opm-simulators/ebos/eclproblem.hh

// -*- mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*-
// vi: set et ts=4 sw=4 sts=4:
/*
  This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).

  OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
  the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
  (at your option) any later version.

  OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  GNU General Public License for more details.

  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  along with OPM.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

  Consult the COPYING file in the top-level source directory of this
  module for the precise wording of the license and the list of
  copyright holders.
*/
/*!
 * \file
 *
 * \copydoc Opm::EclProblem
 */
#ifndef EWOMS_ECL_PROBLEM_HH
#define EWOMS_ECL_PROBLEM_HH

#if USE_ALUGRID
#define DISABLE_ALUGRID_SFC_ORDERING 1
#if !HAVE_DUNE_ALUGRID
#warning "ALUGrid was indicated to be used for the ECL black oil simulator, but this "
#warning "requires the presence of dune-alugrid >= 2.4. Falling back to Dune::CpGrid"
#undef USE_ALUGRID
#define USE_ALUGRID 0
#endif
#else
#define USE_ALUGRID 0
#endif

#if USE_ALUGRID
#include "eclalugridvanguard.hh"
#elif USE_POLYHEDRALGRID
#include "eclpolyhedralgridvanguard.hh"
#else
#include "eclcpgridvanguard.hh"
#endif

#include "eclactionhandler.hh"
#include "eclequilinitializer.hh"
#include "eclwriter.hh"
#include "ecloutputblackoilmodule.hh"
#include "ecltransmissibility.hh"
#include "eclthresholdpressure.hh"
#include "ecldummygradientcalculator.hh"
#include "eclfluxmodule.hh"
#include "eclbaseaquifermodel.hh"
#include "eclnewtonmethod.hh"
#include "ecltracermodel.hh"
#include "vtkecltracermodule.hh"
#include "eclgenericproblem.hh"

#include <opm/core/props/satfunc/RelpermDiagnostics.hpp>

#include <opm/simulators/utils/DeferredLoggingErrorHelpers.hpp>
#include <opm/simulators/utils/ParallelSerialization.hpp>
#include <opm/simulators/timestepping/SimulatorReport.hpp>

#include <opm/models/utils/pffgridvector.hh>
#include <opm/models/blackoil/blackoilmodel.hh>
#include <opm/models/discretization/ecfv/ecfvdiscretization.hh>

#include <opm/material/fluidmatrixinteractions/EclMaterialLawManager.hpp>
#include <opm/material/thermal/EclThermalLawManager.hpp>

#include <opm/material/fluidstates/CompositionalFluidState.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/BlackOilFluidSystem.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/blackoilpvt/DryGasPvt.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/blackoilpvt/WetGasPvt.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/blackoilpvt/LiveOilPvt.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/blackoilpvt/DeadOilPvt.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/blackoilpvt/ConstantCompressibilityOilPvt.hpp>
#include <opm/material/fluidsystems/blackoilpvt/ConstantCompressibilityWaterPvt.hpp>

#include <opm/material/common/Valgrind.hpp>
#include <opm/input/eclipse/EclipseState/EclipseState.hpp>
#include <opm/input/eclipse/Schedule/Schedule.hpp>
#include <opm/common/utility/TimeService.hpp>
#include <opm/material/common/ConditionalStorage.hpp>

#include <dune/common/version.hh>
#include <dune/common/fvector.hh>
#include <dune/common/fmatrix.hh>

#include <opm/output/eclipse/EclipseIO.hpp>

#include <opm/common/OpmLog/OpmLog.hpp>

#include <set>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>

namespace Opm {
template <class TypeTag>
class EclProblem;
}

namespace Opm::Properties {

namespace TTag {

#if USE_ALUGRID
struct EclBaseProblem {
  using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<VtkEclTracer, EclOutputBlackOil, EclAluGridVanguard>;
};
#elif USE_POLYHEDRALGRID
struct EclBaseProblem {
  using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<VtkEclTracer, EclOutputBlackOil, EclPolyhedralGridVanguard>;
};
#else
struct EclBaseProblem {
  using InheritsFrom = std::tuple<VtkEclTracer, EclOutputBlackOil, EclCpGridVanguard>;
};
#endif
}

// The class which deals with ECL wells
template<class TypeTag, class MyTypeTag>
struct EclWellModel {
    using type = UndefinedProperty;
};

// Write all solutions for visualization, not just the ones for the
// report steps...
template<class TypeTag, class MyTypeTag>
struct EnableWriteAllSolutions {
    using type = UndefinedProperty;
};

// The number of time steps skipped between writing two consequtive restart files
template<class TypeTag, class MyTypeTag>
struct RestartWritingInterval {
    using type = UndefinedProperty;
};

// Enable partial compensation of systematic mass losses via the source term of the next time
// step
template<class TypeTag, class MyTypeTag>
struct EclEnableDriftCompensation {
    using type = UndefinedProperty;
};

// Enable the additional checks even if compiled in debug mode (i.e., with the NDEBUG
// macro undefined). Next to a slightly better performance, this also eliminates some
// print statements in debug mode.
template<class TypeTag, class MyTypeTag>
struct EnableDebuggingChecks {
    using type = UndefinedProperty;
};

// if thermal flux boundaries are enabled an effort is made to preserve the initial
// thermal gradient specified via the TEMPVD keyword
template<class TypeTag, class MyTypeTag>
struct EnableThermalFluxBoundaries {
    using type = UndefinedProperty;
};

// Specify whether API tracking should be enabled (replaces PVT regions).
// TODO: This is not yet implemented
template<class TypeTag, class MyTypeTag>
struct EnableApiTracking {
    using type = UndefinedProperty;
};

// The class which deals with ECL aquifers
template<class TypeTag, class MyTypeTag>
struct EclAquiferModel {
    using type = UndefinedProperty;
};

// In experimental mode, decides if the aquifer model should be enabled or not
template<class TypeTag, class MyTypeTag>
struct EclEnableAquifers {
    using type = UndefinedProperty;
};

// time stepping parameters
template<class TypeTag, class MyTypeTag>
struct EclMaxTimeStepSizeAfterWellEvent {
    using type = UndefinedProperty;
};
template<class TypeTag, class MyTypeTag>
struct EclRestartShrinkFactor {
    using type = UndefinedProperty;
};
template<class TypeTag, class MyTypeTag>
struct EclEnableTuning {
    using type = UndefinedProperty;
};
template<class TypeTag, class MyTypeTag>
struct OutputMode {
    using type = UndefinedProperty;
};

// Set the problem property
template<class TypeTag>
struct Problem<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    using type = EclProblem<TypeTag>;
};

// Select the element centered finite volume method as spatial discretization
template<class TypeTag>
struct SpatialDiscretizationSplice<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    using type = TTag::EcfvDiscretization;
};

//! for ebos, use automatic differentiation to linearize the system of PDEs
template<class TypeTag>
struct LocalLinearizerSplice<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    using type = TTag::AutoDiffLocalLinearizer;
};

// Set the material law for fluid fluxes
template<class TypeTag>
struct MaterialLaw<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem>
{
private:
    using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
    using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;

    using Traits = ThreePhaseMaterialTraits<Scalar,
                                            /*wettingPhaseIdx=*/FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx,
                                            /*nonWettingPhaseIdx=*/FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx,
                                            /*gasPhaseIdx=*/FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx>;

public:
    using EclMaterialLawManager = ::Opm::EclMaterialLawManager<Traits>;

    using type = typename EclMaterialLawManager::MaterialLaw;
};

// Set the material law for energy storage in rock
template<class TypeTag>
struct SolidEnergyLaw<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem>
{
private:
    using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
    using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;

public:
    using EclThermalLawManager = ::Opm::EclThermalLawManager<Scalar, FluidSystem>;

    using type = typename EclThermalLawManager::SolidEnergyLaw;
};

// Set the material law for thermal conduction
template<class TypeTag>
struct ThermalConductionLaw<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem>
{
private:
    using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
    using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;

public:
    using EclThermalLawManager = ::Opm::EclThermalLawManager<Scalar, FluidSystem>;

    using type = typename EclThermalLawManager::ThermalConductionLaw;
};

// ebos can use a slightly faster stencil class because it does not need the normals and
// the integration points of intersections
template<class TypeTag>
struct Stencil<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem>
{
private:
    using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
    using GridView = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::GridView>;

public:
    using type = EcfvStencil<Scalar,
                             GridView,
                             /*needIntegrationPos=*/false,
                             /*needNormal=*/false>;
};

// by default use the dummy aquifer "model"
template<class TypeTag>
struct EclAquiferModel<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    using type = EclBaseAquiferModel<TypeTag>;
};

// Enable aquifers by default in experimental mode
template<class TypeTag>
struct EclEnableAquifers<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = true;
};

// Enable gravity
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableGravity<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = true;
};

// Enable diffusion
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableDiffusion<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = true;
};

// only write the solutions for the report steps to disk
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableWriteAllSolutions<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = false;
};

// disable API tracking
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableApiTracking<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = false;
};

// The default for the end time of the simulation [s]
//
// By default, stop it after the universe will probably have stopped
// to exist. (the ECL problem will finish the simulation explicitly
// after it simulated the last episode specified in the deck.)
template<class TypeTag>
struct EndTime<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    using type = GetPropType<TypeTag, Scalar>;
    static constexpr type value = 1e100;
};

// The default for the initial time step size of the simulation [s].
//
// The chosen value means that the size of the first time step is the
// one of the initial episode (if the length of the initial episode is
// not millions of trillions of years, that is...)
template<class TypeTag>
struct InitialTimeStepSize<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    using type = GetPropType<TypeTag, Scalar>;
    static constexpr type value = 3600*24;
};

// the default for the allowed volumetric error for oil per second
template<class TypeTag>
struct NewtonTolerance<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    using type = GetPropType<TypeTag, Scalar>;
    static constexpr type value = 1e-2;
};

// the tolerated amount of "incorrect" amount of oil per time step for the complete
// reservoir. this is scaled by the pore volume of the reservoir, i.e., larger reservoirs
// will tolerate larger residuals.
template<class TypeTag>
struct EclNewtonSumTolerance<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    using type = GetPropType<TypeTag, Scalar>;
    static constexpr type value = 1e-4;
};

// set the exponent for the volume scaling of the sum tolerance: larger reservoirs can
// tolerate a higher amount of mass lost per time step than smaller ones! since this is
// not linear, we use the cube root of the overall pore volume by default, i.e., the
// value specified by the NewtonSumTolerance parameter is the "incorrect" mass per
// timestep for an reservoir that exhibits 1 m^3 of pore volume. A reservoir with a total
// pore volume of 10^3 m^3 will tolerate 10 times as much.
template<class TypeTag>
struct EclNewtonSumToleranceExponent<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    using type = GetPropType<TypeTag, Scalar>;
    static constexpr type value = 1.0/3.0;
};

// set number of Newton iterations where the volumetric residual is considered for
// convergence
template<class TypeTag>
struct EclNewtonStrictIterations<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr int value = 8;
};

// set fraction of the pore volume where the volumetric residual may be violated during
// strict Newton iterations
template<class TypeTag>
struct EclNewtonRelaxedVolumeFraction<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    using type = GetPropType<TypeTag, Scalar>;
    static constexpr type value = 0.03;
};

// the maximum volumetric error of a cell in the relaxed region
template<class TypeTag>
struct EclNewtonRelaxedTolerance<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    using type = GetPropType<TypeTag, Scalar>;
    static constexpr type value = 1e9;
};

// Ignore the maximum error mass for early termination of the newton method.
template<class TypeTag>
struct NewtonMaxError<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    using type = GetPropType<TypeTag, Scalar>;
    static constexpr type value = 10e9;
};

// set the maximum number of Newton iterations to 14 because the likelyhood that a time
// step succeeds at more than 14 Newton iteration is rather small
template<class TypeTag>
struct NewtonMaxIterations<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr int value = 14;
};

// also, reduce the target for the "optimum" number of Newton iterations to 6. Note that
// this is only relevant if the time step is reduced from the report step size for some
// reason. (because ebos first tries to do a report step using a single time step.)
template<class TypeTag>
struct NewtonTargetIterations<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr int value = 6;
};

// Disable the VTK output by default for this problem ...
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableVtkOutput<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = false;
};

// ... but enable the ECL output by default
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableEclOutput<TypeTag,TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = true;
};

// If available, write the ECL output in a non-blocking manner
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableAsyncEclOutput<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = true;
};
// Write ESMRY file for fast loading of summary data
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableEsmry<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = false;
};

// By default, use single precision for the ECL formated results
template<class TypeTag>
struct EclOutputDoublePrecision<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = false;
};

// The default location for the ECL output files
template<class TypeTag>
struct OutputDir<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr auto value = ".";
};

// the cache for intensive quantities can be used for ECL problems and also yields a
// decent speedup...
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableIntensiveQuantityCache<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = true;
};

// the cache for the storage term can also be used and also yields a decent speedup
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableStorageCache<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = true;
};

// Use the "velocity module" which uses the Eclipse "NEWTRAN" transmissibilities
template<class TypeTag>
struct FluxModule<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    using type = EclTransFluxModule<TypeTag>;
};

// Use the dummy gradient calculator in order not to do unnecessary work.
template<class TypeTag>
struct GradientCalculator<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    using type = EclDummyGradientCalculator<TypeTag>;
};

// Use a custom Newton-Raphson method class for ebos in order to attain more
// sophisticated update and error computation mechanisms
template<class TypeTag>
struct NewtonMethod<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    using type = EclNewtonMethod<TypeTag>;
};

// The frequency of writing restart (*.ers) files. This is the number of time steps
// between writing restart files
template<class TypeTag>
struct RestartWritingInterval<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr int value = 0xffffff; // disable
};

// Drift compensation is an experimental feature, i.e., systematic errors in the
// conservation quantities are only compensated for
// as default if experimental mode is enabled.
template<class TypeTag>
struct EclEnableDriftCompensation<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = true;

};

// By default, we enable the debugging checks if we're compiled in debug mode
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableDebuggingChecks<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = true;
};

// store temperature (but do not conserve energy, as long as EnableEnergy is false)
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableTemperature<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = true;
};

// disable all extensions supported by black oil model. this should not really be
// necessary but it makes things a bit more explicit
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnablePolymer<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = false;
};
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableSolvent<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = false;
};
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableEnergy<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = false;
};
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableFoam<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = false;
};
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableExtbo<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = false;
};
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableMICP<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = false;
};

// disable thermal flux boundaries by default
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableThermalFluxBoundaries<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = false;
};

// By default, simulators derived from the EclBaseProblem are production simulators,
// i.e., experimental features must be explicitly enabled at compile time
template<class TypeTag>
struct EnableExperiments<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = false;
};

// set defaults for the time stepping parameters
template<class TypeTag>
struct EclMaxTimeStepSizeAfterWellEvent<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    using type = GetPropType<TypeTag, Scalar>;
    static constexpr type value = 3600*24*365.25;
};
template<class TypeTag>
struct EclRestartShrinkFactor<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    using type = GetPropType<TypeTag, Scalar>;
    static constexpr type value = 3;
};
template<class TypeTag>
struct EclEnableTuning<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr bool value = false;
};

template<class TypeTag>
struct OutputMode<TypeTag, TTag::EclBaseProblem> {
    static constexpr auto value = "all";
};

} // namespace Opm::Properties


namespace Opm {

/*!
 * \ingroup EclBlackOilSimulator
 *
 * \brief This problem simulates an input file given in the data format used by the
 *        commercial ECLiPSE simulator.
 */
template <class TypeTag>
class EclProblem : public GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BaseProblem>
                 , public EclGenericProblem<GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::GridView>,
                                            GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>,
                                            GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>>
{
    using ParentType = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BaseProblem>;
    using Implementation = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Problem>;

    using Scalar = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Scalar>;
    using GridView = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::GridView>;
    using Stencil = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Stencil>;
    using FluidSystem = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::FluidSystem>;
    using GlobalEqVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::GlobalEqVector>;
    using EqVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::EqVector>;
    using Vanguard = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Vanguard>;

    // Grid and world dimension
    enum { dim = GridView::dimension };
    enum { dimWorld = GridView::dimensionworld };

    // copy some indices for convenience
    enum { numEq = getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::NumEq>() };
    enum { numPhases = FluidSystem::numPhases };
    enum { numComponents = FluidSystem::numComponents };
    enum { enableExperiments = getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::EnableExperiments>() };
    enum { enableSolvent = getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::EnableSolvent>() };
    enum { enablePolymer = getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::EnablePolymer>() };
    enum { enableBrine = getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::EnableBrine>() };
    enum { enableSaltPrecipitation = getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::EnableSaltPrecipitation>() };
    enum { enablePolymerMolarWeight = getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::EnablePolymerMW>() };
    enum { enableFoam = getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::EnableFoam>() };
    enum { enableExtbo = getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::EnableExtbo>() };
    enum { enableTemperature = getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::EnableTemperature>() };
    enum { enableEnergy = getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::EnableEnergy>() };
    enum { enableDiffusion = getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::EnableDiffusion>() };
    enum { enableThermalFluxBoundaries = getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::EnableThermalFluxBoundaries>() };
    enum { enableApiTracking = getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::EnableApiTracking>() };
    enum { enableMICP = getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::EnableMICP>() };
    enum { gasPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx };
    enum { oilPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx };
    enum { waterPhaseIdx = FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx };
    enum { gasCompIdx = FluidSystem::gasCompIdx };
    enum { oilCompIdx = FluidSystem::oilCompIdx };
    enum { waterCompIdx = FluidSystem::waterCompIdx };

    using PrimaryVariables = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::PrimaryVariables>;
    using RateVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::RateVector>;
    using BoundaryRateVector = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::BoundaryRateVector>;
    using Simulator = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Simulator>;
    using Element = typename GridView::template Codim<0>::Entity;
    using ElementContext = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::ElementContext>;
    using EclMaterialLawManager = typename GetProp<TypeTag, Properties::MaterialLaw>::EclMaterialLawManager;
    using EclThermalLawManager = typename GetProp<TypeTag, Properties::SolidEnergyLaw>::EclThermalLawManager;
    using MaterialLawParams = typename EclMaterialLawManager::MaterialLawParams;
    using SolidEnergyLawParams = typename EclThermalLawManager::SolidEnergyLawParams;
    using ThermalConductionLawParams = typename EclThermalLawManager::ThermalConductionLawParams;
    using MaterialLaw = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::MaterialLaw>;
    using DofMapper = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::DofMapper>;
    using Evaluation = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Evaluation>;
    using Indices = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Indices>;
    using IntensiveQuantities = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::IntensiveQuantities>;
    using EclWellModel = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::EclWellModel>;
    using EclAquiferModel = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::EclAquiferModel>;

    using SolventModule = BlackOilSolventModule<TypeTag>;
    using PolymerModule = BlackOilPolymerModule<TypeTag>;
    using FoamModule = BlackOilFoamModule<TypeTag>;
    using BrineModule = BlackOilBrineModule<TypeTag>;
    using ExtboModule = BlackOilExtboModule<TypeTag>;
    using MICPModule = BlackOilMICPModule<TypeTag>;

    using InitialFluidState = typename EclEquilInitializer<TypeTag>::ScalarFluidState;

    using Toolbox = MathToolbox<Evaluation>;
    using DimMatrix = Dune::FieldMatrix<Scalar, dimWorld, dimWorld>;

    using EclWriterType = EclWriter<TypeTag>;

    using TracerModel = EclTracerModel<TypeTag>;

public:
    using EclGenericProblem<GridView,FluidSystem,Scalar>::briefDescription;
    using EclGenericProblem<GridView,FluidSystem,Scalar>::helpPreamble;
    using EclGenericProblem<GridView,FluidSystem,Scalar>::shouldWriteOutput;
    using EclGenericProblem<GridView,FluidSystem,Scalar>::shouldWriteRestartFile;
    using EclGenericProblem<GridView,FluidSystem,Scalar>::maxTimeIntegrationFailures;
    using EclGenericProblem<GridView,FluidSystem,Scalar>::minTimeStepSize;
    using EclGenericProblem<GridView,FluidSystem,Scalar>::rockCompressibility;
    using EclGenericProblem<GridView,FluidSystem,Scalar>::rockReferencePressure;
    using EclGenericProblem<GridView,FluidSystem,Scalar>::porosity;

    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseProblem::registerParameters
     */
    static void registerParameters()
    {
        ParentType::registerParameters();
        EclWriterType::registerParameters();
        VtkEclTracerModule<TypeTag>::registerParameters();

        EWOMS_REGISTER_PARAM(TypeTag, bool, EnableWriteAllSolutions,
                             "Write all solutions to disk instead of only the ones for the "
                             "report steps");
        EWOMS_REGISTER_PARAM(TypeTag, bool, EnableEclOutput,
                             "Write binary output which is compatible with the commercial "
                             "Eclipse simulator");
        EWOMS_REGISTER_PARAM(TypeTag, bool, EclOutputDoublePrecision,
                             "Tell the output writer to use double precision. Useful for 'perfect' restarts");
        EWOMS_REGISTER_PARAM(TypeTag, unsigned, RestartWritingInterval,
                             "The frequencies of which time steps are serialized to disk");
        EWOMS_REGISTER_PARAM(TypeTag, bool, EclEnableDriftCompensation,
                             "Enable partial compensation of systematic mass losses via the source term of the next time step");
        if constexpr (enableExperiments)
            EWOMS_REGISTER_PARAM(TypeTag, bool, EclEnableAquifers,
                                 "Enable analytic and numeric aquifer models");
        EWOMS_REGISTER_PARAM(TypeTag, Scalar, EclMaxTimeStepSizeAfterWellEvent,
                             "Maximum time step size after an well event");
        EWOMS_REGISTER_PARAM(TypeTag, Scalar, EclRestartShrinkFactor,
                             "Factor by which the time step is reduced after convergence failure");
        EWOMS_REGISTER_PARAM(TypeTag, bool, EclEnableTuning,
                             "Honor some aspects of the TUNING keyword from the ECL deck.");
        EWOMS_REGISTER_PARAM(TypeTag, std::string, OutputMode,
                             "Specify which messages are going to be printed. Valid values are: none, log, all (default)");

    }


    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseProblem::handlePositionalParameter
     */
    static int handlePositionalParameter(std::set<std::string>& seenParams,
                                         std::string& errorMsg,
                                         int,
                                         const char** argv,
                                         int paramIdx,
                                         int)
    {
        using ParamsMeta = GetProp<TypeTag, Properties::ParameterMetaData>;
        Dune::ParameterTree& tree = ParamsMeta::tree();

        std::string param  = argv[paramIdx];
        size_t i = param.find('=');
        if (i != std::string::npos) {
            std::string oldParamName = param.substr(0, i);
            std::string oldParamValue = param.substr(i+1);
            std::string newParamName = "--" + oldParamName;
            for (size_t j = 0; j < newParamName.size(); ++j)
                if (newParamName[j] == '_')
                    newParamName[j] = '-';
            errorMsg =
                "The old syntax to specify parameters on the command line is no longer supported: "
                "Try replacing '"+oldParamName+"="+oldParamValue+"' with "+
                "'"+newParamName+"="+oldParamValue+"'!";
            return 0;
        }

        if (seenParams.count("EclDeckFileName") > 0) {
            errorMsg =
                "Parameter 'EclDeckFileName' specified multiple times"
                " as a command line parameter";
            return 0;
        }

        tree["EclDeckFileName"] = argv[paramIdx];
        seenParams.insert("EclDeckFileName");
        return 1;
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc Doxygen::defaultProblemConstructor
     */
    EclProblem(Simulator& simulator)
        : ParentType(simulator)
        , EclGenericProblem<GridView,FluidSystem,Scalar>(simulator.vanguard().eclState(),
                                                         simulator.vanguard().schedule(),
                                                         simulator.vanguard().gridView())
        , transmissibilities_(simulator.vanguard().eclState(),
                              simulator.vanguard().gridView(),
                              simulator.vanguard().cartesianIndexMapper(),
                              simulator.vanguard().grid(),
                              simulator.vanguard().cellCentroids(),
                              enableEnergy,
                              enableDiffusion)
        , thresholdPressures_(simulator)
        , wellModel_(simulator)
        , aquiferModel_(simulator)
        , pffDofData_(simulator.gridView(), this->elementMapper())
        , tracerModel_(simulator)
        , actionHandler_(simulator.vanguard().eclState(),
                         simulator.vanguard().schedule(),
                         simulator.vanguard().actionState(),
                         simulator.vanguard().summaryState(),
                         wellModel_,
                         simulator.vanguard().grid().comm())
    {
        this->model().addOutputModule(new VtkEclTracerModule<TypeTag>(simulator));
        // Tell the black-oil extensions to initialize their internal data structures
        const auto& vanguard = simulator.vanguard();
        SolventModule::initFromState(vanguard.eclState(), vanguard.schedule());
        PolymerModule::initFromState(vanguard.eclState());
        FoamModule::initFromState(vanguard.eclState());
        BrineModule::initFromState(vanguard.eclState());
        ExtboModule::initFromState(vanguard.eclState());
        MICPModule::initFromState(vanguard.eclState());

        // create the ECL writer
        eclWriter_.reset(new EclWriterType(simulator));

        enableDriftCompensation_ = EWOMS_GET_PARAM(TypeTag, bool, EclEnableDriftCompensation);

        enableEclOutput_ = EWOMS_GET_PARAM(TypeTag, bool, EnableEclOutput);

        if constexpr (enableExperiments)
            enableAquifers_ = EWOMS_GET_PARAM(TypeTag, bool, EclEnableAquifers);
        else
            enableAquifers_ = true;

        this->enableTuning_ = EWOMS_GET_PARAM(TypeTag, bool, EclEnableTuning);
        this->initialTimeStepSize_ = EWOMS_GET_PARAM(TypeTag, Scalar, InitialTimeStepSize);
        this->minTimeStepSize_ = EWOMS_GET_PARAM(TypeTag, Scalar, MinTimeStepSize);
        this->maxTimeStepSize_ = EWOMS_GET_PARAM(TypeTag, Scalar, MaxTimeStepSize);
        this->maxTimeStepAfterWellEvent_ = EWOMS_GET_PARAM(TypeTag, Scalar, EclMaxTimeStepSizeAfterWellEvent);
        this->restartShrinkFactor_ = EWOMS_GET_PARAM(TypeTag, Scalar, EclRestartShrinkFactor);
        this->maxFails_ = EWOMS_GET_PARAM(TypeTag, unsigned, MaxTimeStepDivisions);

        RelpermDiagnostics relpermDiagnostics;
        relpermDiagnostics.diagnosis(vanguard.eclState(), vanguard.cartesianIndexMapper());
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseProblem::finishInit
     */
    void finishInit()
    {
        ParentType::finishInit();

        auto& simulator = this->simulator();
        const auto& eclState = simulator.vanguard().eclState();
        const auto& schedule = simulator.vanguard().schedule();

        // Set the start time of the simulation
        simulator.setStartTime(schedule.getStartTime());
        simulator.setEndTime(schedule.simTime(schedule.size() - 1));

        // We want the episode index to be the same as the report step index to make
        // things simpler, so we have to set the episode index to -1 because it is
        // incremented by endEpisode(). The size of the initial time step and
        // length of the initial episode is set to zero for the same reason.
        simulator.setEpisodeIndex(-1);
        simulator.setEpisodeLength(0.0);

        // the "NOGRAV" keyword from Frontsim or setting the EnableGravity to false
        // disables gravity, else the standard value of the gravity constant at sea level
        // on earth is used
        this->gravity_ = 0.0;
        if (EWOMS_GET_PARAM(TypeTag, bool, EnableGravity))
            this->gravity_[dim - 1] = 9.80665;
        if (!eclState.getInitConfig().hasGravity())
            this->gravity_[dim - 1] = 0.0;

        if (this->enableTuning_) {
            // if support for the TUNING keyword is enabled, we get the initial time
            // steping parameters from it instead of from command line parameters
            const auto& tuning = schedule[0].tuning();
            this->initialTimeStepSize_ = tuning.TSINIT;
            this->maxTimeStepAfterWellEvent_ = tuning.TMAXWC;
            this->maxTimeStepSize_ = tuning.TSMAXZ;
            this->restartShrinkFactor_ = 1./tuning.TSFCNV;
            this->minTimeStepSize_ = tuning.TSMINZ;
        }

        this->initFluidSystem_();

        // deal with DRSDT
        this->initDRSDT_(this->model().numGridDof(), this->episodeIndex());

        this->readRockParameters_(simulator.vanguard().cellCenterDepths());
        readMaterialParameters_();
        readThermalParameters_();
        
        // Re-ordering in case of ALUGrid
        std::function<unsigned int(unsigned int)> gridToEquilGrid;
        #ifdef HAVE_DUNE_ALUGRID
        using Grid = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Grid>;
        typename std::is_same<Grid, Dune::ALUGrid<3, 3, Dune::cube, Dune::nonconforming>>::type isAlugrid;
        if constexpr (isAlugrid) {
            gridToEquilGrid = [&simulator](unsigned int i) {
                return simulator.vanguard().gridIdxToEquilGridIdx(i);
            };
        }
        #endif // HAVE_DUNE_ALUGRID
        transmissibilities_.finishInit(gridToEquilGrid);

        const auto& initconfig = eclState.getInitConfig();
        tracerModel_.init(initconfig.restartRequested());
        if (initconfig.restartRequested())
            readEclRestartSolution_();
        else
            readInitialCondition_();

        tracerModel_.prepareTracerBatches();

        updatePffDofData_();

        if constexpr (getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::EnablePolymer>()) {
            const auto& vanguard = this->simulator().vanguard();
            const auto& gridView = vanguard.gridView();
            int numElements = gridView.size(/*codim=*/0);
            this->maxPolymerAdsorption_.resize(numElements, 0.0);
        }

        readBoundaryConditions_();

        // compute and set eq weights based on initial b values
        computeAndSetEqWeights_();

        if (enableDriftCompensation_) {
            drift_.resize(this->model().numGridDof());
            drift_ = 0.0;
        }

        if constexpr (enableExperiments)
        {
            int success = 1;
            const auto& cc = simulator.vanguard().grid().comm();

            try
            {
                // Only rank 0 has the deck and hence can do the checks!
                if (cc.rank() == 0)
                    this->checkDeckCompatibility_(simulator.vanguard().deck(),
                                                  enableApiTracking,
                                                  enableSolvent,
                                                  enablePolymer,
                                                  enableExtbo,
                                                  enableEnergy,
                                                  Indices::numPhases,
                                                  Indices::gasEnabled,
                                                  Indices::oilEnabled,
                                                  Indices::waterEnabled,
                                                  enableMICP);
            }
            catch(const std::exception& e)
            {
                success = 0;
                success = cc.min(success);
                throw;
            }

            success = cc.min(success);

            if (!success)
            {
                throw std::runtime_error("Checking deck compatibility failed");
            }
        }

        // write the static output files (EGRID, INIT, SMSPEC, etc.)
        if (enableEclOutput_) {
            if (simulator.vanguard().grid().comm().size() > 1) {
                if (simulator.vanguard().grid().comm().rank() == 0)
                    eclWriter_->setTransmissibilities(&simulator.vanguard().globalTransmissibility());
            } else
                eclWriter_->setTransmissibilities(&simulator.problem().eclTransmissibilities());

            // Re-ordering in case of ALUGrid
            std::function<unsigned int(unsigned int)> equilGridToGrid;
            #ifdef HAVE_DUNE_ALUGRID
            if (isAlugrid) {
              equilGridToGrid = [&simulator](unsigned int i) {
                  return simulator.vanguard().gridEquilIdxToGridIdx(i);
              };
            }
            #endif // HAVE_DUNE_ALUGRID
            eclWriter_->writeInit(equilGridToGrid);
        }

        simulator.vanguard().releaseGlobalTransmissibilities();

        // after finishing the initialization and writing the initial solution, we move
        // to the first "real" episode/report step
        // for restart the episode index and start is already set
        if (!initconfig.restartRequested()) {
            simulator.startNextEpisode(schedule.seconds(0));
            simulator.setEpisodeIndex(0);
        }
    }

    void prefetch(const Element& elem) const
    { pffDofData_.prefetch(elem); }

    /*!
     * \brief This method restores the complete state of the problem and its sub-objects
     *        from disk.
     *
     * The serialization format used by this method is ad-hoc. It is the inverse of the
     * serialize() method.
     *
     * \tparam Restarter The deserializer type
     *
     * \param res The deserializer object
     */
    template <class Restarter>
    void deserialize(Restarter& res)
    {
        // reload the current episode/report step from the deck
        beginEpisode();

        // deserialize the wells
        wellModel_.deserialize(res);

        if (enableAquifers_)
            // deserialize the aquifer
            aquiferModel_.deserialize(res);
    }

    /*!
     * \brief This method writes the complete state of the problem and its subobjects to
     *        disk.
     *
     * The file format used here is ad-hoc.
     */
    template <class Restarter>
    void serialize(Restarter& res)
    {
        wellModel_.serialize(res);

        if (enableAquifers_)
            aquiferModel_.serialize(res);
    }

    int episodeIndex() const
    {
        return std::max(this->simulator().episodeIndex(), 0);
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Called by the simulator before an episode begins.
     */
    void beginEpisode()
    {
        // Proceed to the next report step
        auto& simulator = this->simulator();
        int episodeIdx = simulator.episodeIndex();
        auto& eclState = simulator.vanguard().eclState();
        const auto& schedule = simulator.vanguard().schedule();
        const auto& events = schedule[episodeIdx].events();

        if (episodeIdx >= 0 && events.hasEvent(ScheduleEvents::GEO_MODIFIER)) {
            // bring the contents of the keywords to the current state of the SCHEDULE
            // section.
            //
            // TODO (?): make grid topology changes possible (depending on what exactly
            // has changed, the grid may need be re-created which has some serious
            // implications on e.g., the solution of the simulation.)
            const auto& miniDeck = schedule[episodeIdx].geo_keywords();
            const auto& cc = simulator.vanguard().grid().comm();
            eclState.apply_schedule_keywords( miniDeck );
            eclBroadcast(cc, eclState.getTransMult() );

            // Re-ordering in case of ALUGrid
            std::function<unsigned int(unsigned int)> equilGridToGrid;
            #ifdef HAVE_DUNE_ALUGRID
            using Grid = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Grid>;
            typename std::is_same<Grid, Dune::ALUGrid<3, 3, Dune::cube,
            Dune::nonconforming>>::type isAlugrid;
            if constexpr (isAlugrid) {
                  equilGridToGrid = [&simulator](unsigned int i) {
                      return simulator.vanguard().gridEquilIdxToGridIdx(i);
                  };
            }
            #endif // HAVE_DUNE_ALUGRID

            // re-compute all quantities which may possibly be affected.
            transmissibilities_.update(true, equilGridToGrid);
            this->referencePorosity_[1] = this->referencePorosity_[0];
            updateReferencePorosity_();
            updatePffDofData_();
        }

        bool tuningEvent = this->beginEpisode_(enableExperiments, this->episodeIndex());

        // set up the wells for the next episode.
        wellModel_.beginEpisode();

        // set up the aquifers for the next episode.
        if (enableAquifers_)
            // set up the aquifers for the next episode.
            aquiferModel_.beginEpisode();

        // set the size of the initial time step of the episode
        Scalar dt = limitNextTimeStepSize_(simulator.episodeLength());
        if (episodeIdx == 0 || tuningEvent)
            // allow the size of the initial time step to be set via an external parameter
            // if TUNING is enabled, also limit the time step size after a tuning event to TSINIT
            dt = std::min(dt, this->initialTimeStepSize_);
        simulator.setTimeStepSize(dt);

        // Evaluate UDQ assign statements to make sure the settings are
        // available as UDA controls for the current report step.
        const auto& udq = schedule[episodeIdx].udq();
        const auto& well_matcher = schedule.wellMatcher(episodeIdx);
        auto& summary_state = simulator.vanguard().summaryState();
        auto& udq_state = simulator.vanguard().udqState();
        udq.eval_assign(episodeIdx, well_matcher, summary_state, udq_state);
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Called by the simulator before each time integration.
     */
    void beginTimeStep()
    {
        int episodeIdx = this->episodeIndex();

        this->beginTimeStep_(enableExperiments,
                             episodeIdx,
                             this->simulator().timeStepIndex(),
                             this->simulator().startTime(),
                             this->simulator().time(),
                             this->simulator().timeStepSize(),
                             this->simulator().endTime());

        // update maximum water saturation and minimum pressure
        // used when ROCKCOMP is activated
        const bool invalidateFromMaxWaterSat = updateMaxWaterSaturation_();
        const bool invalidateFromMinPressure = updateMinPressure_();

        // update hysteresis and max oil saturation used in vappars
        const bool invalidateFromHyst = updateHysteresis_();
        const bool invalidateFromMaxOilSat = updateMaxOilSaturation_();

        // the derivatives may have change
        bool invalidateIntensiveQuantities = invalidateFromMaxWaterSat || invalidateFromMinPressure || invalidateFromHyst || invalidateFromMaxOilSat;
        if (invalidateIntensiveQuantities)
            this->model().invalidateAndUpdateIntensiveQuantities(/*timeIdx=*/0);

        if constexpr (getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::EnablePolymer>())
            updateMaxPolymerAdsorption_();

        wellModel_.beginTimeStep();
        if (enableAquifers_)
            aquiferModel_.beginTimeStep();
        tracerModel_.beginTimeStep();

    }

    /*!
     * \brief Called by the simulator before each Newton-Raphson iteration.
     */
    void beginIteration()
    {
        wellModel_.beginIteration();
        if (enableAquifers_)
            aquiferModel_.beginIteration();
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Called by the simulator after each Newton-Raphson iteration.
     */
    void endIteration()
    {
        wellModel_.endIteration();
        if (enableAquifers_)
            aquiferModel_.endIteration();
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Called by the simulator after each time integration.
     */
    void endTimeStep()
    {
#ifndef NDEBUG
        if constexpr (getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::EnableDebuggingChecks>()) {
            // in debug mode, we don't care about performance, so we check if the model does
            // the right thing (i.e., the mass change inside the whole reservoir must be
            // equivalent to the fluxes over the grid's boundaries plus the source rates
            // specified by the problem)
            int rank = this->simulator().gridView().comm().rank();
            if (rank == 0)
                std::cout << "checking conservativeness of solution\n";
            this->model().checkConservativeness(/*tolerance=*/-1, /*verbose=*/true);
            if (rank == 0)
                std::cout << "solution is sufficiently conservative\n";
        }
#endif // NDEBUG

        auto& simulator = this->simulator();
        wellModel_.endTimeStep();
        if (enableAquifers_)
            aquiferModel_.endTimeStep();
        tracerModel_.endTimeStep();

        // deal with DRSDT and DRVDT
        updateCompositionChangeLimits_();

        if (enableDriftCompensation_) {
            const auto& residual = this->model().linearizer().residual();
            for (unsigned globalDofIdx = 0; globalDofIdx < residual.size(); globalDofIdx ++) {
                drift_[globalDofIdx] = residual[globalDofIdx];
                drift_[globalDofIdx] *= simulator.timeStepSize();
                if constexpr (getPropValue<TypeTag, Properties::UseVolumetricResidual>())
                    drift_[globalDofIdx] *= this->model().dofTotalVolume(globalDofIdx);
            }
        }

        bool isSubStep = !EWOMS_GET_PARAM(TypeTag, bool, EnableWriteAllSolutions) && !this->simulator().episodeWillBeOver();
        eclWriter_->evalSummaryState(isSubStep);

        int episodeIdx = this->episodeIndex();

        // Re-ordering in case of Alugrid
        std::function<unsigned int(unsigned int)> gridToEquilGrid;
        #ifdef HAVE_DUNE_ALUGRID
        using Grid = GetPropType<TypeTag, Properties::Grid>;
        typename std::is_same<Grid, Dune::ALUGrid<3, 3, Dune::cube, Dune::nonconforming>>::type isAlugrid;
        if constexpr (isAlugrid) {
            gridToEquilGrid = [&simulator](unsigned int i) {
                return simulator.vanguard().gridIdxToEquilGridIdx(i);
            };
        }
        #endif // HAVE_DUNE_ALUGRID

        std::function<void(bool)> transUp =
            [this,gridToEquilGrid](bool global) {
                this->transmissibilities_.update(global,gridToEquilGrid);
            };

        actionHandler_.applyActions(episodeIdx,
                                    simulator.time() + simulator.timeStepSize(),
                                    transUp);

        // deal with "clogging" for the MICP model
        if constexpr (enableMICP){
          auto& model = this->model();
          const auto& residual = this->model().linearizer().residual();
          for (unsigned globalDofIdx = 0; globalDofIdx < residual.size(); globalDofIdx ++) {
            auto& phi = this->referencePorosity_[/*timeIdx=*/1][globalDofIdx];
            MICPModule::checkCloggingMICP(model, phi, globalDofIdx);
        }
      }
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Called by the simulator after the end of an episode.
     */
    void endEpisode()
    {
        auto& simulator = this->simulator();
        auto& schedule = simulator.vanguard().schedule();

        wellModel_.endEpisode();
        if (enableAquifers_)
            aquiferModel_.endEpisode();

        int episodeIdx = this->episodeIndex();
        // check if we're finished ...
        if (episodeIdx + 1 >= static_cast<int>(schedule.size() - 1)) {
            simulator.setFinished(true);
            return;
        }

        // .. if we're not yet done, start the next episode (report step)
        simulator.startNextEpisode(schedule.stepLength(episodeIdx + 1));
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Write the requested quantities of the current solution into the output
     *        files.
     */
    void writeOutput(bool verbose = true)
    {
        // use the generic code to prepare the output fields and to
        // write the desired VTK files.
        ParentType::writeOutput(verbose);

        bool isSubStep = !EWOMS_GET_PARAM(TypeTag, bool, EnableWriteAllSolutions) && !this->simulator().episodeWillBeOver();
        if (enableEclOutput_)
            eclWriter_->writeOutput(isSubStep);
    }

    void finalizeOutput() {
        // this will write all pending output to disk
        // to avoid corruption of output files
        eclWriter_.reset();
    }


    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::intrinsicPermeability
     */
    template <class Context>
    const DimMatrix& intrinsicPermeability(const Context& context,
                                           unsigned spaceIdx,
                                           unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        unsigned globalSpaceIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
        return transmissibilities_.permeability(globalSpaceIdx);
    }

    /*!
     * \brief This method returns the intrinsic permeability tensor
     *        given a global element index.
     *
     * Its main (only?) usage is the ECL transmissibility calculation code...
     */
    const DimMatrix& intrinsicPermeability(unsigned globalElemIdx) const
    { return transmissibilities_.permeability(globalElemIdx); }

    /*!
     * \copydoc EclTransmissiblity::transmissibility
     */
    template <class Context>
    Scalar transmissibility(const Context& context,
                            [[maybe_unused]] unsigned fromDofLocalIdx,
                            unsigned toDofLocalIdx) const
    {
        assert(fromDofLocalIdx == 0);
        return pffDofData_.get(context.element(), toDofLocalIdx).transmissibility;
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Direct access to the transmissibility between two elements.
     */
    Scalar transmissibility(unsigned globalCenterElemIdx, unsigned globalElemIdx) const
    {
        return transmissibilities_.transmissibility(globalCenterElemIdx, globalElemIdx);
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc EclTransmissiblity::diffusivity
     */
    template <class Context>
    Scalar diffusivity(const Context& context,
                       [[maybe_unused]] unsigned fromDofLocalIdx,
                       unsigned toDofLocalIdx) const
    {
        assert(fromDofLocalIdx == 0);
        return *pffDofData_.get(context.element(), toDofLocalIdx).diffusivity;
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc EclTransmissiblity::transmissibilityBoundary
     */
    template <class Context>
    Scalar transmissibilityBoundary(const Context& elemCtx,
                                    unsigned boundaryFaceIdx) const
    {
        unsigned elemIdx = elemCtx.globalSpaceIndex(/*dofIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
        return transmissibilities_.transmissibilityBoundary(elemIdx, boundaryFaceIdx);
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc EclTransmissiblity::thermalHalfTransmissibility
     */
    template <class Context>
    Scalar thermalHalfTransmissibilityIn(const Context& context,
                                         unsigned faceIdx,
                                         unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        const auto& face = context.stencil(timeIdx).interiorFace(faceIdx);
        unsigned toDofLocalIdx = face.exteriorIndex();
        return *pffDofData_.get(context.element(), toDofLocalIdx).thermalHalfTransIn;
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc EclTransmissiblity::thermalHalfTransmissibility
     */
    template <class Context>
    Scalar thermalHalfTransmissibilityOut(const Context& context,
                                          unsigned faceIdx,
                                          unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        const auto& face = context.stencil(timeIdx).interiorFace(faceIdx);
        unsigned toDofLocalIdx = face.exteriorIndex();
        return *pffDofData_.get(context.element(), toDofLocalIdx).thermalHalfTransOut;
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc EclTransmissiblity::thermalHalfTransmissibility
     */
    template <class Context>
    Scalar thermalHalfTransmissibilityBoundary(const Context& elemCtx,
                                               unsigned boundaryFaceIdx) const
    {
        unsigned elemIdx = elemCtx.globalSpaceIndex(/*dofIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
        return transmissibilities_.thermalHalfTransBoundary(elemIdx, boundaryFaceIdx);
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Return a reference to the object that handles the "raw" transmissibilities.
     */
    const typename Vanguard::TransmissibilityType& eclTransmissibilities() const
    { return transmissibilities_; }

    /*!
     * \copydoc BlackOilBaseProblem::thresholdPressure
     */
    Scalar thresholdPressure(unsigned elem1Idx, unsigned elem2Idx) const
    { return thresholdPressures_.thresholdPressure(elem1Idx, elem2Idx); }

    const EclThresholdPressure<TypeTag>& thresholdPressure() const
    { return thresholdPressures_; }

    EclThresholdPressure<TypeTag>& thresholdPressure()
    { return thresholdPressures_; }

    const EclTracerModel<TypeTag>& tracerModel() const
    { return tracerModel_; }

    EclTracerModel<TypeTag>& tracerModel()
    { return tracerModel_; }

    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::porosity
     *
     * For the EclProblem, this method is identical to referencePorosity(). The intensive
     * quantities object may apply various multipliers (e.g. ones which model rock
     * compressibility and water induced rock compaction) to it which depend on the
     * current physical conditions.
     */
    template <class Context>
    Scalar porosity(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        unsigned globalSpaceIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
        return this->porosity(globalSpaceIdx, timeIdx);
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the depth of an degree of freedom [m]
     *
     * For ECL problems this is defined as the average of the depth of an element and is
     * thus slightly different from the depth of an element's centroid.
     */
    template <class Context>
    Scalar dofCenterDepth(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        unsigned globalSpaceIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
        return this->dofCenterDepth(globalSpaceIdx);
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Direct indexed acces to the depth of an degree of freedom [m]
     *
     * For ECL problems this is defined as the average of the depth of an element and is
     * thus slightly different from the depth of an element's centroid.
     */
    Scalar dofCenterDepth(unsigned globalSpaceIdx) const
    {
        return this->simulator().vanguard().cellCenterDepth(globalSpaceIdx);
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc BlackoilProblem::rockCompressibility
     */
    template <class Context>
    Scalar rockCompressibility(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        unsigned globalSpaceIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
        return this->rockCompressibility(globalSpaceIdx);
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc BlackoilProblem::rockReferencePressure
     */
    template <class Context>
    Scalar rockReferencePressure(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        unsigned globalSpaceIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
        return this->rockReferencePressure(globalSpaceIdx);
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::materialLawParams
     */
    template <class Context>
    const MaterialLawParams& materialLawParams(const Context& context,
                                               unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        unsigned globalSpaceIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
        return this->materialLawParams(globalSpaceIdx);
    }

    const MaterialLawParams& materialLawParams(unsigned globalDofIdx) const
    {
        return materialLawManager_->materialLawParams(globalDofIdx);
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Return the parameters for the energy storage law of the rock
     */
    template <class Context>
    const SolidEnergyLawParams&
    solidEnergyLawParams(const Context& context,
                         unsigned spaceIdx,
                         unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        unsigned globalSpaceIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
        return thermalLawManager_->solidEnergyLawParams(globalSpaceIdx);
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::thermalConductionParams
     */
    template <class Context>
    const ThermalConductionLawParams &
    thermalConductionLawParams(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        unsigned globalSpaceIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
        return thermalLawManager_->thermalConductionLawParams(globalSpaceIdx);
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the ECL material law manager
     *
     * Note that this method is *not* part of the generic eWoms problem API because it
     * would force all problens use the ECL material laws.
     */
    std::shared_ptr<const EclMaterialLawManager> materialLawManager() const
    { return materialLawManager_; }

    // TODO: See discussion in multiphasebaseproblem.hh for the reason why we need this method
    const EclMaterialLawManager* materialLawManagerPtr() const
    {
        return materialLawManager_.get();
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc materialLawManager()
     */
    std::shared_ptr<EclMaterialLawManager> materialLawManager()
    { return materialLawManager_; }

    using EclGenericProblem<GridView,FluidSystem,Scalar>::pvtRegionIndex;
    /*!
     * \brief Returns the index of the relevant region for thermodynmic properties
     */
    template <class Context>
    unsigned pvtRegionIndex(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    { return pvtRegionIndex(context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx)); }

    using EclGenericProblem<GridView,FluidSystem,Scalar>::satnumRegionIndex;
    /*!
     * \brief Returns the index of the relevant region for thermodynmic properties
     */
    template <class Context>
    unsigned satnumRegionIndex(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    { return this->satnumRegionIndex(context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx)); }

    using EclGenericProblem<GridView,FluidSystem,Scalar>::miscnumRegionIndex;
    /*!
     * \brief Returns the index of the relevant region for thermodynmic properties
     */
    template <class Context>
    unsigned miscnumRegionIndex(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    { return this->miscnumRegionIndex(context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx)); }

    using EclGenericProblem<GridView,FluidSystem,Scalar>::plmixnumRegionIndex;
    /*!
     * \brief Returns the index of the relevant region for thermodynmic properties
     */
    template <class Context>
    unsigned plmixnumRegionIndex(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    { return this->plmixnumRegionIndex(context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx)); }

    using EclGenericProblem<GridView,FluidSystem,Scalar>::maxPolymerAdsorption;
    /*!
     * \brief Returns the max polymer adsorption value
     */
    template <class Context>
    Scalar maxPolymerAdsorption(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    { return this->maxPolymerAdsorption(context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx)); }

    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseProblem::name
     */
    std::string name() const
    { return this->simulator().vanguard().caseName(); }

    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseMultiPhaseProblem::temperature
     */
    template <class Context>
    Scalar temperature(const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        // use the initial temperature of the DOF if temperature is not a primary
        // variable
        unsigned globalDofIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
        return initialFluidStates_[globalDofIdx].temperature(/*phaseIdx=*/0);
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseProblem::boundary
     *
     * ECLiPSE uses no-flow conditions for all boundaries. \todo really?
     */
    template <class Context>
    void boundary(BoundaryRateVector& values,
                  const Context& context,
                  unsigned spaceIdx,
                  unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        if(!context.intersection(spaceIdx).boundary())
            return;

        if constexpr (!enableEnergy || !enableThermalFluxBoundaries)
            values.setNoFlow();
        else {
            // in the energy case we need to specify a non-trivial boundary condition
            // because the geothermal gradient needs to be maintained. for this, we
            // simply assume the initial temperature at the boundary and specify the
            // thermal flow accordingly. in this context, "thermal flow" means energy
            // flow due to a temerature gradient while assuming no-flow for mass
            unsigned interiorDofIdx = context.interiorScvIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
            unsigned globalDofIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(interiorDofIdx, timeIdx);
            values.setThermalFlow(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx, initialFluidStates_[globalDofIdx]);
        }

        if (nonTrivialBoundaryConditions()) {
            unsigned indexInInside  = context.intersection(spaceIdx).indexInInside();
            unsigned interiorDofIdx = context.interiorScvIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
            unsigned globalDofIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(interiorDofIdx, timeIdx);
            unsigned pvtRegionIdx = pvtRegionIndex(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx);
            switch (indexInInside) {
            case 0:
                if (freebcXMinus_[globalDofIdx])
                    values.setFreeFlow(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx, initialFluidStates_[globalDofIdx]);
                else
                    values.setMassRate(massratebcXMinus_[globalDofIdx], pvtRegionIdx);
                break;
            case 1:
                if (freebcX_[globalDofIdx])
                    values.setFreeFlow(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx, initialFluidStates_[globalDofIdx]);
                else
                    values.setMassRate(massratebcX_[globalDofIdx], pvtRegionIdx);
                break;
            case 2:
                if (freebcYMinus_[globalDofIdx])
                    values.setFreeFlow(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx, initialFluidStates_[globalDofIdx]);
                else
                    values.setMassRate(massratebcYMinus_[globalDofIdx], pvtRegionIdx);
                break;
            case 3:
                if (freebcY_[globalDofIdx])
                    values.setFreeFlow(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx, initialFluidStates_[globalDofIdx]);
                else
                    values.setMassRate(massratebcY_[globalDofIdx], pvtRegionIdx);
                break;
            case 4:
                if (freebcZMinus_[globalDofIdx])
                    values.setFreeFlow(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx, initialFluidStates_[globalDofIdx]);
                else
                    values.setMassRate(massratebcZMinus_[globalDofIdx], pvtRegionIdx);
                break;
            case 5:
                if (freebcZ_[globalDofIdx])
                    values.setFreeFlow(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx, initialFluidStates_[globalDofIdx]);
                else
                    values.setMassRate(massratebcZ_[globalDofIdx], pvtRegionIdx);
                break;
            default:
                throw std::logic_error("invalid face index for boundary condition");

            }
        }
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns an element's historic maximum oil phase saturation that was
     *        observed during the simulation.
     *
     * In this context, "historic" means the the time before the current timestep began.
     *
     * This is a bit of a hack from the conceptional point of view, but it is required to
     * match the results of the 'flow' and ECLIPSE 100 simulators.
     */
    Scalar maxOilSaturation(unsigned globalDofIdx) const
    {
        if (!this->vapparsActive(this->episodeIndex()))
            return 0.0;

        return this->maxOilSaturation_[globalDofIdx];
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Sets an element's maximum oil phase saturation observed during the
     *        simulation.
     *
     * In this context, "historic" means the the time before the current timestep began.
     *
     * This a hack on top of the maxOilSaturation() hack but it is currently required to
     * do restart externally. i.e. from the flow code.
     */
    void setMaxOilSaturation(unsigned globalDofIdx, Scalar value)
    {
        if (!this->vapparsActive(this->episodeIndex()))
            return;

        this->maxOilSaturation_[globalDofIdx] = value;
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the maximum value of the gas dissolution factor at the current time
     *        for a given degree of freedom.
     */
    Scalar maxGasDissolutionFactor(unsigned timeIdx, unsigned globalDofIdx) const
    {
        int pvtRegionIdx = this->pvtRegionIndex(globalDofIdx);
        int episodeIdx = this->episodeIndex();
        if (!this->drsdtActive_(episodeIdx) || this->maxDRs_[pvtRegionIdx] < 0.0)
            return std::numeric_limits<Scalar>::max()/2.0;

        Scalar scaling = 1.0;
        if (this->drsdtConvective_(episodeIdx)) {
           scaling = this->convectiveDrs_[globalDofIdx];
        }

        // this is a bit hacky because it assumes that a time discretization with only
        // two time indices is used.
        if (timeIdx == 0)
            return this->lastRs_[globalDofIdx] + this->maxDRs_[pvtRegionIdx] * scaling;
        else
            return this->lastRs_[globalDofIdx];
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns the maximum value of the oil vaporization factor at the current
     *        time for a given degree of freedom.
     */
    Scalar maxOilVaporizationFactor(unsigned timeIdx, unsigned globalDofIdx) const
    {
        int pvtRegionIdx = this->pvtRegionIndex(globalDofIdx);
        int episodeIdx = this->episodeIndex();
        if (!this->drvdtActive_(episodeIdx) || this->maxDRv_[pvtRegionIdx] < 0.0)
            return std::numeric_limits<Scalar>::max()/2.0;

        // this is a bit hacky because it assumes that a time discretization with only
        // two time indices is used.
        if (timeIdx == 0)
            return this->lastRv_[globalDofIdx] + this->maxDRv_[pvtRegionIdx];
        else
            return this->lastRv_[globalDofIdx];
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Return if the storage term of the first iteration is identical to the storage
     *        term for the solution of the previous time step.
     *
     * For quite technical reasons, the storage term cannot be recycled if either DRSDT
     * or DRVDT are active in ebos. Nor if the porosity is changes between timesteps
     * using a pore volume multiplier (i.e., poreVolumeMultiplier() != 1.0)
     */
    bool recycleFirstIterationStorage() const
    {
        int episodeIdx = this->episodeIndex();
        return !this->drsdtActive_(episodeIdx) &&
               !this->drvdtActive_(episodeIdx) &&
               this->rockCompPoroMultWc_.empty() &&
               this->rockCompPoroMult_.empty();
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseProblem::initial
     *
     * The reservoir problem uses a constant boundary condition for
     * the whole domain.
     */
    template <class Context>
    void initial(PrimaryVariables& values, const Context& context, unsigned spaceIdx, unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        unsigned globalDofIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);

        values.setPvtRegionIndex(pvtRegionIndex(context, spaceIdx, timeIdx));
        values.assignNaive(initialFluidStates_[globalDofIdx]);

        if constexpr (enableSolvent)
            values[Indices::solventSaturationIdx] = this->solventSaturation_[globalDofIdx];

        if constexpr (enablePolymer)
            values[Indices::polymerConcentrationIdx] = this->polymerConcentration_[globalDofIdx];

        if constexpr (enablePolymerMolarWeight)
            values[Indices::polymerMoleWeightIdx]= this->polymerMoleWeight_[globalDofIdx];

        if constexpr (enableBrine) {
            if (enableSaltPrecipitation && values.primaryVarsMeaningBrine() == PrimaryVariables::Sp) {
                values[Indices::saltConcentrationIdx] = initialFluidStates_[globalDofIdx].saltSaturation();
            }
            else {
                values[Indices::saltConcentrationIdx] = initialFluidStates_[globalDofIdx].saltConcentration();
            }
        }

        if constexpr (enableMICP){
            values[Indices::microbialConcentrationIdx]= this->microbialConcentration_[globalDofIdx];
            values[Indices::oxygenConcentrationIdx]= this->oxygenConcentration_[globalDofIdx];
            values[Indices::ureaConcentrationIdx]= this->ureaConcentration_[globalDofIdx];
            values[Indices::calciteConcentrationIdx]= this->calciteConcentration_[globalDofIdx];
            values[Indices::biofilmConcentrationIdx]= this->biofilmConcentration_[globalDofIdx];
        }

        values.checkDefined();
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseProblem::initialSolutionApplied()
     */
    void initialSolutionApplied()
    {
        // initialize the wells. Note that this needs to be done after initializing the
        // intrinsic permeabilities and the after applying the initial solution because
        // the well model uses these...
        wellModel_.init();

        // let the object for threshold pressures initialize itself. this is done only at
        // this point, because determining the threshold pressures may require to access
        // the initial solution.
        thresholdPressures_.finishInit();

        updateCompositionChangeLimits_();

        if (enableAquifers_)
            aquiferModel_.initialSolutionApplied();
    }

    /*!
     * \copydoc FvBaseProblem::source
     *
     * For this problem, the source term of all components is 0 everywhere.
     */
    template <class Context>
    void source(RateVector& rate,
                const Context& context,
                unsigned spaceIdx,
                unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        const unsigned globalDofIdx = context.globalSpaceIndex(spaceIdx, timeIdx);
        source(rate, globalDofIdx, timeIdx);
    }

    void source(RateVector& rate,
                unsigned globalDofIdx,
                unsigned timeIdx) const
    {
        rate = 0.0;

        wellModel_.computeTotalRatesForDof(rate, globalDofIdx);

        // convert the source term from the total mass rate of the
        // cell to the one per unit of volume as used by the model.
        for (unsigned eqIdx = 0; eqIdx < numEq; ++ eqIdx) {
            rate[eqIdx] /= this->model().dofTotalVolume(globalDofIdx);

            Valgrind::CheckDefined(rate[eqIdx]);
            assert(isfinite(rate[eqIdx]));
        }

        if (enableAquifers_)
            aquiferModel_.addToSource(rate, globalDofIdx, timeIdx);

        // if requested, compensate systematic mass loss for cells which were "well
        // behaved" in the last time step
        // Note that we don't allow for drift compensation if there is
        // no source terms i.e. no wells and no aquifers.
        const auto& schedule = this->simulator().vanguard().schedule();
        int episodeIdx = this->simulator().episodeIndex();
        const auto& aquifer = this->simulator().vanguard().eclState().aquifer();
        bool compensateDrift =  schedule.numWells(episodeIdx) > 0 && aquifer.active();
        if (enableDriftCompensation_ && compensateDrift) {
            const auto& simulator = this->simulator();
            const auto& model = this->model();

            // we use a lower tolerance for the compensation too
            // assure the added drift from the last step does not 
            // cause convergence issues on the current step 
            Scalar maxCompensation = model.newtonMethod().tolerance()/10;
            Scalar poro = this->porosity(globalDofIdx, timeIdx);
            Scalar dt = simulator.timeStepSize();
            EqVector dofDriftRate = drift_[globalDofIdx];
            dofDriftRate /= dt*model.dofTotalVolume(globalDofIdx);

            // restrict drift compensation to the CNV tolerance
            for (unsigned eqIdx = 0; eqIdx < numEq; ++ eqIdx) {
                Scalar cnv = std::abs(dofDriftRate[eqIdx])*dt*model.eqWeight(globalDofIdx, eqIdx)/poro;
                if (cnv > maxCompensation) {
                    dofDriftRate[eqIdx] *= maxCompensation/cnv;
                }
            }

            for (unsigned eqIdx = 0; eqIdx < numEq; ++ eqIdx)
                rate[eqIdx] -= dofDriftRate[eqIdx];
        }
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Returns a reference to the ECL well manager used by the problem.
     *
     * This can be used for inspecting wells outside of the problem.
     */
    const EclWellModel& wellModel() const
    { return wellModel_; }

    EclWellModel& wellModel()
    { return wellModel_; }

    const EclAquiferModel& aquiferModel() const
    { return aquiferModel_; }

    EclAquiferModel& mutableAquiferModel()
    { return aquiferModel_; }

    // temporary solution to facilitate output of initial state from flow
    const InitialFluidState& initialFluidState(unsigned globalDofIdx) const
    { return initialFluidStates_[globalDofIdx]; }

    const EclipseIO& eclIO() const
    { return eclWriter_->eclIO(); }

    void setSubStepReport(const SimulatorReportSingle& report)
    { return eclWriter_->setSubStepReport(report); }

    void setSimulationReport(const SimulatorReport& report)
    { return eclWriter_->setSimulationReport(report); }

    bool nonTrivialBoundaryConditions() const
    { return nonTrivialBoundaryConditions_; }

    /*!
     * \brief Propose the size of the next time step to the simulator.
     *
     * This method is only called if the Newton solver does converge, the simulator
     * automatically cuts the time step in half without consultating this method again.
     */
    Scalar nextTimeStepSize() const
    {
        // allow external code to do the timestepping
        if (this->nextTimeStepSize_ > 0.0)
            return this->nextTimeStepSize_;

        const auto& simulator = this->simulator();
        int episodeIdx = simulator.episodeIndex();

        // for the initial episode, we use a fixed time step size
        if (episodeIdx < 0)
            return this->initialTimeStepSize_;

        // ask the newton method for a suggestion. This suggestion will be based on how
        // well the previous time step converged. After that, apply the runtime time
        // stepping constraints.
        const auto& newtonMethod = this->model().newtonMethod();
        return limitNextTimeStepSize_(newtonMethod.suggestTimeStepSize(simulator.timeStepSize()));
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Calculate the porosity multiplier due to water induced rock compaction.
     *
     * TODO: The API of this is a bit ad-hoc, it would be better to use context objects.
     */
    template <class LhsEval>
    LhsEval rockCompPoroMultiplier(const IntensiveQuantities& intQuants, unsigned elementIdx) const
    {

        if (this->rockCompPoroMult_.empty() && this->rockCompPoroMultWc_.empty())
            return 1.0;

        unsigned tableIdx = 0;
        if (!this->rockTableIdx_.empty())
            tableIdx = this->rockTableIdx_[elementIdx];

        const auto& fs = intQuants.fluidState();
        LhsEval effectiveOilPressure = decay<LhsEval>(fs.pressure(oilPhaseIdx));
        if (!this->minOilPressure_.empty())
            // The pore space change is irreversible
            effectiveOilPressure =
                min(decay<LhsEval>(fs.pressure(oilPhaseIdx)),
                                   this->minOilPressure_[elementIdx]);

        if (!this->overburdenPressure_.empty())
            effectiveOilPressure -= this->overburdenPressure_[elementIdx];


        if (!this->rockCompPoroMult_.empty()) {
            return this->rockCompPoroMult_[tableIdx].eval(effectiveOilPressure, /*extrapolation=*/true);
        }

        // water compaction
        assert(!this->rockCompPoroMultWc_.empty());
        LhsEval SwMax = max(decay<LhsEval>(fs.saturation(waterPhaseIdx)), this->maxWaterSaturation_[elementIdx]);
        LhsEval SwDeltaMax = SwMax - initialFluidStates_[elementIdx].saturation(waterPhaseIdx);

        return this->rockCompPoroMultWc_[tableIdx].eval(effectiveOilPressure, SwDeltaMax, /*extrapolation=*/true);
    }

    /*!
     * \brief Calculate the transmissibility multiplier due to water induced rock compaction.
     *
     * TODO: The API of this is a bit ad-hoc, it would be better to use context objects.
     */
    template <class LhsEval>
    LhsEval rockCompTransMultiplier(const IntensiveQuantities& intQuants, unsigned elementIdx) const
    {
        if (this->rockCompTransMult_.empty() && this->rockCompTransMultWc_.empty())
            return 1.0;

        unsigned tableIdx = 0;
        if (!this->rockTableIdx_.empty())
            tableIdx = this->rockTableIdx_[elementIdx];

        const auto& fs = intQuants.fluidState();
        LhsEval effectiveOilPressure = decay<LhsEval>(fs.pressure(oilPhaseIdx));

        if (!this->minOilPressure_.empty())
            // The pore space change is irreversible
            effectiveOilPressure =
                min(decay<LhsEval>(fs.pressure(oilPhaseIdx)),
                    this->minOilPressure_[elementIdx]);

        if (!this->overburdenPressure_.empty())
            effectiveOilPressure -= this->overburdenPressure_[elementIdx];

        if (!this->rockCompTransMult_.empty())
            return this->rockCompTransMult_[tableIdx].eval(effectiveOilPressure, /*extrapolation=*/true);

        // water compaction
        assert(!this->rockCompTransMultWc_.empty());
        LhsEval SwMax = max(decay<LhsEval>(fs.saturation(waterPhaseIdx)), this->maxWaterSaturation_[elementIdx]);
        LhsEval SwDeltaMax = SwMax - initialFluidStates_[elementIdx].saturation(waterPhaseIdx);

        return this->rockCompTransMultWc_[tableIdx].eval(effectiveOilPressure, SwDeltaMax, /*extrapolation=*/true);
    }

private:
    // update the parameters needed for DRSDT and DRVDT
    void updateCompositionChangeLimits_()
    {
        // update the "last Rs" values for all elements, including the ones in the ghost
        // and overlap regions
        const auto& simulator = this->simulator();
        int episodeIdx = this->episodeIndex();

        OPM_BEGIN_PARALLEL_TRY_CATCH();
        if (this->drsdtConvective_(episodeIdx)) {
            // This implements the convective DRSDT as described in
            // Sandve et al. "Convective dissolution in field scale CO2 storage simulations using the OPM Flow simulator"
            // Submitted to TCCS 11, 2021
            Scalar g = this->gravity_[dim - 1];
            ElementContext elemCtx(simulator);
            const auto& vanguard = simulator.vanguard();
            auto elemIt = vanguard.gridView().template begin</*codim=*/0>();
            const auto& elemEndIt = vanguard.gridView().template end</*codim=*/0>();
            for (; elemIt != elemEndIt; ++elemIt) {
                const Element& elem = *elemIt;
                elemCtx.updatePrimaryStencil(elem);
                elemCtx.updatePrimaryIntensiveQuantities(/*timeIdx=*/0);
                unsigned compressedDofIdx = elemCtx.globalSpaceIndex(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
                const DimMatrix& perm = intrinsicPermeability(compressedDofIdx);
                const Scalar permz = perm[dim - 1][dim - 1]; // The Z permeability
                Scalar distZ = vanguard.cellThickness(compressedDofIdx);
                const auto& iq = elemCtx.intensiveQuantities(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
                const auto& fs = iq.fluidState();
                Scalar t = getValue(fs.temperature(FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx));
                Scalar p = getValue(fs.pressure(FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx));
                Scalar so = getValue(fs.saturation(FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx));
                Scalar rssat = FluidSystem::oilPvt().saturatedGasDissolutionFactor(fs.pvtRegionIndex(),t,p);
                Scalar saturatedInvB = FluidSystem::oilPvt().saturatedInverseFormationVolumeFactor(fs.pvtRegionIndex(),t,p);
                Scalar rsZero = 0.0;
                Scalar pureDensity = FluidSystem::oilPvt().inverseFormationVolumeFactor(fs.pvtRegionIndex(),t,p,rsZero) * FluidSystem::oilPvt().oilReferenceDensity(fs.pvtRegionIndex());
                Scalar saturatedDensity = saturatedInvB * (FluidSystem::oilPvt().oilReferenceDensity(fs.pvtRegionIndex()) + rssat * FluidSystem::referenceDensity(FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx, fs.pvtRegionIndex()));
                Scalar deltaDensity = saturatedDensity - pureDensity;
                Scalar rs = getValue(fs.Rs());
                Scalar visc = FluidSystem::oilPvt().viscosity(fs.pvtRegionIndex(),t,p,rs);
                Scalar poro =  getValue(iq.porosity());
                // Note that for so = 0 this gives no limits (inf) for the dissolution rate
                // Also we restrict the effect of convective mixing to positive density differences
                // i.e. we only allow for fingers moving downward
                this->convectiveDrs_[compressedDofIdx] = permz * rssat * max(0.0, deltaDensity) * g / ( so * visc * distZ * poro);
            }
        }

        if (this->drsdtActive_(episodeIdx)) {
            ElementContext elemCtx(simulator);
            const auto& vanguard = simulator.vanguard();
            auto elemIt = vanguard.gridView().template begin</*codim=*/0>();
            const auto& elemEndIt = vanguard.gridView().template end</*codim=*/0>();
            for (; elemIt != elemEndIt; ++elemIt) {
                const Element& elem = *elemIt;

                elemCtx.updatePrimaryStencil(elem);
                elemCtx.updatePrimaryIntensiveQuantities(/*timeIdx=*/0);

                unsigned compressedDofIdx = elemCtx.globalSpaceIndex(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
                const auto& iq = elemCtx.intensiveQuantities(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
                const auto& fs = iq.fluidState();

                using FluidState = typename std::decay<decltype(fs)>::type;

                int pvtRegionIdx = this->pvtRegionIndex(compressedDofIdx);
                const auto& oilVaporizationControl = simulator.vanguard().schedule()[episodeIdx].oilvap();
                if (oilVaporizationControl.getOption(pvtRegionIdx) || fs.saturation(gasPhaseIdx) > freeGasMinSaturation_)
                    this->lastRs_[compressedDofIdx] =
                        BlackOil::template getRs_<FluidSystem,
                                                  FluidState,
                                                 Scalar>(fs, iq.pvtRegionIndex());
                else
                    this->lastRs_[compressedDofIdx] = std::numeric_limits<Scalar>::infinity();
            }
        }

        // update the "last Rv" values for all elements, including the ones in the ghost
        // and overlap regions
        if (this->drvdtActive_(episodeIdx)) {
            ElementContext elemCtx(simulator);
            const auto& vanguard = simulator.vanguard();
            auto elemIt = vanguard.gridView().template begin</*codim=*/0>();
            const auto& elemEndIt = vanguard.gridView().template end</*codim=*/0>();
            for (; elemIt != elemEndIt; ++elemIt) {
                const Element& elem = *elemIt;

                elemCtx.updatePrimaryStencil(elem);
                elemCtx.updatePrimaryIntensiveQuantities(/*timeIdx=*/0);

                unsigned compressedDofIdx = elemCtx.globalSpaceIndex(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
                const auto& iq = elemCtx.intensiveQuantities(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
                const auto& fs = iq.fluidState();

                using FluidState = typename std::decay<decltype(fs)>::type;

                this->lastRv_[compressedDofIdx] =
                    BlackOil::template getRv_<FluidSystem,
                                              FluidState,
                                              Scalar>(fs, iq.pvtRegionIndex());
            }
        }
        OPM_END_PARALLEL_TRY_CATCH("EclProblem::_updateCompositionLayers() failed: ", this->simulator().vanguard().grid().comm());
    }

    bool updateMaxOilSaturation_()
    {
        const auto& simulator = this->simulator();
        int episodeIdx = this->episodeIndex();

        // we use VAPPARS
        if (this->vapparsActive(episodeIdx)) {
            ElementContext elemCtx(simulator);
            const auto& vanguard = simulator.vanguard();
            auto elemIt = vanguard.gridView().template begin</*codim=*/0>();
            const auto& elemEndIt = vanguard.gridView().template end</*codim=*/0>();
            OPM_BEGIN_PARALLEL_TRY_CATCH();
            for (; elemIt != elemEndIt; ++elemIt) {
                const Element& elem = *elemIt;

                elemCtx.updatePrimaryStencil(elem);
                elemCtx.updatePrimaryIntensiveQuantities(/*timeIdx=*/0);

                unsigned compressedDofIdx = elemCtx.globalSpaceIndex(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
                const auto& iq = elemCtx.intensiveQuantities(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
                const auto& fs = iq.fluidState();

                Scalar So = decay<Scalar>(fs.saturation(oilPhaseIdx));

                this->maxOilSaturation_[compressedDofIdx] = std::max(this->maxOilSaturation_[compressedDofIdx], So);
            }
            OPM_END_PARALLEL_TRY_CATCH("EclProblem::updateMayOilSaturation() failed:", vanguard.grid().comm());
            // we need to invalidate the intensive quantities cache here because the
            // derivatives of Rs and Rv will most likely have changed
            return true;
        }

        return false;
    }

    bool updateMaxWaterSaturation_()
    {
        // water compaction is activated in ROCKCOMP
        if (this->maxWaterSaturation_.empty())
            return false;

        this->maxWaterSaturation_[/*timeIdx=*/1] = this->maxWaterSaturation_[/*timeIdx=*/0];
        ElementContext elemCtx(this->simulator());
        const auto& vanguard = this->simulator().vanguard();
        auto elemIt = vanguard.gridView().template begin</*codim=*/0>();
        const auto& elemEndIt = vanguard.gridView().template end</*codim=*/0>();
        OPM_BEGIN_PARALLEL_TRY_CATCH();
        for (; elemIt != elemEndIt; ++elemIt) {
            const Element& elem = *elemIt;

            elemCtx.updatePrimaryStencil(elem);
            elemCtx.updatePrimaryIntensiveQuantities(/*timeIdx=*/0);

            unsigned compressedDofIdx = elemCtx.globalSpaceIndex(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
            const auto& iq = elemCtx.intensiveQuantities(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
            const auto& fs = iq.fluidState();

            Scalar Sw = decay<Scalar>(fs.saturation(waterPhaseIdx));
            this->maxWaterSaturation_[compressedDofIdx] = std::max(this->maxWaterSaturation_[compressedDofIdx], Sw);
        }
        OPM_END_PARALLEL_TRY_CATCH("EclProblem::updateMayWaterSaturation() failed: ", vanguard.grid().comm());

        return true;
    }

    bool updateMinPressure_()
    {
        // IRREVERS option is used in ROCKCOMP
        if (this->minOilPressure_.empty())
            return false;

        OPM_BEGIN_PARALLEL_TRY_CATCH();
        ElementContext elemCtx(this->simulator());
        const auto& vanguard = this->simulator().vanguard();
        auto elemIt = vanguard.gridView().template begin</*codim=*/0>();
        const auto& elemEndIt = vanguard.gridView().template end</*codim=*/0>();
        for (; elemIt != elemEndIt; ++elemIt) {
            const Element& elem = *elemIt;

            elemCtx.updatePrimaryStencil(elem);
            elemCtx.updatePrimaryIntensiveQuantities(/*timeIdx=*/0);

            unsigned compressedDofIdx = elemCtx.globalSpaceIndex(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
            const auto& iq = elemCtx.intensiveQuantities(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
            const auto& fs = iq.fluidState();

            this->minOilPressure_[compressedDofIdx] =
                std::min(this->minOilPressure_[compressedDofIdx],
                         getValue(fs.pressure(oilPhaseIdx)));
        }
        OPM_END_PARALLEL_TRY_CATCH("EclProblem::updateMinPressure_() failed: ", this->simulator().vanguard().grid().comm());
        return true;
    }

    void readMaterialParameters_()
    {
        const auto& simulator = this->simulator();
        const auto& vanguard = simulator.vanguard();
        const auto& eclState = vanguard.eclState();

        // the PVT and saturation region numbers
        this->updatePvtnum_();
        this->updateSatnum_();

        // the MISC region numbers (solvent model)
        this->updateMiscnum_();
        // the PLMIX region numbers (polymer model)
        this->updatePlmixnum_();

        // directional relative permeabilities
        this->updateKrnum_();
        ////////////////////////////////
        // porosity
        updateReferencePorosity_();
        this->referencePorosity_[1] = this->referencePorosity_[0];
        ////////////////////////////////

        ////////////////////////////////
        // fluid-matrix interactions (saturation functions; relperm/capillary pressure)
        materialLawManager_ = std::make_shared<EclMaterialLawManager>();
        materialLawManager_->initFromState(eclState);
        materialLawManager_->initParamsForElements(eclState, this->model().numGridDof());
        ////////////////////////////////
    }

    void readThermalParameters_()
    {
        if constexpr (enableEnergy)
        {
            const auto& simulator = this->simulator();
            const auto& vanguard = simulator.vanguard();
            const auto& eclState = vanguard.eclState();

            // fluid-matrix interactions (saturation functions; relperm/capillary pressure)
            thermalLawManager_ = std::make_shared<EclThermalLawManager>();
            thermalLawManager_->initParamsForElements(eclState, this->model().numGridDof());
        }
    }

    void updateReferencePorosity_()
    {
        const auto& simulator = this->simulator();
        const auto& vanguard = simulator.vanguard();
        const auto& eclState = vanguard.eclState();

        size_t numDof = this->model().numGridDof();

        this->referencePorosity_[/*timeIdx=*/0].resize(numDof);

        const auto& fp = eclState.fieldProps();
        const std::vector<double> porvData = fp.porv(false);
        const std::vector<int> actnumData = fp.actnum();
        for (size_t dofIdx = 0; dofIdx < numDof; ++ dofIdx) {
            Scalar poreVolume = porvData[dofIdx];

            // we define the porosity as the accumulated pore volume divided by the
            // geometric volume of the element. Note that -- in pathetic cases -- it can
            // be larger than 1.0!
            Scalar dofVolume = simulator.model().dofTotalVolume(dofIdx);
            assert(dofVolume > 0.0);
            this->referencePorosity_[/*timeIdx=*/0][dofIdx] = poreVolume/dofVolume;
        }
    }

    void readInitialCondition_()
    {
        const auto& simulator = this->simulator();
        const auto& vanguard = simulator.vanguard();
        const auto& eclState = vanguard.eclState();

        if (eclState.getInitConfig().hasEquil())
            readEquilInitialCondition_();
        else
            readExplicitInitialCondition_();

        if constexpr (enableSolvent || enablePolymer || enablePolymerMolarWeight || enableMICP)
            this->readBlackoilExtentionsInitialConditions_(this->model().numGridDof(),
                                                           enableSolvent,
                                                           enablePolymer,
                                                           enablePolymerMolarWeight,
                                                           enableMICP);

        //initialize min/max values
        size_t numElems = this->model().numGridDof();
        for (size_t elemIdx = 0; elemIdx < numElems; ++elemIdx) {
            const auto& fs = initialFluidStates_[elemIdx];
            if (!this->maxWaterSaturation_.empty())
                this->maxWaterSaturation_[elemIdx] = std::max(this->maxWaterSaturation_[elemIdx], fs.saturation(waterPhaseIdx));
            if (!this->maxOilSaturation_.empty())
                this->maxOilSaturation_[elemIdx] = std::max(this->maxOilSaturation_[elemIdx], fs.saturation(oilPhaseIdx));
            if (!this->minOilPressure_.empty())
                this->minOilPressure_[elemIdx] = std::min(this->minOilPressure_[elemIdx], fs.pressure(oilPhaseIdx));
        }


    }

    void readEquilInitialCondition_()
    {
        const auto& simulator = this->simulator();

        // initial condition corresponds to hydrostatic conditions.
        using EquilInitializer = EclEquilInitializer<TypeTag>;
        EquilInitializer equilInitializer(simulator, *materialLawManager_);

        size_t numElems = this->model().numGridDof();
        initialFluidStates_.resize(numElems);
        for (size_t elemIdx = 0; elemIdx < numElems; ++elemIdx) {
            auto& elemFluidState = initialFluidStates_[elemIdx];
            elemFluidState.assign(equilInitializer.initialFluidState(elemIdx));
        }
    }

    void readEclRestartSolution_()
    {
        // Set the start time of the simulation
        auto& simulator = this->simulator();
        const auto& schedule = simulator.vanguard().schedule();
        const auto& eclState = simulator.vanguard().eclState();
        const auto& initconfig = eclState.getInitConfig();
        {
            int restart_step = initconfig.getRestartStep();

            simulator.setTime(schedule.seconds(restart_step));

            simulator.startNextEpisode(simulator.startTime() + simulator.time(),
                                       schedule.stepLength(restart_step));
            simulator.setEpisodeIndex(restart_step);
        }
        eclWriter_->beginRestart();

        Scalar dt = std::min(eclWriter_->restartTimeStepSize(), simulator.episodeLength());
        simulator.setTimeStepSize(dt);

        size_t numElems = this->model().numGridDof();
        initialFluidStates_.resize(numElems);
        if constexpr (enableSolvent)
            this->solventSaturation_.resize(numElems, 0.0);

        if constexpr (enablePolymer)
            this->polymerConcentration_.resize(numElems, 0.0);

        if constexpr (enablePolymerMolarWeight) {
            const std::string msg {"Support of the RESTART for polymer molecular weight "
                                   "is not implemented yet. The polymer weight value will be "
                                   "zero when RESTART begins"};
            OpmLog::warning("NO_POLYMW_RESTART", msg);
            this->polymerMoleWeight_.resize(numElems, 0.0);
        }

        if constexpr (enableMICP){
            this->microbialConcentration_.resize(numElems, 0.0);
            this->oxygenConcentration_.resize(numElems, 0.0);
            this->ureaConcentration_.resize(numElems, 0.0);
            this->biofilmConcentration_.resize(numElems, 0.0);
            this->calciteConcentration_.resize(numElems, 0.0);
          }

        for (size_t elemIdx = 0; elemIdx < numElems; ++elemIdx) {
            auto& elemFluidState = initialFluidStates_[elemIdx];
            elemFluidState.setPvtRegionIndex(pvtRegionIndex(elemIdx));
            eclWriter_->eclOutputModule().initHysteresisParams(simulator, elemIdx);
            eclWriter_->eclOutputModule().assignToFluidState(elemFluidState, elemIdx);

            // Note: Function processRestartSaturations_() mutates the
            // 'ssol' argument--the value from the restart file--if solvent
            // is enabled.  Then, store the updated solvent saturation into
            // 'solventSaturation_'.  Otherwise, just pass a dummy value to
            // the function and discard the unchanged result.  Do not index
            // into 'solventSaturation_' unless solvent is enabled.
            {
                auto ssol = enableSolvent
                    ? eclWriter_->eclOutputModule().getSolventSaturation(elemIdx)
                    : Scalar(0);

                processRestartSaturations_(elemFluidState, ssol);

                if constexpr (enableSolvent)
                    this->solventSaturation_[elemIdx] = ssol;
            }

            if (! this->lastRs_.empty()) {
                this->lastRs_[elemIdx] = elemFluidState.Rs();
            }

            if (! this->lastRv_.empty()) {
                this->lastRv_[elemIdx] = elemFluidState.Rv();
            }

            if constexpr (enablePolymer)
                 this->polymerConcentration_[elemIdx] = eclWriter_->eclOutputModule().getPolymerConcentration(elemIdx);
            if constexpr (enableMICP){
                 this->microbialConcentration_[elemIdx] = eclWriter_->eclOutputModule().getMicrobialConcentration(elemIdx);
                 this->oxygenConcentration_[elemIdx] = eclWriter_->eclOutputModule().getOxygenConcentration(elemIdx);
                 this->ureaConcentration_[elemIdx] = eclWriter_->eclOutputModule().getUreaConcentration(elemIdx);
                 this->biofilmConcentration_[elemIdx] = eclWriter_->eclOutputModule().getBiofilmConcentration(elemIdx);
                 this->calciteConcentration_[elemIdx] = eclWriter_->eclOutputModule().getCalciteConcentration(elemIdx);
            }
            // if we need to restart for polymer molecular weight simulation, we need to add related here
        }

        const int episodeIdx = this->episodeIndex();
        const auto& oilVaporizationControl = simulator.vanguard().schedule()[episodeIdx].oilvap();
        if (this->drsdtActive_(episodeIdx))
            // DRSDT is enabled
            for (size_t pvtRegionIdx = 0; pvtRegionIdx < this->maxDRs_.size(); ++pvtRegionIdx)
                this->maxDRs_[pvtRegionIdx] = oilVaporizationControl.getMaxDRSDT(pvtRegionIdx)*simulator.timeStepSize();

        if (this->drvdtActive_(episodeIdx))
            // DRVDT is enabled
            for (size_t pvtRegionIdx = 0; pvtRegionIdx < this->maxDRv_.size(); ++pvtRegionIdx)
                this->maxDRv_[pvtRegionIdx] = oilVaporizationControl.getMaxDRVDT(pvtRegionIdx)*simulator.timeStepSize();

        // assign the restart solution to the current solution. note that we still need
        // to compute real initial solution after this because the initial fluid states
        // need to be correct for stuff like boundary conditions.
        auto& sol = this->model().solution(/*timeIdx=*/0);
        const auto& gridView = this->gridView();
        ElementContext elemCtx(simulator);
        auto elemIt = gridView.template begin</*codim=*/0>();
        const auto& elemEndIt = gridView.template end</*codim=*/0>();
        for (; elemIt != elemEndIt; ++elemIt) {
            const auto& elem = *elemIt;
            if (elem.partitionType() != Dune::InteriorEntity)
                continue;

            elemCtx.updatePrimaryStencil(elem);
            int elemIdx = elemCtx.globalSpaceIndex(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
            initial(sol[elemIdx], elemCtx, /*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
        }

        // make sure that the ghost and overlap entities exhibit the correct
        // solution. alternatively, this could be done in the loop above by also
        // considering non-interior elements. Since the initial() method might not work
        // 100% correctly for such elements, let's play safe and explicitly synchronize
        // using message passing.
        this->model().syncOverlap();

        eclWriter_->endRestart();
    }

    void processRestartSaturations_(InitialFluidState& elemFluidState, Scalar& solventSaturation)
    {
        // each phase needs to be above certain value to be claimed to be existing
        // this is used to recover some RESTART running with the defaulted single-precision format
        const Scalar smallSaturationTolerance = 1.e-6;
        Scalar sumSaturation = 0.0;
        for (size_t phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
            if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(phaseIdx)) {
                if (elemFluidState.saturation(phaseIdx) < smallSaturationTolerance)
                    elemFluidState.setSaturation(phaseIdx, 0.0);

                sumSaturation += elemFluidState.saturation(phaseIdx);
            }

        }
        if constexpr (enableSolvent) {
            if (solventSaturation < smallSaturationTolerance)
                solventSaturation = 0.0;

           sumSaturation += solventSaturation;
        }

        assert(sumSaturation > 0.0);

        for (size_t phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
            if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(phaseIdx)) {
                const Scalar saturation = elemFluidState.saturation(phaseIdx) / sumSaturation;
                elemFluidState.setSaturation(phaseIdx, saturation);
            }
        }
        if constexpr (enableSolvent) {
            solventSaturation = solventSaturation / sumSaturation;
        }
    }

    void readExplicitInitialCondition_()
    {
        const auto& simulator = this->simulator();
        const auto& vanguard = simulator.vanguard();
        const auto& eclState = vanguard.eclState();
        const auto& fp = eclState.fieldProps();
        bool has_swat     = fp.has_double("SWAT");
        bool has_sgas     = fp.has_double("SGAS");
        bool has_rs       = fp.has_double("RS");
        bool has_rv       = fp.has_double("RV");
        bool has_rvw       = fp.has_double("RVW");
        bool has_pressure = fp.has_double("PRESSURE");
        bool has_salt = fp.has_double("SALT");
        bool has_saltp = fp.has_double("SALTP");

        // make sure all required quantities are enables
        if (Indices::numPhases > 1) {
            if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(waterPhaseIdx) && !has_swat)
                throw std::runtime_error("The ECL input file requires the presence of the SWAT keyword if "
                                     "the water phase is active");
            if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(gasPhaseIdx) && !has_sgas && FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(oilPhaseIdx))
                throw std::runtime_error("The ECL input file requires the presence of the SGAS keyword if "
                                     "the gas phase is active");
        }
        if (!has_pressure)
            throw std::runtime_error("The ECL input file requires the presence of the PRESSURE "
                                      "keyword if the model is initialized explicitly");
        if (FluidSystem::enableDissolvedGas() && !has_rs)
            throw std::runtime_error("The ECL input file requires the RS keyword to be present if"
                                     " dissolved gas is enabled");
        if (FluidSystem::enableVaporizedOil() && !has_rv)
            throw std::runtime_error("The ECL input file requires the RV keyword to be present if"
                                     " vaporized oil is enabled");
        if (FluidSystem::enableVaporizedWater() && !has_rvw)
            throw std::runtime_error("The ECL input file requires the RVW keyword to be present if"
                                     " vaporized water is enabled");
        if (enableBrine && !has_salt)
            throw std::runtime_error("The ECL input file requires the SALT keyword to be present if"
                                     " brine is enabled and the model is initialized explicitly");
        if (enableSaltPrecipitation && !has_saltp)
            throw std::runtime_error("The ECL input file requires the SALTP keyword to be present if"
                                     " salt precipitation is enabled and the model is initialized explicitly");

        size_t numDof = this->model().numGridDof();

        initialFluidStates_.resize(numDof);

        std::vector<double> waterSaturationData;
        std::vector<double> gasSaturationData;
        std::vector<double> pressureData;
        std::vector<double> rsData;
        std::vector<double> rvData;
        std::vector<double> rvwData;
        std::vector<double> tempiData;
        std::vector<double> saltData;
        std::vector<double> saltpData;

        if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(waterPhaseIdx) && Indices::numPhases > 1)
            waterSaturationData = fp.get_double("SWAT");
        else
            waterSaturationData.resize(numDof);

        if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(gasPhaseIdx) && FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(oilPhaseIdx))
            gasSaturationData = fp.get_double("SGAS");
        else
            gasSaturationData.resize(numDof);

        pressureData = fp.get_double("PRESSURE");
        if (FluidSystem::enableDissolvedGas())
            rsData = fp.get_double("RS");

        if (FluidSystem::enableVaporizedOil())
            rvData = fp.get_double("RV");

        if (FluidSystem::enableVaporizedWater())
            rvwData = fp.get_double("RVW");

        // initial reservoir temperature
        tempiData = fp.get_double("TEMPI");

        // initial salt concentration data
        if constexpr (enableBrine)
            saltData = fp.get_double("SALT");

         // initial precipitated salt saturation data
         if constexpr (enableSaltPrecipitation)
            saltpData = fp.get_double("SALTP");

        // calculate the initial fluid states
        for (size_t dofIdx = 0; dofIdx < numDof; ++dofIdx) {
            auto& dofFluidState = initialFluidStates_[dofIdx];

            dofFluidState.setPvtRegionIndex(pvtRegionIndex(dofIdx));

            //////
            // set temperature
            //////
            Scalar temperatureLoc = tempiData[dofIdx];
            if (!std::isfinite(temperatureLoc) || temperatureLoc <= 0)
                temperatureLoc = FluidSystem::surfaceTemperature;
            dofFluidState.setTemperature(temperatureLoc);

            //////
            // set salt concentration
            //////
            if constexpr (enableBrine)
                dofFluidState.setSaltConcentration(saltData[dofIdx]);

            //////
            // set precipitated salt saturation
            //////
            if constexpr (enableSaltPrecipitation)
                dofFluidState.setSaltSaturation(saltpData[dofIdx]);

            //////
            // set saturations
            //////
            if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx))
                dofFluidState.setSaturation(FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx,
                                            waterSaturationData[dofIdx]);

            if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx)){
                if (!FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx)){
                    dofFluidState.setSaturation(FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx,
                                            1.0
                                            - waterSaturationData[dofIdx]);
                }
                else
                    dofFluidState.setSaturation(FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx,
                                                gasSaturationData[dofIdx]);
            }
            if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx))
                dofFluidState.setSaturation(FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx,
                                            1.0
                                            - waterSaturationData[dofIdx]
                                            - gasSaturationData[dofIdx]);

            //////
            // set phase pressures 
            //////
            Scalar pressure = pressureData[dofIdx]; // oil pressure (or gas pressure for water-gas system or water pressure for single phase)

            // this assumes that capillary pressures only depend on the phase saturations
            // and possibly on temperature. (this is always the case for ECL problems.)
            std::array<Scalar, numPhases> pc = {0};
            const auto& matParams = materialLawParams(dofIdx);
            MaterialLaw::capillaryPressures(pc, matParams, dofFluidState);
            Valgrind::CheckDefined(pressure);
            Valgrind::CheckDefined(pc);
            for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
                if (!FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(phaseIdx))
                    continue;

                if (Indices::oilEnabled)
                    dofFluidState.setPressure(phaseIdx, pressure + (pc[phaseIdx] - pc[oilPhaseIdx]));
                else if (Indices::gasEnabled)
                    dofFluidState.setPressure(phaseIdx, pressure + (pc[phaseIdx] - pc[gasPhaseIdx]));
                else if (Indices::waterEnabled)
                    //single (water) phase
                    dofFluidState.setPressure(phaseIdx, pressure);
            }

            if (FluidSystem::enableDissolvedGas())
                dofFluidState.setRs(rsData[dofIdx]);
            else if (Indices::gasEnabled && Indices::oilEnabled)
                dofFluidState.setRs(0.0);

            if (FluidSystem::enableVaporizedOil())
                dofFluidState.setRv(rvData[dofIdx]);
            else if (Indices::gasEnabled && Indices::oilEnabled)
                dofFluidState.setRv(0.0);

            if (FluidSystem::enableVaporizedWater())
                dofFluidState.setRvw(rvwData[dofIdx]);

            //////
            // set invB_
            //////
            for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
                if (!FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(phaseIdx))
                    continue;

                const auto& b = FluidSystem::inverseFormationVolumeFactor(dofFluidState, phaseIdx, pvtRegionIndex(dofIdx));
                dofFluidState.setInvB(phaseIdx, b);

                const auto& rho = FluidSystem::density(dofFluidState, phaseIdx, pvtRegionIndex(dofIdx));
                dofFluidState.setDensity(phaseIdx, rho);

            }
        }
    }

    // update the hysteresis parameters of the material laws for the whole grid
    bool updateHysteresis_()
    {
        if (!materialLawManager_->enableHysteresis())
            return false;

        // we need to update the hysteresis data for _all_ elements (i.e., not just the
        // interior ones) to avoid desynchronization of the processes in the parallel case!
        const auto& simulator = this->simulator();
        ElementContext elemCtx(simulator);
        const auto& vanguard = simulator.vanguard();
        auto elemIt = vanguard.gridView().template begin</*codim=*/0>();
        const auto& elemEndIt = vanguard.gridView().template end</*codim=*/0>();
        OPM_BEGIN_PARALLEL_TRY_CATCH();
        for (; elemIt != elemEndIt; ++elemIt) {
            const Element& elem = *elemIt;

            elemCtx.updatePrimaryStencil(elem);
            elemCtx.updatePrimaryIntensiveQuantities(/*timeIdx=*/0);

            unsigned compressedDofIdx = elemCtx.globalSpaceIndex(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
            const auto& intQuants = elemCtx.intensiveQuantities(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
            materialLawManager_->updateHysteresis(intQuants.fluidState(), compressedDofIdx);
        }
        OPM_END_PARALLEL_TRY_CATCH("EclProblem::updateHyteresis_(): ", vanguard.grid().comm());
        return true;
    }

    void updateMaxPolymerAdsorption_()
    {
        // we need to update the max polymer adsoption data for all elements
        const auto& simulator = this->simulator();
        ElementContext elemCtx(simulator);
        const auto& vanguard = simulator.vanguard();
        auto elemIt = vanguard.gridView().template begin</*codim=*/0>();
        const auto& elemEndIt = vanguard.gridView().template end</*codim=*/0>();
        OPM_BEGIN_PARALLEL_TRY_CATCH();
        for (; elemIt != elemEndIt; ++elemIt) {
            const Element& elem = *elemIt;

            elemCtx.updatePrimaryStencil(elem);
            elemCtx.updatePrimaryIntensiveQuantities(/*timeIdx=*/0);

            unsigned compressedDofIdx = elemCtx.globalSpaceIndex(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
            const auto& intQuants = elemCtx.intensiveQuantities(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);

            this->maxPolymerAdsorption_[compressedDofIdx] = std::max(this->maxPolymerAdsorption_[compressedDofIdx],
                                                                     scalarValue(intQuants.polymerAdsorption()));
        }
        OPM_END_PARALLEL_TRY_CATCH("EclProblem::updateMaxPolymerAdsorption_(): ", vanguard.grid().comm());
    }

    struct PffDofData_
    {
        ConditionalStorage<enableEnergy, Scalar> thermalHalfTransIn;
        ConditionalStorage<enableEnergy, Scalar> thermalHalfTransOut;
        ConditionalStorage<enableDiffusion, Scalar> diffusivity;
        Scalar transmissibility;
    };

    // update the prefetch friendly data object
    void updatePffDofData_()
    {
        const auto& distFn =
            [this](PffDofData_& dofData,
                   const Stencil& stencil,
                   unsigned localDofIdx)
            -> void
        {
            const auto& elementMapper = this->model().elementMapper();

            unsigned globalElemIdx = elementMapper.index(stencil.entity(localDofIdx));
            if (localDofIdx != 0) {
                unsigned globalCenterElemIdx = elementMapper.index(stencil.entity(/*dofIdx=*/0));
                dofData.transmissibility = transmissibilities_.transmissibility(globalCenterElemIdx, globalElemIdx);

                if constexpr (enableEnergy) {
                    *dofData.thermalHalfTransIn = transmissibilities_.thermalHalfTrans(globalCenterElemIdx, globalElemIdx);
                    *dofData.thermalHalfTransOut = transmissibilities_.thermalHalfTrans(globalElemIdx, globalCenterElemIdx);
                }
                if constexpr (enableDiffusion)
                    *dofData.diffusivity = transmissibilities_.diffusivity(globalCenterElemIdx, globalElemIdx);
            }
        };

        pffDofData_.update(distFn);
    }

    void readBoundaryConditions_()
    {
        nonTrivialBoundaryConditions_ = false;
        const auto& simulator = this->simulator();
        const auto& vanguard = simulator.vanguard();
        const auto& bcconfig = vanguard.eclState().getSimulationConfig().bcconfig();
        if (bcconfig.size() > 0) {
            nonTrivialBoundaryConditions_ = true;

            size_t numCartDof = vanguard.cartesianSize();
            unsigned numElems = vanguard.gridView().size(/*codim=*/0);
            std::vector<int> cartesianToCompressedElemIdx(numCartDof, -1);

            for (unsigned elemIdx = 0; elemIdx < numElems; ++elemIdx)
                cartesianToCompressedElemIdx[vanguard.cartesianIndex(elemIdx)] = elemIdx;

            massratebcXMinus_.resize(numElems, 0.0);
            massratebcX_.resize(numElems, 0.0);
            massratebcYMinus_.resize(numElems, 0.0);
            massratebcY_.resize(numElems, 0.0);
            massratebcZMinus_.resize(numElems, 0.0);
            massratebcZ_.resize(numElems, 0.0);
            freebcX_.resize(numElems, false);
            freebcXMinus_.resize(numElems, false);
            freebcY_.resize(numElems, false);
            freebcYMinus_.resize(numElems, false);
            freebcZ_.resize(numElems, false);
            freebcZMinus_.resize(numElems, false);

            for (const auto& bcface : bcconfig) {
                const auto& type = bcface.bctype;
                if (type == BCType::RATE) {
                    int compIdx = 0; // default initialize to avoid -Wmaybe-uninitialized warning

                    switch (bcface.component) {
                    case BCComponent::OIL:
                        compIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(oilCompIdx);
                        break;
                    case BCComponent::GAS:
                        compIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(gasCompIdx);
                        break;
                    case BCComponent::WATER:
                        compIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(waterCompIdx);
                        break;
                    case BCComponent::SOLVENT:
                        if constexpr (!enableSolvent)
                            throw std::logic_error("solvent is disabled and you're trying to add solvent to BC");

                        compIdx = Indices::solventSaturationIdx;
                        break;
                    case BCComponent::POLYMER:
                        if constexpr (!enablePolymer)
                            throw std::logic_error("polymer is disabled and you're trying to add polymer to BC");

                        compIdx = Indices::polymerConcentrationIdx;
                        break;
                    case BCComponent::NONE:
                        throw std::logic_error("you need to specify the component when RATE type is set in BC");
                        break;
                    }

                    std::vector<RateVector>* data = nullptr;
                    switch (bcface.dir) {
                    case FaceDir::XMinus:
                        data = &massratebcXMinus_;
                        break;
                    case FaceDir::XPlus:
                        data = &massratebcX_;
                        break;
                    case FaceDir::YMinus:
                        data = &massratebcYMinus_;
                        break;
                    case FaceDir::YPlus:
                        data = &massratebcY_;
                        break;
                    case FaceDir::ZMinus:
                        data = &massratebcZMinus_;
                        break;
                    case FaceDir::ZPlus:
                        data = &massratebcZ_;
                        break;
                    case FaceDir::Unknown:
                        throw std::runtime_error("Unexpected unknown face direction");
                    }

                    const Evaluation rate = bcface.rate;
                    for (int i = bcface.i1; i <= bcface.i2; ++i) {
                        for (int j = bcface.j1; j <= bcface.j2; ++j) {
                            for (int k = bcface.k1; k <= bcface.k2; ++k) {
                                std::array<int, 3> tmp = {i,j,k};
                                auto elemIdx = cartesianToCompressedElemIdx[vanguard.cartesianIndex(tmp)];
                                if (elemIdx >= 0)
                                    (*data)[elemIdx][compIdx] = rate;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                } else if (type == BCType::FREE) {
                    std::vector<bool>* data = nullptr;
                    switch (bcface.dir) {
                    case FaceDir::XMinus:
                        data = &freebcXMinus_;
                        break;
                    case FaceDir::XPlus:
                        data = &freebcX_;
                        break;
                    case FaceDir::YMinus:
                        data = &freebcYMinus_;
                        break;
                    case FaceDir::YPlus:
                        data = &freebcY_;
                        break;
                    case FaceDir::ZMinus:
                        data = &freebcZMinus_;
                        break;
                    case FaceDir::ZPlus:
                        data = &freebcZ_;
                        break;
                    case FaceDir::Unknown:
                        throw std::runtime_error("Unexpected unknown face direction");
                    }

                    for (int i = bcface.i1; i <= bcface.i2; ++i) {
                        for (int j = bcface.j1; j <= bcface.j2; ++j) {
                            for (int k = bcface.k1; k <= bcface.k2; ++k) {
                                std::array<int, 3> tmp = {i,j,k};
                                auto elemIdx = cartesianToCompressedElemIdx[vanguard.cartesianIndex(tmp)];
                                if (elemIdx >= 0)
                                    (*data)[elemIdx] = true;
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    // TODO: either the real initial solution needs to be computed or read from the restart file
                    const auto& eclState = simulator.vanguard().eclState();
                    const auto& initconfig = eclState.getInitConfig();
                    if (initconfig.restartRequested()) {
                        throw std::logic_error("restart is not compatible with using free boundary conditions");
                    }
                } else {
                    throw std::logic_error("invalid type for BC. Use FREE or RATE");
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // this method applies the runtime constraints specified via the deck and/or command
    // line parameters for the size of the next time step.
    Scalar limitNextTimeStepSize_(Scalar dtNext) const
    {
        if constexpr (enableExperiments) {
            const auto& simulator = this->simulator();
            int episodeIdx = simulator.episodeIndex();

            // first thing in the morning, limit the time step size to the maximum size
            dtNext = std::min(dtNext, this->maxTimeStepSize_);

            Scalar remainingEpisodeTime =
                simulator.episodeStartTime() + simulator.episodeLength()
                - (simulator.startTime() + simulator.time());
            assert(remainingEpisodeTime >= 0.0);

            // if we would have a small amount of time left over in the current episode, make
            // two equal time steps instead of a big and a small one
            if (remainingEpisodeTime/2.0 < dtNext && dtNext < remainingEpisodeTime*(1.0 - 1e-5))
                // note: limiting to the maximum time step size here is probably not strictly
                // necessary, but it should not hurt and is more fool-proof
                dtNext = std::min(this->maxTimeStepSize_, remainingEpisodeTime/2.0);

            if (simulator.episodeStarts()) {
                // if a well event occurred, respect the limit for the maximum time step after
                // that, too
                int reportStepIdx = std::max(episodeIdx, 0);
                const auto& events = simulator.vanguard().schedule()[reportStepIdx].events();
                bool wellEventOccured =
                        events.hasEvent(ScheduleEvents::NEW_WELL)
                        || events.hasEvent(ScheduleEvents::PRODUCTION_UPDATE)
                        || events.hasEvent(ScheduleEvents::INJECTION_UPDATE)
                        || events.hasEvent(ScheduleEvents::WELL_STATUS_CHANGE);
                if (episodeIdx >= 0 && wellEventOccured && this->maxTimeStepAfterWellEvent_ > 0)
                    dtNext = std::min(dtNext, this->maxTimeStepAfterWellEvent_);
            }
        }

        return dtNext;
    }

    void computeAndSetEqWeights_() {
        std::vector<Scalar> sumInvB(numPhases, 0.0);
        const auto& gridView = this->gridView();
        ElementContext elemCtx(this->simulator());
        for(const auto& elem: elements(gridView, Dune::Partitions::interior)) {
            elemCtx.updatePrimaryStencil(elem);
            int elemIdx = elemCtx.globalSpaceIndex(/*spaceIdx=*/0, /*timeIdx=*/0);
            const auto& dofFluidState = initialFluidStates_[elemIdx];
            for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
                if (!FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(phaseIdx))
                    continue;

                sumInvB[phaseIdx] += dofFluidState.invB(phaseIdx);
            }
        }

        size_t numDof = this->model().numGridDof();
        const auto& comm = this->simulator().vanguard().grid().comm();
        comm.sum(sumInvB.data(),sumInvB.size());
        Scalar numTotalDof = comm.sum(numDof);

        for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
            if (!FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(phaseIdx))
                    continue;

            Scalar avgB = numTotalDof / sumInvB[phaseIdx];
            unsigned solventCompIdx = FluidSystem::solventComponentIndex(phaseIdx);
            unsigned activeSolventCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(solventCompIdx);
            this->model().setEqWeight(activeSolventCompIdx, avgB);
        }
    }

    typename Vanguard::TransmissibilityType transmissibilities_;

    std::shared_ptr<EclMaterialLawManager> materialLawManager_;
    std::shared_ptr<EclThermalLawManager> thermalLawManager_;

    EclThresholdPressure<TypeTag> thresholdPressures_;

    std::vector<InitialFluidState> initialFluidStates_;

    constexpr static Scalar freeGasMinSaturation_ = 1e-7;

    bool enableDriftCompensation_;
    GlobalEqVector drift_;

    EclWellModel wellModel_;
    bool enableAquifers_;
    EclAquiferModel aquiferModel_;

    bool enableEclOutput_;
    std::unique_ptr<EclWriterType> eclWriter_;

    PffGridVector<GridView, Stencil, PffDofData_, DofMapper> pffDofData_;
    TracerModel tracerModel_;

    EclActionHandler actionHandler_;

    std::vector<bool> freebcX_;
    std::vector<bool> freebcXMinus_;
    std::vector<bool> freebcY_;
    std::vector<bool> freebcYMinus_;
    std::vector<bool> freebcZ_;
    std::vector<bool> freebcZMinus_;

    bool nonTrivialBoundaryConditions_;
    std::vector<RateVector> massratebcX_;
    std::vector<RateVector> massratebcXMinus_;
    std::vector<RateVector> massratebcY_;
    std::vector<RateVector> massratebcYMinus_;
    std::vector<RateVector> massratebcZ_;
    std::vector<RateVector> massratebcZMinus_;
};

} // namespace Opm

#endif