opm-simulators/ebos/eclproblem.hh

// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
  This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).

  OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
  the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
  (at your option) any later version.

  OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  GNU General Public License for more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  along with OPM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

  Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
  module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
  copyright holders.
*/
/*!
 * \file
 *
 * \copydoc Ewoms::EclProblem
 */
#ifndef EWOMS_ECL_PROBLEM_HH
#define EWOMS_ECL_PROBLEM_HH

// make sure that the EBOS_USE_ALUGRID macro. using the preprocessor for this is slightly
// hacky...
#if EBOS_USE_ALUGRID
//#define DISABLE_ALUGRID_SFC_ORDERING 1
#if !HAVE_DUNE_ALUGRID || !DUNE_VERSION_NEWER(DUNE_ALUGRID, 2,4)
#warning "ALUGrid was indicated to be used for the ECL black oil simulator, but this "
#warning "requires the presence of dune-alugrid >= 2.4. Falling back to Dune::CpGrid"
#undef EBOS_USE_ALUGRID
#define EBOS_USE_ALUGRID 0
#endif
#else
#define EBOS_USE_ALUGRID 0
#endif

#if EBOS_USE_ALUGRID
#include "eclalugridmanager.hh"
#else
#include "eclpolyhedralgridmanager.hh"
#include "eclcpgridmanager.hh"
#endif
#include "eclwellmanager.hh"
#include "eclequilinitializer.hh"
#include "eclwriter.hh"
#include "eclsummarywriter.hh"
#include "ecloutputblackoilmodule.hh"
#include "ecltransmissibility.hh"
#include "eclthresholdpressure.hh"
#include "ecldummygradientcalculator.hh"
#include "eclfluxmodule.hh"
#include "ecldeckunits.hh"

#include <ewoms/common/pffgridvector.hh>
#include <ewoms/models/blackoil/blackoilmodel.hh>
#include <ewoms/disc/ecfv/ecfvdiscretization.hh>

#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/EclMaterialLawManager.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidstates/CompositionalFluidState.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/BlackOilFluidSystem.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/blackoilpvt/DryGasPvt.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/blackoilpvt/WetGasPvt.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/blackoilpvt/LiveOilPvt.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/blackoilpvt/DeadOilPvt.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/blackoilpvt/ConstantCompressibilityOilPvt.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/blackoilpvt/ConstantCompressibilityWaterPvt.hpp>
#include <opm/common/Valgrind.hpp>
#include <opm/parser/eclipse/Deck/Deck.hpp>
#include <opm/parser/eclipse/EclipseState/EclipseState.hpp>
#include <opm/parser/eclipse/EclipseState/Tables/Eqldims.hpp>
#include <opm/parser/eclipse/EclipseState/Schedule/Schedule.hpp>
#include <opm/common/ErrorMacros.hpp>
#include <opm/common/Exceptions.hpp>

#include <dune/common/version.hh>
#include <dune/common/fvector.hh>
#include <dune/common/fmatrix.hh>

#include <boost/date_time.hpp>

#include <vector>
#include <string>

namespace Ewoms {
template <class TypeTag>
class EclProblem;

namespace Properties {
#if EBOS_USE_ALUGRID
NEW_TYPE_TAG(EclBaseProblem, INHERITS_FROM(EclAluGridManager, EclOutputBlackOil));
#else
NEW_TYPE_TAG(EclBaseProblem, INHERITS_FROM(EclCpGridManager, EclOutputBlackOil));
//NEW_TYPE_TAG(EclBaseProblem, INHERITS_FROM(EclPolyhedralGridManager, EclOutputBlackOil));
#endif

// Write all solutions for visualization, not just the ones for the
// report steps...
NEW_PROP_TAG(EnableWriteAllSolutions);

// The number of time steps skipped between writing two consequtive restart files
NEW_PROP_TAG(RestartWritingInterval);

// Disable well treatment (for users which do this externally)
NEW_PROP_TAG(DisableWells);

// Enable the additional checks even if compiled in debug mode (i.e., with the NDEBUG
// macro undefined). Next to a slightly better performance, this also eliminates some
// print statements in debug mode.
NEW_PROP_TAG(EnableDebuggingChecks);

// If this property is set to false, the SWATINIT keyword will not be handled by ebos.
NEW_PROP_TAG(EnableSwatinit);

// Set the problem property
SET_TYPE_PROP(EclBaseProblem, Problem, Ewoms::EclProblem<TypeTag>);

// Select the element centered finite volume method as spatial discretization
SET_TAG_PROP(EclBaseProblem, SpatialDiscretizationSplice, EcfvDiscretization);

//! for ebos, use automatic differentiation to linearize the system of PDEs
SET_TAG_PROP(EclBaseProblem, LocalLinearizerSplice, AutoDiffLocalLinearizer);

// Set the material Law
SET_PROP(EclBaseProblem, MaterialLaw)
{
private:
    typedef typename GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, Scalar) Scalar;
    typedef typename GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, FluidSystem) FluidSystem;

    typedef Opm::ThreePhaseMaterialTraits<Scalar,
                                          /*wettingPhaseIdx=*/FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx,
                                          /*nonWettingPhaseIdx=*/FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx,
                                          /*gasPhaseIdx=*/FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx> Traits;

public:
    typedef Opm::EclMaterialLawManager<Traits> EclMaterialLawManager;

    typedef typename EclMaterialLawManager::MaterialLaw type;
};

// Enable gravity
SET_BOOL_PROP(EclBaseProblem, EnableGravity, true);

// only write the solutions for the report steps to disk
SET_BOOL_PROP(EclBaseProblem, EnableWriteAllSolutions, false);

// The default for the end time of the simulation [s]
//
// By default, stop it after the universe will probably have stopped
// to exist. (the ECL problem will finish the simulation explicitly
// after it simulated the last episode specified in the deck.)
SET_SCALAR_PROP(EclBaseProblem, EndTime, 1e100);

// The default for the initial time step size of the simulation [s].
//
// The chosen value means that the size of the first time step is the
// one of the initial episode (if the length of the initial episode is
// not millions of trillions of years, that is...)
SET_SCALAR_PROP(EclBaseProblem, InitialTimeStepSize, 1e100);

// increase the default raw tolerance for the newton solver to 10^-4 because this is what
// everone else seems to be doing...
SET_SCALAR_PROP(EclBaseProblem, NewtonRawTolerance, 1e-4);

// reduce the maximum allowed Newton error to 0.1 kg/(m^3 s). The rationale is that if
// the error is above that limit, the time step is unlikely to succeed anyway and we can
// thus abort the futile attempt early.
SET_SCALAR_PROP(EclBaseProblem, NewtonMaxError, 0.1);

// set the maximum number of Newton iterations to 14 because the likelyhood that a time
// step succeeds at more than 14 Newton iteration is rather small
SET_INT_PROP(EclBaseProblem, NewtonMaxIterations, 14);

// also, reduce the target for the "optimum" number of Newton iterations to 6. Note that
// this is only relevant if the time step is reduced from the report step size for some
// reason. (because ebos first tries to do a report step using a single time step.)
SET_INT_PROP(EclBaseProblem, NewtonTargetIterations, 6);

// Disable the VTK output by default for this problem ...
SET_BOOL_PROP(EclBaseProblem, EnableVtkOutput, false);

// ... but enable the ECL output by default
SET_BOOL_PROP(EclBaseProblem, EnableEclOutput, true);

// also enable the summary output.
SET_BOOL_PROP(EclBaseProblem, EnableEclSummaryOutput, true);

// the cache for intensive quantities can be used for ECL problems and also yields a
// decent speedup...
SET_BOOL_PROP(EclBaseProblem, EnableIntensiveQuantityCache, true);

// the cache for the storage term can also be used and also yields a decent speedup
SET_BOOL_PROP(EclBaseProblem, EnableStorageCache, true);

// Use the "velocity module" which uses the Eclipse "NEWTRAN" transmissibilities
SET_TYPE_PROP(EclBaseProblem, FluxModule, Ewoms::EclTransFluxModule<TypeTag>);

// Use the dummy gradient calculator in order not to do unnecessary work.
SET_TYPE_PROP(EclBaseProblem, GradientCalculator, Ewoms::EclDummyGradientCalculator<TypeTag>);

// The default name of the data file to load
SET_STRING_PROP(EclBaseProblem, GridFile, "data/ecl.DATA");

// The frequency of writing restart (*.ers) files. This is the number of time steps
// between writing restart files
SET_INT_PROP(EclBaseProblem, RestartWritingInterval, 0xffffff); // disable

// By default, ebos should handle the wells internally, so we don't disable the well
// treatment
SET_BOOL_PROP(EclBaseProblem, DisableWells, false);

// By default, we enable the debugging checks if we're compiled in debug mode
SET_BOOL_PROP(EclBaseProblem, EnableDebuggingChecks, true);

// ebos handles the SWATINIT keyword by default
SET_BOOL_PROP(EclBaseProblem, EnableSwatinit, true);
} // namespace Properties

/*!
 * \ingroup EclBlackOilSimulator
 *
 * \brief This problem simulates an input file given in the data format used by the
 *        commercial ECLiPSE simulator.
 */
template <class TypeTag>
class EclProblem : public GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, BaseProblem)
{
    typedef typename GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, BaseProblem) ParentType;

    typedef typename GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, Scalar) Scalar;
    typedef typename GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, GridView) GridView;
    typedef typename GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, Stencil) Stencil;
    typedef typename GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, FluidSystem) FluidSystem;

    // Grid and world dimension
    enum { dim = GridView::dimension };
    enum { dimWorld = GridView::dimensionworld };

    // copy some indices for convenience
    enum { numEq = GET_PROP_VALUE(TypeTag, NumEq) };
    enum { numPhases = FluidSystem::numPhases };
    enum { numComponents = FluidSystem::numComponents };
    enum { enableSolvent = GET_PROP_VALUE(TypeTag, EnableSolvent) };
    enum { enablePolymer = GET_PROP_VALUE(TypeTag, EnablePolymer) };
    enum { gasPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx };
    enum { oilPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx };
    enum { waterPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx };
    enum { gasCompIdx = FluidSystem::gasCompIdx };
    enum { oilCompIdx = FluidSystem::oilCompIdx };
    enum { waterCompIdx = FluidSystem::waterCompIdx };

    typedef typename GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, PrimaryVariables) PrimaryVariables;
    typedef typename GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, RateVector) RateVector;
    typedef typename GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, BoundaryRateVector) BoundaryRateVector;
    typedef typename GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, Simulator) Simulator;
    typedef typename GridView::template Codim<0>::Entity Element;
    typedef typename GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, ElementContext) ElementContext;
    typedef typename GET_PROP(TypeTag, MaterialLaw)::EclMaterialLawManager EclMaterialLawManager;
    typedef typename GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, DofMapper) DofMapper;
    typedef typename GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, MaterialLaw) MaterialLaw;
    typedef typename GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, MaterialLawParams) MaterialLawParams;
    typedef typename GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, Evaluation) Evaluation;
    typedef typename GET_PROP_TYPE(TypeTag, Indices) Indices;


    typedef BlackOilSolventModule<TypeTag> SolventModule;
    typedef BlackOilPolymerModule<TypeTag> PolymerModule;

    typedef Opm::CompositionalFluidState<Scalar, FluidSystem> ScalarFluidState;
    typedef Opm::MathToolbox<Evaluation> Toolbox;
    typedef Ewoms::EclSummaryWriter<TypeTag> EclSummaryWriter;
    typedef Dune::FieldMatrix<Scalar, dimWorld, dimWorld> DimMatrix;

    typedef EclWriter<TypeTag> EclWriterType;

    struct RockParams {
        Scalar referencePressure;
        Scalar compressibility;
    };

public:
    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseProblem::registerParameters
     */
    static void registerParameters()
    {
        ParentType::registerParameters();

        Ewoms::EclOutputBlackOilModule<TypeTag>::registerParameters();

        EWOMS_REGISTER_PARAM(TypeTag, bool, EnableWriteAllSolutions,
                             "Write all solutions to disk instead of only the ones for the "
                             "report steps");
        EWOMS_REGISTER_PARAM(TypeTag, bool, EnableEclOutput,
                             "Write binary output which is compatible with the commercial "
                             "Eclipse simulator");
        EWOMS_REGISTER_PARAM(TypeTag, unsigned, RestartWritingInterval,
                             "The frequencies of which time steps are serialized to disk");
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc Doxygen::defaultProblemConstructor
     */
    EclProblem(Simulator& simulator)
        : ParentType(simulator)
        , transmissibilities_(simulator.gridManager())
        , thresholdPressures_(simulator)
        , wellManager_(simulator)
        , deckUnits_(simulator)
        , eclWriter_( EWOMS_GET_PARAM(TypeTag, bool, EnableEclOutput)
                        ? new EclWriterType(simulator) : nullptr )
        , summaryWriter_(simulator)
        , pffDofData_(simulator.gridView(), this->elementMapper())
    {
        // add the output module for the Ecl binary output
        simulator.model().addOutputModule(new Ewoms::EclOutputBlackOilModule<TypeTag>(simulator));

        // Tell the solvent module to initialize its internal data structures
        const auto& gridManager = simulator.gridManager();
        SolventModule::initFromDeck(gridManager.deck(), gridManager.eclState());
        PolymerModule::initFromDeck(gridManager.deck(), gridManager.eclState());

    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseProblem::finishInit
     */
    void finishInit()
    {
        ParentType::finishInit();

        auto& simulator = this->simulator();

        // set the value of the gravity constant to the one used by the FLOW simulator
        this->gravity_ = 0.0;

        // the "NOGRAV" keyword from Frontsim disables gravity...
        const auto& deck = simulator.gridManager().deck();
        if (!deck.hasKeyword("NOGRAV") && EWOMS_GET_PARAM(TypeTag, bool, EnableGravity))
            this->gravity_[dim - 1] = 9.80665;

        initFluidSystem_();
        updateElementDepths_();
        readRockParameters_();
        readMaterialParameters_();
        transmissibilities_.finishInit();
        readInitialCondition_();

        // Set the start time of the simulation
        const auto& timeMap = simulator.gridManager().eclState().getSchedule().getTimeMap();
        simulator.setStartTime( timeMap.getStartTime(/*timeStepIdx=*/0) );

        // We want the episode index to be the same as the report step index to make
        // things simpler, so we have to set the episode index to -1 because it is
        // incremented inside beginEpisode(). The size of the initial time step and
        // length of the initial episode is set to zero for the same reason.
        simulator.setEpisodeIndex(-1);
        simulator.setEpisodeLength(0.0);
        simulator.setTimeStepSize(0.0);

        updatePffDofData_();

        if (GET_PROP_VALUE(TypeTag, EnablePolymer)) {
            const auto& gridManager = this->simulator().gridManager();
            const auto& gridView = gridManager.gridView();
            int numElements = gridView.size(/*codim=*/0);
            maxPolymerAdsorption_.resize(numElements, 0.0);
        }


    }

    void prefetch(const Element& elem) const
    { pffDofData_.prefetch(elem); }

    /*!
     * \brief This method restores the complete state of the well
     *        from disk.
     *
     * It is the inverse of the serialize() method.
     *
     * \tparam Restarter The deserializer type
     *
     * \param res The deserializer object
     */
    template <class Restarter>
    void deserialize(Restarter& res)
    {
        // reload the current episode/report step from the deck
        beginEpisode(/*isOnRestart=*/true);

        // deserialize the wells
        wellManager_.deserialize(res);
    }

    /*!
     * \brief This method writes the complete state of the well
     *        to the harddisk.
     */
    template <class Restarter>
    void serialize(Restarter& res)
    { wellManager_.serialize(res); }

    /*!
     * \brief Called by the simulator before an episode begins.
     */
    void beginEpisode(bool isOnRestart = false)
    {
        // Proceed to the next report step
        Simulator& simulator = this->simulator();
        auto& eclState = this->simulator().gridManager().eclState();
        const auto& schedule = eclState.getSchedule();
        const auto& events = schedule.getEvents();
        const auto& timeMap = schedule.getTimeMap();

        // The first thing to do in the morning of an episode is update update the
        // eclState and the deck if they need to be changed.
        int nextEpisodeIdx = simulator.episodeIndex();
        if (nextEpisodeIdx > 0 &&
            events.hasEvent(Opm::ScheduleEvents::GEO_MODIFIER, nextEpisodeIdx))
        {
            // bring the contents of the keywords to the current state of the SCHEDULE
            // section
            //
            // TODO (?): make grid topology changes possible (depending on what exactly
            // has changed, the grid may need be re-created which has some serious
            // implications on e.g., the solution of the simulation.)
            const auto& miniDeck = schedule.getModifierDeck(nextEpisodeIdx);
            eclState.applyModifierDeck(miniDeck);

            // re-compute all quantities which may possibly be affected.
            transmissibilities_.update();
            updatePorosity_();
            updatePffDofData_();
        }

        // Opm::TimeMap deals with points in time, so the number of time intervals (i.e.,
        // report steps) is one less!
        int numReportSteps = timeMap.size() - 1;

        // start the next episode if there are additional report steps, else finish the
        // simulation
        while (nextEpisodeIdx < numReportSteps &&
               simulator.time() >= timeMap.getTimePassedUntil(nextEpisodeIdx + 1)*(1 - 1e-10))
        {
            ++ nextEpisodeIdx;
        }

        Scalar episodeLength = timeMap.getTimeStepLength(nextEpisodeIdx);
        Scalar dt = episodeLength;
        if (nextEpisodeIdx == 0) {
            // allow the size of the initial time step to be set via an external parameter
            Scalar initialDt = EWOMS_GET_PARAM(TypeTag, Scalar, InitialTimeStepSize);
            dt = std::min(dt, initialDt);
        }

        if (nextEpisodeIdx < numReportSteps) {
            simulator.startNextEpisode(episodeLength);
            simulator.setTimeStepSize(dt);
        }

        if (updateHysteresis_())
            this->model().invalidateIntensiveQuantitiesCache(/*timeIdx=*/0);

        this->model().updateMaxOilSaturations();
        
        if (GET_PROP_VALUE(TypeTag, EnablePolymer))
            updateMaxPolymerAdsorption_();

        if (!GET_PROP_VALUE(TypeTag, DisableWells))
            // set up the wells
            wellManager_.beginEpisode(this->simulator().gridManager().eclState(), isOnRestart);
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Called by the simulator before each time integration.
     */
    void beginTimeStep()
    {
        if (!GET_PROP_VALUE(TypeTag, DisableWells)) {
            wellManager_.beginTimeStep();

            // this is a little hack to write the initial condition, which we need to do
            // before the first time step has finished.
            static bool initialWritten = false;
            if (this->simulator().episodeIndex() == 0 && !initialWritten) {
                summaryWriter_.write(wellManager_, /*isInitial=*/true);
                initialWritten = true;
            }
        }
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Called by the simulator before each Newton-Raphson iteration.
     */
    void beginIteration()
    {
        if (!GET_PROP_VALUE(TypeTag, DisableWells))
            wellManager_.beginIteration();
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Called by the simulator after each Newton-Raphson iteration.
     */
    void endIteration()
    {
        if (!GET_PROP_VALUE(TypeTag, DisableWells))
            wellManager_.endIteration();
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Called by the simulator after each time integration.
     */
    void endTimeStep()
    {
#ifndef NDEBUG
        if (GET_PROP_VALUE(TypeTag, EnableDebuggingChecks)) {
            // in debug mode, we don't care about performance, so we check if the model does
            // the right thing (i.e., the mass change inside the whole reservoir must be
            // equivalent to the fluxes over the grid's boundaries plus the source rates
            // specified by the problem)
            this->model().checkConservativeness(/*tolerance=*/-1, /*verbose=*/true);
        }
#endif // NDEBUG

        if (!GET_PROP_VALUE(TypeTag, DisableWells)) {
            wellManager_.endTimeStep();

            // write the summary information after each time step
            summaryWriter_.write(wellManager_);
        }
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Called by the simulator after the end of an episode.
     */
    void endEpisode()
    {
        auto& simulator = this->simulator();
        const auto& eclState = simulator.gridManager().eclState();
        int episodeIdx = simulator.episodeIndex();

        const auto& timeMap = eclState.getSchedule().getTimeMap();
        int numReportSteps = timeMap.size() - 1;
        if (episodeIdx + 1 >= numReportSteps) {
            simulator.setFinished(true);
            return;
        }
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns true if the current solution should be written
     *        to disk for visualization.
     *
     * For the ECL simulator we only write at the end of
     * episodes/report steps...
     */
    bool shouldWriteOutput() const
    {
        if (this->simulator().timeStepIndex() < 0)
            // always write the initial solution
            return true;

        if (EWOMS_GET_PARAM(TypeTag, bool, EnableWriteAllSolutions))
            return true;

        return this->simulator().episodeWillBeOver();
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns true if an eWoms restart file should be written to disk.
     */
    bool shouldWriteRestartFile() const
    {
        unsigned n = EWOMS_GET_PARAM(TypeTag, unsigned, RestartWritingInterval);
        unsigned i = this->simulator().timeStepIndex();
        if (i > 0 && (i%n) == 0)
            return true; // we don't write a restart file for the initial condition
        return false;
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Write the requested quantities of the current solution into the output
     *        files.
     */
    void writeOutput(bool verbose = true)
    {
        // calculate the time _after_ the time was updated
        Scalar t = this->simulator().time() + this->simulator().timeStepSize();

        // prepare the ECL and the VTK writers
        if ( eclWriter_ )
            eclWriter_->beginWrite(t);

        // use the generic code to prepare the output fields and to
        // write the desired VTK files.
        ParentType::writeOutput(verbose);

        if ( eclWriter_ ) {
            this->model().appendOutputFields(*eclWriter_);
            eclWriter_->endWrite();
        }
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the object which converts between SI and deck units.
     */
    const EclDeckUnits<TypeTag>& deckUnits() const
    { return deckUnits_; }

    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::intrinsicPermeability
     */
    template <class Context>
    const DimMatrix& intrinsicPermeability(const Context& context,
                                           unsigned spaceIdx,
                                           unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        unsigned globalSpaceIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
        return transmissibilities_.permeability(globalSpaceIdx);
    }

    /*!
     * \brief This method returns the intrinsic permeability tensor
     *        given a global element index.
     *
     * Its main (only?) usage is the ECL transmissibility calculation code...
     */
    const DimMatrix& intrinsicPermeability(unsigned globalElemIdx) const
    { return transmissibilities_.permeability(globalElemIdx); }

    /*!
     * \copydoc BlackOilBaseProblem::transmissibility
     */
    template <class Context>
    Scalar transmissibility(const Context& context,
                            unsigned OPM_OPTIM_UNUSED fromDofLocalIdx,
                            unsigned toDofLocalIdx) const
    {
        assert(fromDofLocalIdx == 0);
        return pffDofData_.get(context.element(), toDofLocalIdx).transmissibility;
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Return a reference to the object that handles the "raw" transmissibilities.
     */
    const EclTransmissibility<TypeTag>& eclTransmissibilities() const
    { return transmissibilities_; }

    /*!
     * \copydoc BlackOilBaseProblem::thresholdPressure
     */
    Scalar thresholdPressure(unsigned elem1Idx, unsigned elem2Idx) const
    { return thresholdPressures_.thresholdPressure(elem1Idx, elem2Idx); }

    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::porosity
     */
    template <class Context>
    Scalar porosity(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        unsigned globalSpaceIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
        return porosity_[globalSpaceIdx];
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the porosity of an element
     *
     * Note that this method is *not* part of the generic eWoms problem API because it
     * would bake the assumption that only the elements are the degrees of freedom into
     * the interface.
     */
    Scalar porosity(unsigned elementIdx) const
    { return porosity_[elementIdx]; }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the depth of an degree of freedom [m]
     *
     * For ECL problems this is defined as the average of the depth of an element and is
     * thus slightly different from the depth of an element's centroid.
     */
    template <class Context>
    Scalar dofCenterDepth(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        unsigned globalSpaceIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
        return elementCenterDepth_[globalSpaceIdx];
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc BlackoilProblem::rockCompressibility
     */
    template <class Context>
    Scalar rockCompressibility(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        if (rockParams_.empty())
            return 0.0;

        unsigned tableIdx = 0;
        if (!rockTableIdx_.empty()) {
            unsigned globalSpaceIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
            tableIdx = rockTableIdx_[globalSpaceIdx];
        }

        return rockParams_[tableIdx].compressibility;
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc BlackoilProblem::rockReferencePressure
     */
    template <class Context>
    Scalar rockReferencePressure(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        if (rockParams_.empty())
            return 1e5;

        unsigned tableIdx = 0;
        if (!rockTableIdx_.empty()) {
            unsigned globalSpaceIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
            tableIdx = rockTableIdx_[globalSpaceIdx];
        }

        return rockParams_[tableIdx].referencePressure;
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::materialLawParams
     */
    template <class Context>
    const MaterialLawParams& materialLawParams(const Context& context,
                                               unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        unsigned globalSpaceIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
        return materialLawParams(globalSpaceIdx);
    }

    const MaterialLawParams& materialLawParams(unsigned globalDofIdx) const
    { return materialLawManager_->materialLawParams(globalDofIdx); }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the ECL material law manager
     *
     * Note that this method is *not* part of the generic eWoms problem API because it
     * would force all problens use the ECL material laws.
     */
    std::shared_ptr<const EclMaterialLawManager> materialLawManager() const
    { return materialLawManager_; }

    /*!
     * \copydoc materialLawManager()
     */
    std::shared_ptr<EclMaterialLawManager> materialLawManager()
    { return materialLawManager_; }



    /*!
     * \brief Returns the initial solvent saturation for a given a cell index
     */
    Scalar solventSaturation(unsigned elemIdx) const
    {
        if (solventSaturation_.empty())
            return 0;

        return solventSaturation_[elemIdx];
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the initial polymer concentration for a given a cell index
     */
    Scalar  polymerConcentration(unsigned elemIdx) const
    {
        if (polymerConcentration_.empty())
            return 0;

        return polymerConcentration_[elemIdx];
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the index of the relevant region for thermodynmic properties
     */
    template <class Context>
    unsigned pvtRegionIndex(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    { return pvtRegionIndex(context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx)); }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the index the relevant PVT region given a cell index
     */
    unsigned pvtRegionIndex(unsigned elemIdx) const
    {
        if (pvtnum_.empty())
            return 0;

        return pvtnum_[elemIdx];
    }

    const std::vector<int>& pvtRegionArray() const
    { return pvtnum_; }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the index of the relevant region for thermodynmic properties
     */
    template <class Context>
    unsigned satnumRegionIndex(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    { return satnumRegionIndex(context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx)); }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the index the relevant saturation function region given a cell index
     */
    unsigned satnumRegionIndex(unsigned elemIdx) const
    {
        if (satnum_.empty())
            return 0;

        return satnum_[elemIdx];
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the index of the relevant region for thermodynmic properties
     */
    template <class Context>
    unsigned miscnumRegionIndex(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    { return miscnumRegionIndex(context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx)); }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the index the relevant MISC region given a cell index
     */
    unsigned miscnumRegionIndex(unsigned elemIdx) const
    {
        if (miscnum_.empty())
            return 0;

        return miscnum_[elemIdx];
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the index of the relevant region for thermodynmic properties
     */
    template <class Context>
    unsigned plmixnumRegionIndex(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    { return plmixnumRegionIndex(context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx)); }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the index the relevant PLMIXNUM ( for polymer module) region given a cell index
     */
    unsigned plmixnumRegionIndex(unsigned elemIdx) const
    {
        if (plmixnum_.empty())
            return 0;

        return plmixnum_[elemIdx];
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the max polymer adsorption value
     */
    template <class Context>
    Scalar maxPolymerAdsorption(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    { return maxPolymerAdsorption(context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx)); }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the max polymer adsorption value
     */
    Scalar maxPolymerAdsorption(unsigned elemIdx) const
    {
        if (maxPolymerAdsorption_.empty())
            return 0;

        return maxPolymerAdsorption_[elemIdx];
    }



    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseProblem::name
     */
    std::string name() const
    { return this->simulator().gridManager().caseName(); }

    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::temperature
     */
    template <class Context>
    Scalar temperature(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        // use the temporally constant temperature, i.e. use the initial temperature of
        // the DOF
        unsigned globalDofIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
        return initialFluidStates_[globalDofIdx].temperature(/*phaseIdx=*/0);
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseProblem::boundary
     *
     * ECLiPSE uses no-flow conditions for all boundaries. \todo really?
     */
    template <class Context>
    void boundary(BoundaryRateVector& values,
                  const Context& context OPM_UNUSED,
                  unsigned spaceIdx OPM_UNUSED,
                  unsigned timeIdx OPM_UNUSED) const
    { values.setNoFlow(); }

    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseProblem::initial
     *
     * The reservoir problem uses a constant boundary condition for
     * the whole domain.
     */
    template <class Context>
    void initial(PrimaryVariables& values, const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        unsigned globalDofIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);

        values.setPvtRegionIndex(pvtRegionIndex(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx));

        if (useMassConservativeInitialCondition_) {
            const auto& matParams = materialLawParams(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx);
            values.assignMassConservative(initialFluidStates_[globalDofIdx], matParams);
        }
        else
            values.assignNaive(initialFluidStates_[globalDofIdx]);

        if (enableSolvent)
             values[Indices::solventSaturationIdx] = solventSaturation_[globalDofIdx];

        if (enablePolymer)
             values[Indices::polymerConcentrationIdx] = polymerConcentration_[globalDofIdx];
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseProblem::initialSolutionApplied()
     */
    void initialSolutionApplied()
    {
        if (!GET_PROP_VALUE(TypeTag, DisableWells)) {
            // initialize the wells. Note that this needs to be done after initializing the
            // intrinsic permeabilities and the after applying the initial solution because
            // the well model uses these...
            wellManager_.init(this->simulator().gridManager().eclState());
        }

        // let the object for threshold pressures initialize itself. this is done only at
        // this point, because determining the threshold pressures may require to access
        // the initial solution.
        thresholdPressures_.finishInit();

        // apply SWATINIT if requested by the programmer. this is only necessary if
        // SWATINIT has not yet been considered at the first time the EquilInitializer
        // was used, i.e., only if threshold pressures are enabled in addition to
        // SWATINIT.
        const auto& deck = this->simulator().gridManager().deck();
        const auto& eclState = this->simulator().gridManager().eclState();
        int numEquilRegions = eclState.getTableManager().getEqldims().getNumEquilRegions();
        bool useThpres = deck.hasKeyword("THPRES") && numEquilRegions > 1;
        bool useSwatinit =
            GET_PROP_VALUE(TypeTag, EnableSwatinit) &&
            eclState.get3DProperties().hasDeckDoubleGridProperty("SWATINIT");

        if (useThpres && useSwatinit)
            applySwatinit();

        // release the memory of the EQUIL grid since it's no longer needed after this point
        this->simulator().gridManager().releaseEquilGrid();

        // the fluid states specifying the initial condition are also no longer required.
        initialFluidStates_.clear();
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseProblem::source
     *
     * For this problem, the source term of all components is 0 everywhere.
     */
    template <class Context>
    void source(RateVector& rate,
                const Context& context,
                unsigned spaceIdx,
                unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        rate = 0.0;

        if (!GET_PROP_VALUE(TypeTag, DisableWells)) {
            wellManager_.computeTotalRatesForDof(rate, context, spaceIdx, timeIdx);

            // convert the source term from the total mass rate of the
            // cell to the one per unit of volume as used by the model.
            unsigned globalDofIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
            for (unsigned eqIdx = 0; eqIdx < numEq; ++ eqIdx)
                rate[eqIdx] /= this->model().dofTotalVolume(globalDofIdx);
        }
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns a reference to the ECL well manager used by the problem.
     *
     * This can be used for inspecting wells outside of the problem.
     */
    const EclWellManager<TypeTag>& wellManager() const
    { return wellManager_; }

    /*!
     * \brief Apply the necessary measures mandated by the SWATINIT keyword the the
     *        material law parameters.
     *
     * If SWATINIT is not used or if the method has already been called, this method is a
     * no-op.
     */
    void applySwatinit()
    {
        const auto& deck = this->simulator().gridManager().deck();
        const auto& eclState = this->simulator().gridManager().eclState();
        const auto& deckProps = eclState.get3DProperties();

        if (!deckProps.hasDeckDoubleGridProperty("SWATINIT"))
            return; // SWATINIT is not in the deck
        else if (!deck.hasKeyword("EQUIL"))
            // SWATINIT only applies if the initial solution is specified using the EQUIL
            // keyword.
            return;

        // SWATINIT applies. We have to do a complete re-initialization here. this is a
        // kludge, but to calculate the threshold pressures the initial solution without
        // SWATINIT is required!

        typedef Ewoms::EclEquilInitializer<TypeTag> EquilInitializer;
        EquilInitializer equilInitializer(this->simulator(),
                                          *materialLawManager_,
                                          /*enableSwatinit=*/true);
        auto& model = this->model();
        size_t numElems = model.numGridDof();
        for (size_t elemIdx = 0; elemIdx < numElems; ++elemIdx) {
            const auto& fs = equilInitializer.initialFluidState(elemIdx);
            auto& priVars0 = model.solution(/*timeIdx=*/0)[elemIdx];
            auto& priVars1 = model.solution(/*timeIdx=*/1)[elemIdx];

            priVars1.assignNaive(fs);
            priVars0 = priVars1;
        }

        // the solution (most likely) has changed, so we need to invalidate the cache for
        // intensive quantities
        this->simulator().model().invalidateIntensiveQuantitiesCache(/*timeIdx=*/0);
    }

private:
    Scalar cellCenterDepth( const Element& element ) const
    {
        typedef typename Element :: Geometry Geometry;
        static constexpr int zCoord = Geometry ::dimension - 1;
        Scalar zz = 0.0;

        const Geometry geometry = element.geometry();

        const int corners = geometry.corners();
        for (int i=0; i<corners; ++i)
        {
            zz += geometry.corner( i )[ zCoord ];
        }
        return zz/Scalar(corners);
    }

    void updateElementDepths_()
    {
        const auto& gridManager = this->simulator().gridManager();
        const auto& gridView = gridManager.gridView();
        const auto& elemMapper = this->elementMapper();;

        int numElements = gridView.size(/*codim=*/0);
        elementCenterDepth_.resize(numElements);

        auto elemIt = gridView.template begin</*codim=*/0>();
        const auto& elemEndIt = gridView.template end</*codim=*/0>();
        for (; elemIt != elemEndIt; ++elemIt) {
            const Element& element = *elemIt;
#if DUNE_VERSION_NEWER(DUNE_COMMON, 2,4)
            const unsigned int elemIdx = elemMapper.index(element);
#else
            const unsigned int elemIdx = elemMapper.map(element);
#endif

            elementCenterDepth_[elemIdx] = cellCenterDepth( element );
        }
    }

    void readRockParameters_()
    {
        const auto& deck = this->simulator().gridManager().deck();
        const auto& eclState = this->simulator().gridManager().eclState();
        const auto& gridManager = this->simulator().gridManager();

        // the ROCK keyword has not been specified, so we don't need
        // to read rock parameters
        if (!deck.hasKeyword("ROCK"))
            return;

        const auto& rockKeyword = deck.getKeyword("ROCK");
        rockParams_.resize(rockKeyword.size());
        for (size_t rockRecordIdx = 0; rockRecordIdx < rockKeyword.size(); ++ rockRecordIdx) {
            const auto& rockRecord = rockKeyword.getRecord(rockRecordIdx);
            rockParams_[rockRecordIdx].referencePressure =
                rockRecord.getItem("PREF").getSIDouble(0);
            rockParams_[rockRecordIdx].compressibility =
                rockRecord.getItem("COMPRESSIBILITY").getSIDouble(0);
        }

        // check the kind of region which is supposed to be used by checking the ROCKOPTS
        // keyword. note that for some funny reason, the ROCK keyword uses PVTNUM by
        // default, *not* ROCKNUM!
        std::string propName = "PVTNUM";
        if (deck.hasKeyword("ROCKOPTS")) {
            const auto& rockoptsKeyword = deck.getKeyword("ROCKOPTS");
            std::string rockTableType =
                rockoptsKeyword.getRecord(0).getItem("TABLE_TYPE").getTrimmedString(0);
            if (rockTableType == "PVTNUM")
                propName = "PVTNUM";
            else if (rockTableType == "SATNUM")
                propName = "SATNUM";
            else if (rockTableType == "ROCKNUM")
                propName = "ROCKNUM";
            else {
                OPM_THROW(std::runtime_error,
                          "Unknown table type '" << rockTableType
                          << " for the ROCKOPTS keyword given");
            }
        }

        // the deck does not specify the selected keyword, so everything uses the first
        // record of ROCK.
        if (!eclState.get3DProperties().hasDeckIntGridProperty(propName))
            return;

        const std::vector<int>& tablenumData =
            eclState.get3DProperties().getIntGridProperty(propName).getData();
        unsigned numElem = gridManager.gridView().size(0);
        rockTableIdx_.resize(numElem);
        for (size_t elemIdx = 0; elemIdx < numElem; ++ elemIdx) {
            unsigned cartElemIdx = gridManager.cartesianIndex(elemIdx);

            // reminder: Eclipse uses FORTRAN-style indices
            rockTableIdx_[elemIdx] = tablenumData[cartElemIdx] - 1;
        }
    }

    void readMaterialParameters_()
    {
        const auto& gridManager = this->simulator().gridManager();
        const auto& deck = gridManager.deck();
        const auto& eclState = gridManager.eclState();

        // the PVT and saturation region numbers
        updatePvtnum_();
        updateSatnum_();

        // the MISC region numbers (solvent model)
        updateMiscnum_();
        // the PLMIX region numbers (polymer model)
        updatePlmixnum_();

        ////////////////////////////////
        // porosity
        updatePorosity_();
        ////////////////////////////////

        ////////////////////////////////
        // fluid-matrix interactions (saturation functions; relperm/capillary pressure)
        size_t numDof = this->model().numGridDof();
        std::vector<int> compressedToCartesianElemIdx(numDof);
        for (unsigned elemIdx = 0; elemIdx < numDof; ++elemIdx)
            compressedToCartesianElemIdx[elemIdx] = gridManager.cartesianIndex(elemIdx);

        materialLawManager_ = std::make_shared<EclMaterialLawManager>();
        materialLawManager_->initFromDeck(deck, eclState, compressedToCartesianElemIdx);
        ////////////////////////////////
    }

    void updatePorosity_()
    {
        const auto& gridManager = this->simulator().gridManager();
        const auto& eclState = gridManager.eclState();
        const auto& eclGrid = eclState.getInputGrid();
        const auto& props = eclState.get3DProperties();

        size_t numDof = this->model().numGridDof();

        porosity_.resize(numDof);

        const std::vector<double>& porvData =
            props.getDoubleGridProperty("PORV").getData();
        const std::vector<int>& actnumData =
            props.getIntGridProperty("ACTNUM").getData();

        int nx = eclGrid.getNX();
        int ny = eclGrid.getNY();
        for (size_t dofIdx = 0; dofIdx < numDof; ++ dofIdx) {
            unsigned cartElemIdx = gridManager.cartesianIndex(dofIdx);
            Scalar poreVolume = porvData[cartElemIdx];

            // sum up the pore volume of the active cell and all inactive ones above it
            // which were disabled due to their pore volume being too small
            if (eclGrid.getMinpvMode() == Opm::MinpvMode::ModeEnum::OpmFIL) {
                Scalar minPvValue = eclGrid.getMinpvValue();
                for (int aboveElemCartIdx = static_cast<int>(cartElemIdx) - nx*ny;
                     aboveElemCartIdx >= 0;
                     aboveElemCartIdx -= nx*ny)
                {
                    if (porvData[aboveElemCartIdx] >= minPvValue)
                        // the cartesian element above exhibits a pore volume which larger or
                        // equal to the minimum one
                        break;

                    Scalar aboveElemVolume = eclGrid.getCellVolume(aboveElemCartIdx);
                    if (actnumData[aboveElemCartIdx] == 0 && aboveElemVolume > 1e-3)
                        // stop at explicitly disabled elements, but only if their volume is
                        // greater than 10^-3 m^3
                        break;

                    poreVolume += porvData[aboveElemCartIdx];
                }
            }

            // we define the porosity as the accumulated pore volume divided by the
            // geometric volume of the element. Note that -- in pathetic cases -- it can
            // be larger than 1.0!
            Scalar dofVolume = this->simulator().model().dofTotalVolume(dofIdx);
            assert(dofVolume > 0.0);
            porosity_[dofIdx] = poreVolume/dofVolume;
        }
    }

    void initFluidSystem_()
    {
        const auto& deck = this->simulator().gridManager().deck();
        const auto& eclState = this->simulator().gridManager().eclState();

        FluidSystem::initFromDeck(deck, eclState);
   }

    void readInitialCondition_()
    {
        const auto& gridManager = this->simulator().gridManager();
        const auto& deck = gridManager.deck();

        if (!deck.hasKeyword("EQUIL"))
            readExplicitInitialCondition_();
        else
            readEquilInitialCondition_();

        readBlackoilExtentionsInitialConditions_();
    }


    void readEquilInitialCondition_()
    {
        const auto& deck = this->simulator().gridManager().deck();
        const auto& eclState = this->simulator().gridManager().eclState();
        int numEquilRegions = eclState.getTableManager().getEqldims().getNumEquilRegions();
        bool useThpres = deck.hasKeyword("THPRES") && numEquilRegions > 1;
        bool useSwatinit =
            GET_PROP_VALUE(TypeTag, EnableSwatinit) &&
            eclState.get3DProperties().hasDeckDoubleGridProperty("SWATINIT");

        // initial condition corresponds to hydrostatic conditions. The SWATINIT keyword
        // can be considered here directly if threshold pressures are disabled.
        typedef Ewoms::EclEquilInitializer<TypeTag> EquilInitializer;
        EquilInitializer equilInitializer(this->simulator(),
                                          *materialLawManager_,
                                          /*enableSwatinit=*/useThpres && useSwatinit);

        // since the EquilInitializer provides fluid states that are consistent with the
        // black-oil model, we can use naive instead of mass conservative determination
        // of the primary variables.
        useMassConservativeInitialCondition_ = false;

        size_t numElems = this->model().numGridDof();
        initialFluidStates_.resize(numElems);
        for (size_t elemIdx = 0; elemIdx < numElems; ++elemIdx) {
            auto& elemFluidState = initialFluidStates_[elemIdx];
            elemFluidState.assign(equilInitializer.initialFluidState(elemIdx));
        }
    }

    void readExplicitInitialCondition_()
    {
        const auto& gridManager = this->simulator().gridManager();
        const auto& eclState = gridManager.eclState();
        const auto& eclProps = eclState.get3DProperties();

        // since the values specified in the deck do not need to be consistent, we use an
        // initial condition that conserves the total mass specified by these values, but
        // for this to work all three phases must be active.
        useMassConservativeInitialCondition_ = (FluidSystem::numActivePhases() == 3);

        // make sure all required quantities are enables
        if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(waterPhaseIdx) && !eclProps.hasDeckDoubleGridProperty("SWAT"))
            OPM_THROW(std::runtime_error,
                      "The ECL input file requires the presence of the SWAT keyword if "
                      "the water phase is active");
        if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(gasPhaseIdx) && !eclProps.hasDeckDoubleGridProperty("SGAS"))
            OPM_THROW(std::runtime_error,
                      "The ECL input file requires the presence of the SGAS keyword if "
                      "the gas phase is active");

        if (!eclProps.hasDeckDoubleGridProperty("PRESSURE"))
             OPM_THROW(std::runtime_error,
                      "The ECL input file requires the presence of the PRESSURE "
                      "keyword if the model is initialized explicitly");
        if (FluidSystem::enableDissolvedGas() && !eclProps.hasDeckDoubleGridProperty("RS"))
            OPM_THROW(std::runtime_error,
                      "The ECL input file requires the RS keyword to be present if"
                      " dissolved gas is enabled");
        if (FluidSystem::enableVaporizedOil() && !eclProps.hasDeckDoubleGridProperty("RV"))
            OPM_THROW(std::runtime_error,
                      "The ECL input file requires the RV keyword to be present if"
                      " vaporized oil is enabled");

        size_t numDof = this->model().numGridDof();

        initialFluidStates_.resize(numDof);

        const auto& cartSize = this->simulator().gridManager().cartesianDimensions();
        size_t numCartesianCells = cartSize[0] * cartSize[1] * cartSize[2];

        std::vector<double> waterSaturationData;
        if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(waterPhaseIdx))
            waterSaturationData = eclProps.getDoubleGridProperty("SWAT").getData();
        else
            waterSaturationData.resize(numCartesianCells, 0.0);

        std::vector<double> gasSaturationData;
        if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(gasPhaseIdx))
            gasSaturationData = eclProps.getDoubleGridProperty("SGAS").getData();
        else
            gasSaturationData.resize(numCartesianCells, 0.0);

        const std::vector<double>& pressureData =
            eclProps.getDoubleGridProperty("PRESSURE").getData();
        std::vector<double> rsData;
        if (FluidSystem::enableDissolvedGas())
            rsData = eclProps.getDoubleGridProperty("RS").getData();
        std::vector<double> rvData;
        if (FluidSystem::enableVaporizedOil())
            rvData = eclProps.getDoubleGridProperty("RV").getData();
        // initial reservoir temperature
        const std::vector<double>& tempiData =
            eclState.get3DProperties().getDoubleGridProperty("TEMPI").getData();

        // make sure that the size of the data arrays is correct
#ifndef NDEBUG
        assert(waterSaturationData.size() == numCartesianCells);
        assert(gasSaturationData.size() == numCartesianCells);
        assert(pressureData.size() == numCartesianCells);
        if (FluidSystem::enableDissolvedGas())
            assert(rsData.size() == numCartesianCells);
        if (FluidSystem::enableVaporizedOil())
            assert(rvData.size() == numCartesianCells);
#endif

        // calculate the initial fluid states
        for (size_t dofIdx = 0; dofIdx < numDof; ++dofIdx) {
            auto& dofFluidState = initialFluidStates_[dofIdx];

            int pvtRegionIdx = pvtRegionIndex(dofIdx);
            size_t cartesianDofIdx = gridManager.cartesianIndex(dofIdx);
            assert(0 <= cartesianDofIdx);
            assert(cartesianDofIdx <= numCartesianCells);

            //////
            // set temperature
            //////
            Scalar temperature = tempiData[cartesianDofIdx];
            if (!std::isfinite(temperature) || temperature <= 0)
                temperature = FluidSystem::surfaceTemperature;
            dofFluidState.setTemperature(temperature);

            //////
            // set saturations
            //////
            dofFluidState.setSaturation(FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx,
                                        waterSaturationData[cartesianDofIdx]);
            dofFluidState.setSaturation(FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx,
                                        gasSaturationData[cartesianDofIdx]);
            dofFluidState.setSaturation(FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx,
                                        1.0
                                        - waterSaturationData[cartesianDofIdx]
                                        - gasSaturationData[cartesianDofIdx]);

            //////
            // set phase pressures
            //////
            Scalar oilPressure = pressureData[cartesianDofIdx];

            // this assumes that capillary pressures only depend on the phase saturations
            // and possibly on temperature. (this is always the case for ECL problems.)
            Dune::FieldVector< Scalar, numPhases > pc( 0 );
            const auto& matParams = materialLawParams(dofIdx);
            MaterialLaw::capillaryPressures(pc, matParams, dofFluidState);
            Opm::Valgrind::CheckDefined(oilPressure);
            Opm::Valgrind::CheckDefined(pc);
            for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++phaseIdx)
                dofFluidState.setPressure(phaseIdx, oilPressure + (pc[phaseIdx] - pc[oilPhaseIdx]));

            //////
            // set compositions
            //////

            // reset all mole fractions to 0
            for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++phaseIdx)
                for (unsigned compIdx = 0; compIdx < numComponents; ++compIdx)
                    dofFluidState.setMoleFraction(phaseIdx, compIdx, 0.0);

            // by default, assume immiscibility for all phases
            dofFluidState.setMoleFraction(waterPhaseIdx, waterCompIdx, 1.0);
            dofFluidState.setMoleFraction(gasPhaseIdx, gasCompIdx, 1.0);
            dofFluidState.setMoleFraction(oilPhaseIdx, oilCompIdx, 1.0);

            if (FluidSystem::enableDissolvedGas()) {
                Scalar RsSat = FluidSystem::saturatedDissolutionFactor(dofFluidState, oilPhaseIdx, pvtRegionIdx);
                Scalar RsReal = rsData[cartesianDofIdx];

                if (RsReal > RsSat) {
                    std::array<int, 3> ijk;
                    gridManager.cartesianCoordinate(dofIdx, ijk);
                    std::cerr << "Warning: The specified amount gas (R_s = " << RsReal << ") is more"
                              << " than the maximium\n"
                              << "         amount which can be dissolved in oil"
                              << " (R_s,max=" << RsSat << ")"
                              << " for cell (" << ijk[0] << ", " << ijk[1] << ", " << ijk[2] << ")."
                              << " Using maximimum.\n";
                    RsReal = RsSat;
                }

                // calculate the initial oil phase composition in terms of mole fractions
                Scalar XoGReal = FluidSystem::convertRsToXoG(RsReal, pvtRegionIdx);
                Scalar xoGReal = FluidSystem::convertXoGToxoG(XoGReal, pvtRegionIdx);

                // finally, set the oil-phase composition
                dofFluidState.setMoleFraction(oilPhaseIdx, gasCompIdx, xoGReal);
                dofFluidState.setMoleFraction(oilPhaseIdx, oilCompIdx, 1.0 - xoGReal);
            }

            if (FluidSystem::enableVaporizedOil()) {
                Scalar RvSat = FluidSystem::saturatedDissolutionFactor(dofFluidState, gasPhaseIdx, pvtRegionIdx);
                Scalar RvReal = rvData[cartesianDofIdx];

                if (RvReal > RvSat) {
                    std::array<int, 3> ijk;
                    gridManager.cartesianCoordinate(dofIdx, ijk);
                    std::cerr << "Warning: The specified amount oil (R_v = " << RvReal << ") is more"
                              << " than the maximium\n"
                              << "         amount which can be dissolved in gas"
                              << " (R_v,max=" << RvSat << ")"
                              << " for cell (" << ijk[0] << ", " << ijk[1] << ", " << ijk[2] << ")."
                              << " Using maximimum.\n";
                    RvReal = RvSat;
                }

                // calculate the initial gas phase composition in terms of mole fractions
                Scalar XgOReal = FluidSystem::convertRvToXgO(RvReal, pvtRegionIdx);
                Scalar xgOReal = FluidSystem::convertXgOToxgO(XgOReal, pvtRegionIdx);

                // finally, set the gas-phase composition
                dofFluidState.setMoleFraction(gasPhaseIdx, oilCompIdx, xgOReal);
                dofFluidState.setMoleFraction(gasPhaseIdx, gasCompIdx, 1.0 - xgOReal);
            }
        }
    }
    void readBlackoilExtentionsInitialConditions_()
    {
        const auto& gridManager = this->simulator().gridManager();
        const auto& eclState = gridManager.eclState();
        size_t numDof = this->model().numGridDof();

        if (enableSolvent) {
            const std::vector<double>& solventSaturationData = eclState.get3DProperties().getDoubleGridProperty("SSOL").getData();
            solventSaturation_.resize(numDof,0.0);
            for (size_t dofIdx = 0; dofIdx < numDof; ++dofIdx) {
                size_t cartesianDofIdx = gridManager.cartesianIndex(dofIdx);
                assert(0 <= cartesianDofIdx);
                assert(cartesianDofIdx <= solventSaturationData.size());
                solventSaturation_[dofIdx] = solventSaturationData[cartesianDofIdx];
            }
        }

        if (enablePolymer) {
            const std::vector<double>& polyConcentrationData = eclState.get3DProperties().getDoubleGridProperty("SPOLY").getData();
            polymerConcentration_.resize(numDof,0.0);
            for (size_t dofIdx = 0; dofIdx < numDof; ++dofIdx) {
                size_t cartesianDofIdx = gridManager.cartesianIndex(dofIdx);
                assert(0 <= cartesianDofIdx);
                assert(cartesianDofIdx <= polyConcentrationData.size());
                polymerConcentration_[dofIdx] = polyConcentrationData[cartesianDofIdx];
            }
        }
    }



    // update the hysteresis parameters of the material laws for the whole grid
    bool updateHysteresis_()
    {
        if (!materialLawManager_->enableHysteresis())
            return false;

        // we need to update the hysteresis data for _all_ elements (i.e., not just the
        // interior ones) to avoid desynchronization of the processes in the parallel case!
        ElementContext elemCtx(this->simulator());
        const auto& gridManager = this->simulator().gridManager();
        auto elemIt = gridManager.gridView().template begin</*codim=*/0>();
        const auto& elemEndIt = gridManager.gridView().template end</*codim=*/0>();
        for (; elemIt != elemEndIt; ++elemIt) {
            const Element& elem = *elemIt;

            elemCtx.updatePrimaryStencil(elem);
            elemCtx.updatePrimaryIntensiveQuantities(/*timeIdx=*/0);

            unsigned compressedDofIdx = elemCtx.globalSpaceIndex(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
            const auto& intQuants = elemCtx.intensiveQuantities(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
            materialLawManager_->updateHysteresis(intQuants.fluidState(), compressedDofIdx);
        }
        return true;
    }

    void updateMaxPolymerAdsorption_()
    {
        // we need to update the max polymer adsoption data for all elements
        ElementContext elemCtx(this->simulator());
        const auto& gridManager = this->simulator().gridManager();
        auto elemIt = gridManager.gridView().template begin</*codim=*/0>();
        const auto& elemEndIt = gridManager.gridView().template end</*codim=*/0>();
        for (; elemIt != elemEndIt; ++elemIt) {
            const Element& elem = *elemIt;

            elemCtx.updatePrimaryStencil(elem);
            elemCtx.updatePrimaryIntensiveQuantities(/*timeIdx=*/0);

            unsigned compressedDofIdx = elemCtx.globalSpaceIndex(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
            const auto& intQuants = elemCtx.intensiveQuantities(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);

            maxPolymerAdsorption_[compressedDofIdx] = std::max(maxPolymerAdsorption_[compressedDofIdx] , Opm::scalarValue(intQuants.polymerAdsorption()));
        }
    }

    void updatePvtnum_()
    {
        const auto& eclState = this->simulator().gridManager().eclState();
        const auto& eclProps = eclState.get3DProperties();

        if (!eclProps.hasDeckIntGridProperty("PVTNUM"))
            return;

        const auto& pvtnumData = eclProps.getIntGridProperty("PVTNUM").getData();
        const auto& gridManager = this->simulator().gridManager();

        unsigned numElems = gridManager.gridView().size(/*codim=*/0);
        pvtnum_.resize(numElems);
        for (unsigned elemIdx = 0; elemIdx < numElems; ++elemIdx) {
            unsigned cartElemIdx = gridManager.cartesianIndex(elemIdx);
            pvtnum_[elemIdx] = pvtnumData[cartElemIdx] - 1;
        }
    }

    void updateSatnum_()
    {
        const auto& eclState = this->simulator().gridManager().eclState();
        const auto& eclProps = eclState.get3DProperties();

        if (!eclProps.hasDeckIntGridProperty("SATNUM"))
            return;

        const auto& satnumData = eclProps.getIntGridProperty("SATNUM").getData();
        const auto& gridManager = this->simulator().gridManager();

        unsigned numElems = gridManager.gridView().size(/*codim=*/0);
        satnum_.resize(numElems);
        for (unsigned elemIdx = 0; elemIdx < numElems; ++elemIdx) {
            unsigned cartElemIdx = gridManager.cartesianIndex(elemIdx);
            satnum_[elemIdx] = satnumData[cartElemIdx] - 1;
        }
    }

    void updateMiscnum_()
    {
        const auto& eclState = this->simulator().gridManager().eclState();
        const auto& eclProps = eclState.get3DProperties();

        if (!eclProps.hasDeckIntGridProperty("MISCNUM"))
            return;

        const auto& miscnumData = eclProps.getIntGridProperty("MISCNUM").getData();
        const auto& gridManager = this->simulator().gridManager();

        unsigned numElems = gridManager.gridView().size(/*codim=*/0);
        miscnum_.resize(numElems);
        for (unsigned elemIdx = 0; elemIdx < numElems; ++elemIdx) {
            unsigned cartElemIdx = gridManager.cartesianIndex(elemIdx);
            miscnum_[elemIdx] = miscnumData[cartElemIdx] - 1;
        }
    }

    void updatePlmixnum_()
    {
        const auto& eclState = this->simulator().gridManager().eclState();
        const auto& eclProps = eclState.get3DProperties();

        if (!eclProps.hasDeckIntGridProperty("PLMIXNUM"))
            return;

        const auto& plmixnumData = eclProps.getIntGridProperty("PLMIXNUM").getData();
        const auto& gridManager = this->simulator().gridManager();

        unsigned numElems = gridManager.gridView().size(/*codim=*/0);
        plmixnum_.resize(numElems);
        for (unsigned elemIdx = 0; elemIdx < numElems; ++elemIdx) {
            unsigned cartElemIdx = gridManager.cartesianIndex(elemIdx);
            plmixnum_[elemIdx] = plmixnumData[cartElemIdx] - 1;
        }
    }

    struct PffDofData_
    {
        Scalar transmissibility;
    };

    // update the prefetch friendly data object
    void updatePffDofData_()
    {
        const auto& distFn =
            [this](PffDofData_& dofData,
                   const Stencil& stencil,
                   unsigned localDofIdx)
            -> void
        {
            const auto& elementMapper = this->model().elementMapper();

#if DUNE_VERSION_NEWER(DUNE_COMMON, 2,4)
            unsigned globalElemIdx = elementMapper.index(stencil.entity(localDofIdx));
#else
            unsigned globalElemIdx = elementMapper.map(stencil.entity(localDofIdx));
#endif

            if (localDofIdx != 0) {
#if DUNE_VERSION_NEWER(DUNE_COMMON, 2,4)
                unsigned globalCenterElemIdx = elementMapper.index(stencil.entity(/*dofIdx=*/0));
#else
                unsigned globalCenterElemIdx = elementMapper.map(stencil.entity(/*dofIdx=*/0));
#endif
                dofData.transmissibility = transmissibilities_.transmissibility(globalCenterElemIdx, globalElemIdx);
            }
        };

        pffDofData_.update(distFn);
    }

    std::vector<Scalar> porosity_;
    std::vector<Scalar> elementCenterDepth_;
    EclTransmissibility<TypeTag> transmissibilities_;

    std::shared_ptr<EclMaterialLawManager> materialLawManager_;

    EclThresholdPressure<TypeTag> thresholdPressures_;

    std::vector<int> pvtnum_;
    std::vector<unsigned short> satnum_;
    std::vector<unsigned short> miscnum_;
    std::vector<unsigned short> plmixnum_;

    std::vector<unsigned short> rockTableIdx_;
    std::vector<RockParams> rockParams_;

    std::vector<Scalar> maxPolymerAdsorption_;

    bool useMassConservativeInitialCondition_;
    std::vector<ScalarFluidState> initialFluidStates_;

    std::vector<Scalar> polymerConcentration_;
    std::vector<Scalar> solventSaturation_;


    EclWellManager<TypeTag> wellManager_;

    EclDeckUnits<TypeTag> deckUnits_;

    std::unique_ptr< EclWriterType > eclWriter_;
    EclSummaryWriter summaryWriter_;

    PffGridVector<GridView, Stencil, PffDofData_, DofMapper> pffDofData_;
};
} // namespace Ewoms

#endif