules-libraries}

The libraries described below provide additional functionality but are not generally required to run \Dumux. 
If you are going to use an external library check the information provided on the \Dune website \cite{DUNE-EXT-LIB}.
If you are going to use an external \Dune module the website on external modules \cite{DUNE-EXT-MOD} can be helpful.

Installing an external library can require additional libraries which are also used by \Dune. 
For some libraries, such as BLAS or MPI, multiple versions can be installed on the system.
Make sure that it uses the same library as \Dune when configuring the external library.

In the following list, you can find some external modules and external libraries, and some more libraries and tools which are prerequisites for their use.

\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{ALBERTA}: External library for use as grid. Adaptive multi Level finite element toolbox using Bisectioning refinement and Error control by Residual Techniques for scientific Applications. Building it requires a Fortran compiler \texttt{gfortran}. Download: \texttt{\url{http://www.alberta-fem.de}}.

\item \textbf{ALUGrid}: External library for use as grid. ALUGrid is built by a \Cplusplus compiler like \texttt{g++}. If you want to build a parallel version, you will need \texttt{MPI}. It was successfully run with \texttt{openmpi}. The parallel version needs also a graph partitioner, such as \texttt{METIS}. It was run successfully in combination with \Dune using \texttt{METIS}. \\
Download: \texttt{\url{http://aam.mathematik.uni-freiburg.de/IAM/Research/alugrid}}

\item \textbf{\Dune-multidomaingrid}: External module. If you going to run on the same grid different domains or subdomains,
this can be the package of choice. This is done by providing a meta grid. It can be useful for multi-physics approaches or domain decomposition methods. Download: \texttt{\url{http://gitorious.org/dune-multidomaingrid}}. 
%Furthermore, the external module \textbf{\Dune-multidomain} can be useful for solving heterogenous problems on spatial subdomains. These subdomains are managed using another DUNE module called dune-multidomaingrid.

\item \textbf{\Dune-PDELab}: External module to write more easily discretizations. PDELab provides already a sound number of discretizations like FEM or discontinuous Galerkin methods. Download: \texttt{\url{http://www.dune-project.org/pdelab}}. 

\item \textbf{PARDISO}: External library for solving linear equations. The package PARDISO is a thread-safe, high-performance, robust, memory efficient and easy to use software for solving large sparse symmetric and asymmetric linear systems of equations on shared memory multiprocessors. The precompiled binary can be downloaded after personal registration from the PARDISO website (\texttt{\url{http://www.pardiso-project.org}}).

\item \textbf{SuperLU}: External library for solving linear equations. SuperLU is a general purpose library for the direct solution of large, sparse, non-symmetric systems of linear equations. Be aware that the version 4.3 is not supported by \Dune prior to 2.1.0. \\ (\texttt{\url{http://crd.lbl.gov/~xiaoye/SuperLU}}).

\item \textbf{UG}: External library for use as grid. UG is a toolbox for Unstructured Grids: For \Dumux it has to be build by GNU buildsystem and a \Cplusplus compiler. That's why \Dune specific patches need applied before use. Building it makes use of the tools \texttt{lex}/\texttt{yacc} or the GNU variants \texttt{flex}/\texttt{bison}. 

\end{itemize}

The following are dependencies of some of the used libraries. You will need them depending on which modules of \Dune and which external libraries you use.

\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{MPI}: The parallel version of \Dune and also some of the external dependencies need MPI when they are going to be built for parallel computing. \texttt{Openmpi} version $\geqslant$ 1.4.2 and \texttt{MPICH} in a recent version have been reported to work. 

\item \textbf{lex/yacc} or \textbf{flex/bison}: These are quite common developing tools, code generators for lexical analyzers and parsers. This is a prerequisite for UG.

\item \textbf{BLAS}: Alberta makes use of BLAS. Thus install GotoBLAS2, ATLAS, non-optimized BLAS or BLAS provided by a chip manufacturer. Take care that the installation scripts select the intended version of BLAS. See \texttt{\url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Linear_Algebra_Subprograms}}.

\item \textbf{GotoBLAS2}: This is an optimized version of BLAS. It covers not  all processors of the day, but quite a broad range. Its license is now very open.  A Fortran compiler like \texttt{gfortran} is needed to compile it.\\
Available by \texttt{\url{http://www.tacc.utexas.edu/tacc-projects/gotoblas2/}}.

\item \textbf{METIS}: This is a dependency of ALUGrid, if you are going to run it parallel.

\item \textbf{Compilers}: Beside \texttt{g++} it has been reported that \Dune was successfully built with \texttt{Clang++} from the LLVM project and the Intel \Cplusplus compiler. 
C and Fortran compiler is needed for some external libraries. As code of different compilers is linked together they have to be be compatible with each other. A good choice is the GNU compiler suite \texttt{gcc}, \texttt{g++} and \texttt{gfortran}.

\item \textbf{libgomp}: External libraries, such as ALUGrid, can make use of OpenMP when used together with METIS. For that purpose it can be necessary to install the \texttt{libgomp} library.
% http://openmp.org/

%\item \textbf{libgmp}: The Gnu Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library (GMP) is also a prerequisite for \Dune. It may be necessary to install it.
% http://gmplib.org/
\end{itemize}

\section{Hints for Users from IWS}
We provide some features to make life a little bit easier for
users from the Institute for Modelling Hydraulic and Environmental Systems, University of Stuttgart.

There exists internally a SVN repository made for several external libraries.
If you are allowed to access it, go to the {\Dune}-Root, then the following.

Prepared external directory:
\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
$ # Make sure you are in DUNE-Root
$ svn checkout svn://svn.iws.uni-stuttgart.de/DUMUX/external/trunk external
\end{lstlisting}

This directory \texttt{external} contains a script to install external libraries, such as 
ALBERTA, ALUGrid, UG, METIS and GotoBLAS2:
\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
$ cd external
$ ./installExternal.sh all
\end{lstlisting}

It is also possible to install only the actually needed external libraries:
\begin{lstlisting}[style=Bash]
$ ./installExternal.sh -h      # show, what options this script provide
$ ./installExternal.sh --parallel alu
\end{lstlisting}

The libraries are then compiled within that directory and are not installed in a different place. 
A \Dune build may need to know their location. Thus, one may have to refer to them as options for \texttt{dunecontrol}, 
for example via the options file \texttt{my-debug.opts}.

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