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opm-simulators/opm/simulators/wells/StandardWell_impl.hpp
Arne Morten Kvarving f17a90170d use exception classes from opm-common
2022-12-13 12:56:13 +01:00

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/*
Copyright 2017 SINTEF Digital, Mathematics and Cybernetics.
Copyright 2017 Statoil ASA.
Copyright 2016 - 2017 IRIS AS.
This file is part of the Open Porous Media project (OPM).
OPM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
OPM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with OPM. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
#include <opm/common/Exceptions.hpp>
#include <opm/simulators/utils/DeferredLoggingErrorHelpers.hpp>
#include <opm/simulators/wells/StandardWellAssemble.hpp>
#include <opm/simulators/wells/VFPHelpers.hpp>
#include <opm/simulators/wells/WellBhpThpCalculator.hpp>
#include <opm/simulators/wells/WellConvergence.hpp>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>
#include <numeric>
namespace Opm
{
template<typename TypeTag>
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
StandardWell(const Well& well,
const ParallelWellInfo& pw_info,
const int time_step,
const ModelParameters& param,
const RateConverterType& rate_converter,
const int pvtRegionIdx,
const int num_components,
const int num_phases,
const int index_of_well,
const std::vector<PerforationData>& perf_data)
: Base(well, pw_info, time_step, param, rate_converter, pvtRegionIdx, num_components, num_phases, index_of_well, perf_data)
, StdWellEval(static_cast<const WellInterfaceIndices<FluidSystem,Indices,Scalar>&>(*this))
, regularize_(false)
{
assert(this->num_components_ == numWellConservationEq);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
init(const PhaseUsage* phase_usage_arg,
const std::vector<double>& depth_arg,
const double gravity_arg,
const int num_cells,
const std::vector< Scalar >& B_avg,
const bool changed_to_open_this_step)
{
Base::init(phase_usage_arg, depth_arg, gravity_arg, num_cells, B_avg, changed_to_open_this_step);
this->StdWellEval::init(this->perf_depth_, depth_arg, num_cells, Base::has_polymermw);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void StandardWell<TypeTag>::
initPrimaryVariablesEvaluation()
{
this->primary_variables_.init();
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
computePerfRateEval(const IntensiveQuantities& intQuants,
const std::vector<EvalWell>& mob,
const EvalWell& bhp,
const double Tw,
const int perf,
const bool allow_cf,
std::vector<EvalWell>& cq_s,
double& perf_dis_gas_rate,
double& perf_vap_oil_rate,
double& perf_vap_wat_rate,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
const auto& fs = intQuants.fluidState();
const EvalWell pressure = this->extendEval(this->getPerfCellPressure(fs));
const EvalWell rs = this->extendEval(fs.Rs());
const EvalWell rv = this->extendEval(fs.Rv());
const EvalWell rvw = this->extendEval(fs.Rvw());
std::vector<EvalWell> b_perfcells_dense(this->num_components_, EvalWell{this->primary_variables_.numWellEq() + Indices::numEq, 0.0});
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < FluidSystem::numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
if (!FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(phaseIdx)) {
continue;
}
const unsigned compIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::solventComponentIndex(phaseIdx));
b_perfcells_dense[compIdx] = this->extendEval(fs.invB(phaseIdx));
}
if constexpr (has_solvent) {
b_perfcells_dense[Indices::contiSolventEqIdx] = this->extendEval(intQuants.solventInverseFormationVolumeFactor());
}
if constexpr (has_zFraction) {
if (this->isInjector()) {
const unsigned gasCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::gasCompIdx);
b_perfcells_dense[gasCompIdx] *= (1.0 - this->wsolvent());
b_perfcells_dense[gasCompIdx] += this->wsolvent()*intQuants.zPureInvFormationVolumeFactor().value();
}
}
EvalWell skin_pressure = EvalWell{this->primary_variables_.numWellEq() + Indices::numEq, 0.0};
if (has_polymermw) {
if (this->isInjector()) {
const int pskin_index = Bhp + 1 + this->numPerfs() + perf;
skin_pressure = this->primary_variables_.eval(pskin_index);
}
}
// surface volume fraction of fluids within wellbore
std::vector<EvalWell> cmix_s(this->numComponents(), EvalWell{this->primary_variables_.numWellEq() + Indices::numEq});
for (int componentIdx = 0; componentIdx < this->numComponents(); ++componentIdx) {
cmix_s[componentIdx] = this->primary_variables_.surfaceVolumeFraction(componentIdx);
}
computePerfRate(mob,
pressure,
bhp,
rs,
rv,
rvw,
b_perfcells_dense,
Tw,
perf,
allow_cf,
skin_pressure,
cmix_s,
cq_s,
perf_dis_gas_rate,
perf_vap_oil_rate,
perf_vap_wat_rate,
deferred_logger);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
computePerfRateScalar(const IntensiveQuantities& intQuants,
const std::vector<Scalar>& mob,
const Scalar& bhp,
const double Tw,
const int perf,
const bool allow_cf,
std::vector<Scalar>& cq_s,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
const auto& fs = intQuants.fluidState();
const Scalar pressure = this->getPerfCellPressure(fs).value();
const Scalar rs = fs.Rs().value();
const Scalar rv = fs.Rv().value();
const Scalar rvw = fs.Rvw().value();
std::vector<Scalar> b_perfcells_dense(this->num_components_, 0.0);
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < FluidSystem::numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
if (!FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(phaseIdx)) {
continue;
}
const unsigned compIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::solventComponentIndex(phaseIdx));
b_perfcells_dense[compIdx] = fs.invB(phaseIdx).value();
}
if constexpr (has_solvent) {
b_perfcells_dense[Indices::contiSolventEqIdx] = intQuants.solventInverseFormationVolumeFactor().value();
}
if constexpr (has_zFraction) {
if (this->isInjector()) {
const unsigned gasCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::gasCompIdx);
b_perfcells_dense[gasCompIdx] *= (1.0 - this->wsolvent());
b_perfcells_dense[gasCompIdx] += this->wsolvent()*intQuants.zPureInvFormationVolumeFactor().value();
}
}
Scalar skin_pressure =0.0;
if (has_polymermw) {
if (this->isInjector()) {
const int pskin_index = Bhp + 1 + this->numPerfs() + perf;
skin_pressure = getValue(this->primary_variables_.eval(pskin_index));
}
}
Scalar perf_dis_gas_rate = 0.0;
Scalar perf_vap_oil_rate = 0.0;
Scalar perf_vap_wat_rate = 0.0;
// surface volume fraction of fluids within wellbore
std::vector<Scalar> cmix_s(this->numComponents(), 0.0);
for (int componentIdx = 0; componentIdx < this->numComponents(); ++componentIdx) {
cmix_s[componentIdx] = getValue(this->primary_variables_.surfaceVolumeFraction(componentIdx));
}
computePerfRate(mob,
pressure,
bhp,
rs,
rv,
rvw,
b_perfcells_dense,
Tw,
perf,
allow_cf,
skin_pressure,
cmix_s,
cq_s,
perf_dis_gas_rate,
perf_vap_oil_rate,
perf_vap_wat_rate,
deferred_logger);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
template<class Value>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
computePerfRate(const std::vector<Value>& mob,
const Value& pressure,
const Value& bhp,
const Value& rs,
const Value& rv,
const Value& rvw,
std::vector<Value>& b_perfcells_dense,
const double Tw,
const int perf,
const bool allow_cf,
const Value& skin_pressure,
const std::vector<Value>& cmix_s,
std::vector<Value>& cq_s,
double& perf_dis_gas_rate,
double& perf_vap_oil_rate,
double& perf_vap_wat_rate,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
// Pressure drawdown (also used to determine direction of flow)
const Value well_pressure = bhp + this->connections_.pressure_diff(perf);
Value drawdown = pressure - well_pressure;
if (this->isInjector()) {
drawdown += skin_pressure;
}
// producing perforations
if ( drawdown > 0 ) {
//Do nothing if crossflow is not allowed
if (!allow_cf && this->isInjector()) {
return;
}
// compute component volumetric rates at standard conditions
for (int componentIdx = 0; componentIdx < this->numComponents(); ++componentIdx) {
const Value cq_p = - Tw * (mob[componentIdx] * drawdown);
cq_s[componentIdx] = b_perfcells_dense[componentIdx] * cq_p;
}
if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx) && FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx)) {
const unsigned oilCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::oilCompIdx);
const unsigned gasCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::gasCompIdx);
const Value cq_sOil = cq_s[oilCompIdx];
const Value cq_sGas = cq_s[gasCompIdx];
const Value dis_gas = rs * cq_sOil;
const Value vap_oil = rv * cq_sGas;
cq_s[gasCompIdx] += dis_gas;
cq_s[oilCompIdx] += vap_oil;
// recording the perforation solution gas rate and solution oil rates
if (this->isProducer()) {
perf_dis_gas_rate = getValue(dis_gas);
perf_vap_oil_rate = getValue(vap_oil);
}
if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx)) {
const unsigned waterCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::waterCompIdx);
const Value vap_wat = rvw * cq_sGas;
cq_s[waterCompIdx] += vap_wat;
if (this->isProducer())
perf_vap_wat_rate = getValue(vap_wat);
}
}
} else {
//Do nothing if crossflow is not allowed
if (!allow_cf && this->isProducer()) {
return;
}
// Using total mobilities
Value total_mob_dense = mob[0];
for (int componentIdx = 1; componentIdx < this->numComponents(); ++componentIdx) {
total_mob_dense += mob[componentIdx];
}
// injection perforations total volume rates
const Value cqt_i = - Tw * (total_mob_dense * drawdown);
// compute volume ratio between connection at standard conditions
Value volumeRatio = bhp * 0.0; // initialize it with the correct type
;
if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx)) {
const unsigned waterCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::waterCompIdx);
volumeRatio += cmix_s[waterCompIdx] / b_perfcells_dense[waterCompIdx];
}
if constexpr (Indices::enableSolvent) {
volumeRatio += cmix_s[Indices::contiSolventEqIdx] / b_perfcells_dense[Indices::contiSolventEqIdx];
}
if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx) && FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx)) {
const unsigned oilCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::oilCompIdx);
const unsigned gasCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::gasCompIdx);
// Incorporate RS/RV factors if both oil and gas active
const Value d = 1.0 - rv * rs;
if (d <= 0.0) {
std::ostringstream sstr;
sstr << "Problematic d value " << d << " obtained for well " << this->name()
<< " during computePerfRate calculations with rs " << rs
<< ", rv " << rv << " and pressure " << pressure
<< " obtaining d " << d
<< " Continue as if no dissolution (rs = 0) and vaporization (rv = 0) "
<< " for this connection.";
deferred_logger.debug(sstr.str());
}
const Value tmp_oil = d > 0.0? (cmix_s[oilCompIdx] - rv * cmix_s[gasCompIdx]) / d : cmix_s[oilCompIdx];
volumeRatio += tmp_oil / b_perfcells_dense[oilCompIdx];
const Value tmp_gas = d > 0.0? (cmix_s[gasCompIdx] - rs * cmix_s[oilCompIdx]) / d : cmix_s[gasCompIdx];
volumeRatio += tmp_gas / b_perfcells_dense[gasCompIdx];
}
else {
if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx)) {
const unsigned oilCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::oilCompIdx);
volumeRatio += cmix_s[oilCompIdx] / b_perfcells_dense[oilCompIdx];
}
if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx)) {
const unsigned gasCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::gasCompIdx);
volumeRatio += cmix_s[gasCompIdx] / b_perfcells_dense[gasCompIdx];
}
}
// injecting connections total volumerates at standard conditions
Value cqt_is = cqt_i/volumeRatio;
for (int componentIdx = 0; componentIdx < this->numComponents(); ++componentIdx) {
cq_s[componentIdx] = cmix_s[componentIdx] * cqt_is;
}
// calculating the perforation solution gas rate and solution oil rates
if (this->isProducer()) {
if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx) && FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx)) {
const unsigned oilCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::oilCompIdx);
const unsigned gasCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::gasCompIdx);
// TODO: the formulations here remain to be tested with cases with strong crossflow through production wells
// s means standard condition, r means reservoir condition
// q_os = q_or * b_o + rv * q_gr * b_g
// q_gs = q_gr * b_g + rs * q_or * b_o
// d = 1.0 - rs * rv
// q_or = 1 / (b_o * d) * (q_os - rv * q_gs)
// q_gr = 1 / (b_g * d) * (q_gs - rs * q_os)
const double d = 1.0 - getValue(rv) * getValue(rs);
if (d <= 0.0) {
std::ostringstream sstr;
sstr << "Problematic d value " << d << " obtained for well " << this->name()
<< " during computePerfRate calculations with rs " << rs
<< ", rv " << rv << " and pressure " << pressure
<< " obtaining d " << d
<< " Continue as if no dissolution (rs = 0) and vaporization (rv = 0) "
<< " for this connection.";
deferred_logger.debug(sstr.str());
} else {
// vaporized oil into gas
// rv * q_gr * b_g = rv * (q_gs - rs * q_os) / d
perf_vap_oil_rate = getValue(rv) * (getValue(cq_s[gasCompIdx]) - getValue(rs) * getValue(cq_s[oilCompIdx])) / d;
// dissolved of gas in oil
// rs * q_or * b_o = rs * (q_os - rv * q_gs) / d
perf_dis_gas_rate = getValue(rs) * (getValue(cq_s[oilCompIdx]) - getValue(rv) * getValue(cq_s[gasCompIdx])) / d;
}
if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx)) {
// q_ws = q_wr * b_w + rvw * q_gr * b_g
// q_wr = 1 / b_w * (q_ws - rvw * q_gr * b_g) = 1 / b_w * (q_ws - rvw * 1 / d (q_gs - rs * q_os))
// vaporized water in gas
// rvw * q_gr * b_g = q_ws -q_wr *b_w = rvw * (q_gs -rs *q_os) / d
perf_vap_wat_rate = getValue(rvw) * (getValue(cq_s[gasCompIdx]) - getValue(rs) * getValue(cq_s[oilCompIdx])) / d;
}
}
else if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx) && FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx)) {
//no oil
const unsigned gasCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::gasCompIdx);
perf_vap_wat_rate = getValue(rvw) * getValue(cq_s[gasCompIdx]);
}
}
}
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
assembleWellEqWithoutIteration(const Simulator& ebosSimulator,
const double dt,
const Well::InjectionControls& /*inj_controls*/,
const Well::ProductionControls& /*prod_controls*/,
WellState& well_state,
const GroupState& group_state,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger)
{
// TODO: only_wells should be put back to save some computation
// for example, the matrices B C does not need to update if only_wells
if (!this->isOperableAndSolvable() && !this->wellIsStopped()) return;
// clear all entries
this->linSys_.clear();
assembleWellEqWithoutIterationImpl(ebosSimulator, dt, well_state, group_state, deferred_logger);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
assembleWellEqWithoutIterationImpl(const Simulator& ebosSimulator,
const double dt,
WellState& well_state,
const GroupState& group_state,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger)
{
// try to regularize equation if the well does not converge
const Scalar regularization_factor = this->regularize_? this->param_.regularization_factor_wells_ : 1.0;
const double volume = 0.1 * unit::cubic(unit::feet) * regularization_factor;
auto& ws = well_state.well(this->index_of_well_);
ws.vaporized_oil_rate = 0;
ws.dissolved_gas_rate = 0;
ws.vaporized_wat_rate = 0;
const int np = this->number_of_phases_;
std::vector<RateVector> connectionRates = this->connectionRates_; // Copy to get right size.
auto& perf_data = ws.perf_data;
auto& perf_rates = perf_data.phase_rates;
for (int perf = 0; perf < this->number_of_perforations_; ++perf) {
// Calculate perforation quantities.
std::vector<EvalWell> cq_s(this->num_components_, {this->primary_variables_.numWellEq() + Indices::numEq, 0.0});
EvalWell water_flux_s{this->primary_variables_.numWellEq() + Indices::numEq, 0.0};
EvalWell cq_s_zfrac_effective{this->primary_variables_.numWellEq() + Indices::numEq, 0.0};
calculateSinglePerf(ebosSimulator, perf, well_state, connectionRates, cq_s, water_flux_s, cq_s_zfrac_effective, deferred_logger);
// Equation assembly for this perforation.
if constexpr (has_polymer && Base::has_polymermw) {
if (this->isInjector()) {
handleInjectivityEquations(ebosSimulator, well_state, perf, water_flux_s, deferred_logger);
}
}
const int cell_idx = this->well_cells_[perf];
for (int componentIdx = 0; componentIdx < this->num_components_; ++componentIdx) {
// the cq_s entering mass balance equations need to consider the efficiency factors.
const EvalWell cq_s_effective = cq_s[componentIdx] * this->well_efficiency_factor_;
connectionRates[perf][componentIdx] = Base::restrictEval(cq_s_effective);
StandardWellAssemble<FluidSystem,Indices,Scalar>(*this).
assemblePerforationEq(cq_s_effective,
componentIdx,
cell_idx,
this->primary_variables_.numWellEq(),
this->linSys_);
// Store the perforation phase flux for later usage.
if (has_solvent && componentIdx == Indices::contiSolventEqIdx) {
auto& perf_rate_solvent = perf_data.solvent_rates;
perf_rate_solvent[perf] = cq_s[componentIdx].value();
} else {
perf_rates[perf*np + this->ebosCompIdxToFlowCompIdx(componentIdx)] = cq_s[componentIdx].value();
}
}
if constexpr (has_zFraction) {
StandardWellAssemble<FluidSystem,Indices,Scalar>(*this).
assembleZFracEq(cq_s_zfrac_effective,
cell_idx,
this->primary_variables_.numWellEq(),
this->linSys_);
}
}
// Update the connection
this->connectionRates_ = connectionRates;
// Accumulate dissolved gas and vaporized oil flow rates across all
// ranks sharing this well (this->index_of_well_).
{
const auto& comm = this->parallel_well_info_.communication();
ws.dissolved_gas_rate = comm.sum(ws.dissolved_gas_rate);
ws.vaporized_oil_rate = comm.sum(ws.vaporized_oil_rate);
ws.vaporized_wat_rate = comm.sum(ws.vaporized_wat_rate);
}
// accumulate resWell_ and duneD_ in parallel to get effects of all perforations (might be distributed)
this->linSys_.sumDistributed(this->parallel_well_info_.communication());
// add vol * dF/dt + Q to the well equations;
for (int componentIdx = 0; componentIdx < numWellConservationEq; ++componentIdx) {
// TODO: following the development in MSW, we need to convert the volume of the wellbore to be surface volume
// since all the rates are under surface condition
EvalWell resWell_loc(this->primary_variables_.numWellEq() + Indices::numEq, 0.0);
if (FluidSystem::numActivePhases() > 1) {
assert(dt > 0);
resWell_loc += (this->primary_variables_.surfaceVolumeFraction(componentIdx) -
this->F0_[componentIdx]) * volume / dt;
}
resWell_loc -= this->primary_variables_.getQs(componentIdx) * this->well_efficiency_factor_;
StandardWellAssemble<FluidSystem,Indices,Scalar>(*this).
assembleSourceEq(resWell_loc,
componentIdx,
this->primary_variables_.numWellEq(),
this->linSys_);
}
const auto& summaryState = ebosSimulator.vanguard().summaryState();
const Schedule& schedule = ebosSimulator.vanguard().schedule();
StandardWellAssemble<FluidSystem,Indices,Scalar>(*this).
assembleControlEq(well_state, group_state,
schedule, summaryState,
this->primary_variables_,
this->connections_.rho(),
this->linSys_,
deferred_logger);
// do the local inversion of D.
try {
this->linSys_.invert();
} catch( ... ) {
OPM_DEFLOG_THROW(NumericalProblem, "Error when inverting local well equations for well " + name(), deferred_logger);
}
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
calculateSinglePerf(const Simulator& ebosSimulator,
const int perf,
WellState& well_state,
std::vector<RateVector>& connectionRates,
std::vector<EvalWell>& cq_s,
EvalWell& water_flux_s,
EvalWell& cq_s_zfrac_effective,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
const bool allow_cf = this->getAllowCrossFlow() || openCrossFlowAvoidSingularity(ebosSimulator);
const EvalWell& bhp = this->primary_variables_.eval(Bhp);
const int cell_idx = this->well_cells_[perf];
const auto& intQuants = *(ebosSimulator.model().cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, /*timeIdx=*/ 0));
std::vector<EvalWell> mob(this->num_components_, {this->primary_variables_.numWellEq() + Indices::numEq, 0.});
getMobilityEval(ebosSimulator, perf, mob, deferred_logger);
double perf_dis_gas_rate = 0.;
double perf_vap_oil_rate = 0.;
double perf_vap_wat_rate = 0.;
double trans_mult = ebosSimulator.problem().template rockCompTransMultiplier<double>(intQuants, cell_idx);
const double Tw = this->well_index_[perf] * trans_mult;
computePerfRateEval(intQuants, mob, bhp, Tw, perf, allow_cf,
cq_s, perf_dis_gas_rate, perf_vap_oil_rate, perf_vap_wat_rate, deferred_logger);
auto& ws = well_state.well(this->index_of_well_);
auto& perf_data = ws.perf_data;
if constexpr (has_polymer && Base::has_polymermw) {
if (this->isInjector()) {
// Store the original water flux computed from the reservoir quantities.
// It will be required to assemble the injectivity equations.
const unsigned water_comp_idx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::waterCompIdx);
water_flux_s = cq_s[water_comp_idx];
// Modify the water flux for the rest of this function to depend directly on the
// local water velocity primary variable.
handleInjectivityRate(ebosSimulator, perf, cq_s);
}
}
// updating the solution gas rate and solution oil rate
if (this->isProducer()) {
ws.dissolved_gas_rate += perf_dis_gas_rate;
ws.vaporized_oil_rate += perf_vap_oil_rate;
ws.vaporized_wat_rate += perf_vap_wat_rate;
}
if constexpr (has_energy) {
connectionRates[perf][Indices::contiEnergyEqIdx] = 0.0;
}
if constexpr (has_energy) {
auto fs = intQuants.fluidState();
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < FluidSystem::numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
if (!FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(phaseIdx)) {
continue;
}
// convert to reservoir conditions
EvalWell cq_r_thermal(this->primary_variables_.numWellEq() + Indices::numEq, 0.);
const unsigned activeCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::solventComponentIndex(phaseIdx));
const bool both_oil_gas = FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx) && FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx);
if ( !both_oil_gas || FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx == phaseIdx ) {
cq_r_thermal = cq_s[activeCompIdx] / this->extendEval(fs.invB(phaseIdx));
} else {
// remove dissolved gas and vapporized oil
const unsigned oilCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::oilCompIdx);
const unsigned gasCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::gasCompIdx);
// q_os = q_or * b_o + rv * q_gr * b_g
// q_gs = q_gr * g_g + rs * q_or * b_o
// q_gr = 1 / (b_g * d) * (q_gs - rs * q_os)
// d = 1.0 - rs * rv
const EvalWell d = this->extendEval(1.0 - fs.Rv() * fs.Rs());
if (d <= 0.0) {
std::ostringstream sstr;
sstr << "Problematic d value " << d << " obtained for well " << this->name()
<< " during calculateSinglePerf with rs " << fs.Rs()
<< ", rv " << fs.Rv()
<< " obtaining d " << d
<< " Continue as if no dissolution (rs = 0) and vaporization (rv = 0) "
<< " for this connection.";
deferred_logger.debug(sstr.str());
cq_r_thermal = cq_s[activeCompIdx] / this->extendEval(fs.invB(phaseIdx));
} else {
if(FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx == phaseIdx) {
cq_r_thermal = (cq_s[gasCompIdx] - this->extendEval(fs.Rs()) * cq_s[oilCompIdx]) / (d * this->extendEval(fs.invB(phaseIdx)) );
} else if(FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx == phaseIdx) {
// q_or = 1 / (b_o * d) * (q_os - rv * q_gs)
cq_r_thermal = (cq_s[oilCompIdx] - this->extendEval(fs.Rv()) * cq_s[gasCompIdx]) / (d * this->extendEval(fs.invB(phaseIdx)) );
}
}
}
// change temperature for injecting fluids
if (this->isInjector() && cq_s[activeCompIdx] > 0.0){
// only handles single phase injection now
assert(this->well_ecl_.injectorType() != InjectorType::MULTI);
fs.setTemperature(this->well_ecl_.temperature());
typedef typename std::decay<decltype(fs)>::type::Scalar FsScalar;
typename FluidSystem::template ParameterCache<FsScalar> paramCache;
const unsigned pvtRegionIdx = intQuants.pvtRegionIndex();
paramCache.setRegionIndex(pvtRegionIdx);
paramCache.setMaxOilSat(ebosSimulator.problem().maxOilSaturation(cell_idx));
paramCache.updatePhase(fs, phaseIdx);
const auto& rho = FluidSystem::density(fs, paramCache, phaseIdx);
fs.setDensity(phaseIdx, rho);
const auto& h = FluidSystem::enthalpy(fs, paramCache, phaseIdx);
fs.setEnthalpy(phaseIdx, h);
cq_r_thermal *= this->extendEval(fs.enthalpy(phaseIdx)) * this->extendEval(fs.density(phaseIdx));
connectionRates[perf][Indices::contiEnergyEqIdx] += getValue(cq_r_thermal);
} else {
// compute the thermal flux
cq_r_thermal *= this->extendEval(fs.enthalpy(phaseIdx)) * this->extendEval(fs.density(phaseIdx));
connectionRates[perf][Indices::contiEnergyEqIdx] += Base::restrictEval(cq_r_thermal);
}
}
}
if constexpr (has_polymer) {
// TODO: the application of well efficiency factor has not been tested with an example yet
const unsigned waterCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::waterCompIdx);
EvalWell cq_s_poly = cq_s[waterCompIdx];
if (this->isInjector()) {
cq_s_poly *= this->wpolymer();
} else {
cq_s_poly *= this->extendEval(intQuants.polymerConcentration() * intQuants.polymerViscosityCorrection());
}
// Note. Efficiency factor is handled in the output layer
auto& perf_rate_polymer = perf_data.polymer_rates;
perf_rate_polymer[perf] = cq_s_poly.value();
cq_s_poly *= this->well_efficiency_factor_;
connectionRates[perf][Indices::contiPolymerEqIdx] = Base::restrictEval(cq_s_poly);
if constexpr (Base::has_polymermw) {
updateConnectionRatePolyMW(cq_s_poly, intQuants, well_state, perf, connectionRates, deferred_logger);
}
}
if constexpr (has_foam) {
// TODO: the application of well efficiency factor has not been tested with an example yet
const unsigned gasCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::gasCompIdx);
EvalWell cq_s_foam = cq_s[gasCompIdx] * this->well_efficiency_factor_;
if (this->isInjector()) {
cq_s_foam *= this->wfoam();
} else {
cq_s_foam *= this->extendEval(intQuants.foamConcentration());
}
connectionRates[perf][Indices::contiFoamEqIdx] = Base::restrictEval(cq_s_foam);
}
if constexpr (has_zFraction) {
// TODO: the application of well efficiency factor has not been tested with an example yet
const unsigned gasCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::gasCompIdx);
cq_s_zfrac_effective = cq_s[gasCompIdx];
if (this->isInjector()) {
cq_s_zfrac_effective *= this->wsolvent();
} else if (cq_s_zfrac_effective.value() != 0.0) {
const double dis_gas_frac = perf_dis_gas_rate / cq_s_zfrac_effective.value();
cq_s_zfrac_effective *= this->extendEval(dis_gas_frac*intQuants.xVolume() + (1.0-dis_gas_frac)*intQuants.yVolume());
}
auto& perf_rate_solvent = perf_data.solvent_rates;
perf_rate_solvent[perf] = cq_s_zfrac_effective.value();
cq_s_zfrac_effective *= this->well_efficiency_factor_;
connectionRates[perf][Indices::contiZfracEqIdx] = Base::restrictEval(cq_s_zfrac_effective);
}
if constexpr (has_brine) {
// TODO: the application of well efficiency factor has not been tested with an example yet
const unsigned waterCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::waterCompIdx);
// Correction salt rate; evaporated water does not contain salt
EvalWell cq_s_sm = cq_s[waterCompIdx] - perf_vap_wat_rate;
if (this->isInjector()) {
cq_s_sm *= this->wsalt();
} else {
cq_s_sm *= this->extendEval(intQuants.fluidState().saltConcentration());
}
// Note. Efficiency factor is handled in the output layer
auto& perf_rate_brine = perf_data.brine_rates;
perf_rate_brine[perf] = cq_s_sm.value();
cq_s_sm *= this->well_efficiency_factor_;
connectionRates[perf][Indices::contiBrineEqIdx] = Base::restrictEval(cq_s_sm);
}
if constexpr (has_micp) {
const unsigned waterCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::waterCompIdx);
EvalWell cq_s_microbe = cq_s[waterCompIdx];
if (this->isInjector()) {
cq_s_microbe *= this->wmicrobes();
} else {
cq_s_microbe *= this->extendEval(intQuants.microbialConcentration());
}
connectionRates[perf][Indices::contiMicrobialEqIdx] = Base::restrictEval(cq_s_microbe);
EvalWell cq_s_oxygen = cq_s[waterCompIdx];
if (this->isInjector()) {
cq_s_oxygen *= this->woxygen();
} else {
cq_s_oxygen *= this->extendEval(intQuants.oxygenConcentration());
}
connectionRates[perf][Indices::contiOxygenEqIdx] = Base::restrictEval(cq_s_oxygen);
EvalWell cq_s_urea = cq_s[waterCompIdx];
if (this->isInjector()) {
cq_s_urea *= this->wurea();
} else {
cq_s_urea *= this->extendEval(intQuants.ureaConcentration());
}
connectionRates[perf][Indices::contiUreaEqIdx] = Base::restrictEval(cq_s_urea);
}
// Store the perforation pressure for later usage.
perf_data.pressure[perf] = ws.bhp + this->connections_.pressure_diff(perf);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
getMobilityEval(const Simulator& ebosSimulator,
const int perf,
std::vector<EvalWell>& mob,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
const int cell_idx = this->well_cells_[perf];
assert (int(mob.size()) == this->num_components_);
const auto& intQuants = *(ebosSimulator.model().cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, /*timeIdx=*/0));
const auto& materialLawManager = ebosSimulator.problem().materialLawManager();
// either use mobility of the perforation cell or calcualte its own
// based on passing the saturation table index
const int satid = this->saturation_table_number_[perf] - 1;
const int satid_elem = materialLawManager->satnumRegionIdx(cell_idx);
if( satid == satid_elem ) { // the same saturation number is used. i.e. just use the mobilty from the cell
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < FluidSystem::numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
if (!FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(phaseIdx)) {
continue;
}
const unsigned activeCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::solventComponentIndex(phaseIdx));
mob[activeCompIdx] = this->extendEval(intQuants.mobility(phaseIdx));
}
if (has_solvent) {
mob[Indices::contiSolventEqIdx] = this->extendEval(intQuants.solventMobility());
}
} else {
const auto& paramsCell = materialLawManager->connectionMaterialLawParams(satid, cell_idx);
std::array<Eval,3> relativePerms = { 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 };
MaterialLaw::relativePermeabilities(relativePerms, paramsCell, intQuants.fluidState());
// reset the satnumvalue back to original
materialLawManager->connectionMaterialLawParams(satid_elem, cell_idx);
// compute the mobility
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < FluidSystem::numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
if (!FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(phaseIdx)) {
continue;
}
const unsigned activeCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::solventComponentIndex(phaseIdx));
mob[activeCompIdx] = this->extendEval(relativePerms[phaseIdx] / intQuants.fluidState().viscosity(phaseIdx));
}
// this may not work if viscosity and relperms has been modified?
if constexpr (has_solvent) {
OPM_DEFLOG_THROW(std::runtime_error, "individual mobility for wells does not work in combination with solvent", deferred_logger);
}
}
// modify the water mobility if polymer is present
if constexpr (has_polymer) {
if (!FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx)) {
OPM_DEFLOG_THROW(std::runtime_error, "Water is required when polymer is active", deferred_logger);
}
// for the cases related to polymer molecular weight, we assume fully mixing
// as a result, the polymer and water share the same viscosity
if constexpr (!Base::has_polymermw) {
updateWaterMobilityWithPolymer(ebosSimulator, perf, mob, deferred_logger);
}
}
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
getMobilityScalar(const Simulator& ebosSimulator,
const int perf,
std::vector<Scalar>& mob,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
const int cell_idx = this->well_cells_[perf];
assert (int(mob.size()) == this->num_components_);
const auto& intQuants = *(ebosSimulator.model().cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, /*timeIdx=*/0));
const auto& materialLawManager = ebosSimulator.problem().materialLawManager();
// either use mobility of the perforation cell or calcualte its own
// based on passing the saturation table index
const int satid = this->saturation_table_number_[perf] - 1;
const int satid_elem = materialLawManager->satnumRegionIdx(cell_idx);
if( satid == satid_elem ) { // the same saturation number is used. i.e. just use the mobilty from the cell
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < FluidSystem::numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
if (!FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(phaseIdx)) {
continue;
}
const unsigned activeCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::solventComponentIndex(phaseIdx));
mob[activeCompIdx] = getValue(intQuants.mobility(phaseIdx));
}
if (has_solvent) {
mob[Indices::contiSolventEqIdx] = getValue(intQuants.solventMobility());
}
} else {
const auto& paramsCell = materialLawManager->connectionMaterialLawParams(satid, cell_idx);
std::array<Eval,3> relativePerms = { 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 };
MaterialLaw::relativePermeabilities(relativePerms, paramsCell, intQuants.fluidState());
// reset the satnumvalue back to original
materialLawManager->connectionMaterialLawParams(satid_elem, cell_idx);
// compute the mobility
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < FluidSystem::numPhases; ++phaseIdx) {
if (!FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(phaseIdx)) {
continue;
}
const unsigned activeCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::solventComponentIndex(phaseIdx));
mob[activeCompIdx] = getValue(relativePerms[phaseIdx]) / getValue(intQuants.fluidState().viscosity(phaseIdx));
}
// this may not work if viscosity and relperms has been modified?
if constexpr (has_solvent) {
OPM_DEFLOG_THROW(std::runtime_error, "individual mobility for wells does not work in combination with solvent", deferred_logger);
}
}
// modify the water mobility if polymer is present
if constexpr (has_polymer) {
if (!FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx)) {
OPM_DEFLOG_THROW(std::runtime_error, "Water is required when polymer is active", deferred_logger);
}
// for the cases related to polymer molecular weight, we assume fully mixing
// as a result, the polymer and water share the same viscosity
if constexpr (!Base::has_polymermw) {
std::vector<EvalWell> mob_eval(this->num_components_, {this->primary_variables_.numWellEq() + Indices::numEq, 0.});
updateWaterMobilityWithPolymer(ebosSimulator, perf, mob_eval, deferred_logger);
for (size_t i = 0; i < mob.size(); ++i) {
mob[i] = getValue(mob_eval[i]);
}
}
}
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
updateWellState(const BVectorWell& dwells,
WellState& well_state,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger)
{
if (!this->isOperableAndSolvable() && !this->wellIsStopped()) return;
updatePrimaryVariablesNewton(dwells, well_state, deferred_logger);
updateWellStateFromPrimaryVariables(well_state, deferred_logger);
Base::calculateReservoirRates(well_state.well(this->index_of_well_));
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
updatePrimaryVariablesNewton(const BVectorWell& dwells,
const WellState& /* well_state */,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger)
{
const double dFLimit = this->param_.dwell_fraction_max_;
const double dBHPLimit = this->param_.dbhp_max_rel_;
this->primary_variables_.updateNewton(dwells, dFLimit, dBHPLimit);
// for the water velocity and skin pressure
if constexpr (Base::has_polymermw) {
this->primary_variables_.updateNewtonPolyMW(dwells);
}
this->primary_variables_.checkFinite(deferred_logger);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
updateWellStateFromPrimaryVariables(WellState& well_state, DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
this->StdWellEval::updateWellStateFromPrimaryVariables(well_state, deferred_logger);
// other primary variables related to polymer injectivity study
if constexpr (Base::has_polymermw) {
this->primary_variables_.copyToWellStatePolyMW(well_state);
}
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
updateIPR(const Simulator& ebos_simulator, DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
// TODO: not handling solvent related here for now
// initialize all the values to be zero to begin with
std::fill(this->ipr_a_.begin(), this->ipr_a_.end(), 0.);
std::fill(this->ipr_b_.begin(), this->ipr_b_.end(), 0.);
for (int perf = 0; perf < this->number_of_perforations_; ++perf) {
std::vector<Scalar> mob(this->num_components_, 0.0);
getMobilityScalar(ebos_simulator, perf, mob, deferred_logger);
const int cell_idx = this->well_cells_[perf];
const auto& int_quantities = *(ebos_simulator.model().cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, /*timeIdx=*/ 0));
const auto& fs = int_quantities.fluidState();
// the pressure of the reservoir grid block the well connection is in
double p_r = this->getPerfCellPressure(fs).value();
// calculating the b for the connection
std::vector<double> b_perf(this->num_components_);
for (size_t phase = 0; phase < FluidSystem::numPhases; ++phase) {
if (!FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(phase)) {
continue;
}
const unsigned comp_idx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::solventComponentIndex(phase));
b_perf[comp_idx] = fs.invB(phase).value();
}
if constexpr (has_solvent) {
b_perf[Indices::contiSolventEqIdx] = int_quantities.solventInverseFormationVolumeFactor().value();
}
// the pressure difference between the connection and BHP
const double h_perf = this->connections_.pressure_diff(perf);
const double pressure_diff = p_r - h_perf;
// Let us add a check, since the pressure is calculated based on zero value BHP
// it should not be negative anyway. If it is negative, we might need to re-formulate
// to taking into consideration the crossflow here.
if ( (this->isProducer() && pressure_diff < 0.) || (this->isInjector() && pressure_diff > 0.) ) {
deferred_logger.debug("CROSSFLOW_IPR",
"cross flow found when updateIPR for well " + name()
+ " . The connection is ignored in IPR calculations");
// we ignore these connections for now
continue;
}
// the well index associated with the connection
const double tw_perf = this->well_index_[perf]*ebos_simulator.problem().template rockCompTransMultiplier<double>(int_quantities, cell_idx);
std::vector<double> ipr_a_perf(this->ipr_a_.size());
std::vector<double> ipr_b_perf(this->ipr_b_.size());
for (int comp_idx = 0; comp_idx < this->num_components_; ++comp_idx) {
const double tw_mob = tw_perf * mob[comp_idx] * b_perf[comp_idx];
ipr_a_perf[comp_idx] += tw_mob * pressure_diff;
ipr_b_perf[comp_idx] += tw_mob;
}
// we need to handle the rs and rv when both oil and gas are present
if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx) && FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx)) {
const unsigned oil_comp_idx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::oilCompIdx);
const unsigned gas_comp_idx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::gasCompIdx);
const double rs = (fs.Rs()).value();
const double rv = (fs.Rv()).value();
const double dis_gas_a = rs * ipr_a_perf[oil_comp_idx];
const double vap_oil_a = rv * ipr_a_perf[gas_comp_idx];
ipr_a_perf[gas_comp_idx] += dis_gas_a;
ipr_a_perf[oil_comp_idx] += vap_oil_a;
const double dis_gas_b = rs * ipr_b_perf[oil_comp_idx];
const double vap_oil_b = rv * ipr_b_perf[gas_comp_idx];
ipr_b_perf[gas_comp_idx] += dis_gas_b;
ipr_b_perf[oil_comp_idx] += vap_oil_b;
}
for (size_t comp_idx = 0; comp_idx < ipr_a_perf.size(); ++comp_idx) {
this->ipr_a_[comp_idx] += ipr_a_perf[comp_idx];
this->ipr_b_[comp_idx] += ipr_b_perf[comp_idx];
}
}
this->parallel_well_info_.communication().sum(this->ipr_a_.data(), this->ipr_a_.size());
this->parallel_well_info_.communication().sum(this->ipr_b_.data(), this->ipr_b_.size());
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
checkOperabilityUnderBHPLimit(const WellState& well_state, const Simulator& ebos_simulator, DeferredLogger& deferred_logger)
{
const auto& summaryState = ebos_simulator.vanguard().summaryState();
const double bhp_limit = WellBhpThpCalculator(*this).mostStrictBhpFromBhpLimits(summaryState);
// Crude but works: default is one atmosphere.
// TODO: a better way to detect whether the BHP is defaulted or not
const bool bhp_limit_not_defaulted = bhp_limit > 1.5 * unit::barsa;
if ( bhp_limit_not_defaulted || !this->wellHasTHPConstraints(summaryState) ) {
// if the BHP limit is not defaulted or the well does not have a THP limit
// we need to check the BHP limit
double total_ipr_mass_rate = 0.0;
for (unsigned phaseIdx = 0; phaseIdx < FluidSystem::numPhases; ++phaseIdx)
{
if (!FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(phaseIdx)) {
continue;
}
const unsigned compIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::solventComponentIndex(phaseIdx));
const double ipr_rate = this->ipr_a_[compIdx] - this->ipr_b_[compIdx] * bhp_limit;
const double rho = FluidSystem::referenceDensity( phaseIdx, Base::pvtRegionIdx() );
total_ipr_mass_rate += ipr_rate * rho;
}
if ( (this->isProducer() && total_ipr_mass_rate < 0.) || (this->isInjector() && total_ipr_mass_rate > 0.) ) {
this->operability_status_.operable_under_only_bhp_limit = false;
}
// checking whether running under BHP limit will violate THP limit
if (this->operability_status_.operable_under_only_bhp_limit && this->wellHasTHPConstraints(summaryState)) {
// option 1: calculate well rates based on the BHP limit.
// option 2: stick with the above IPR curve
// we use IPR here
std::vector<double> well_rates_bhp_limit;
computeWellRatesWithBhp(ebos_simulator, bhp_limit, well_rates_bhp_limit, deferred_logger);
this->adaptRatesForVFP(well_rates_bhp_limit);
const double thp = WellBhpThpCalculator(*this).calculateThpFromBhp(well_rates_bhp_limit,
bhp_limit,
this->connections_.rho(),
this->getALQ(well_state),
deferred_logger);
const double thp_limit = this->getTHPConstraint(summaryState);
if ( (this->isProducer() && thp < thp_limit) || (this->isInjector() && thp > thp_limit) ) {
this->operability_status_.obey_thp_limit_under_bhp_limit = false;
}
}
} else {
// defaulted BHP and there is a THP constraint
// default BHP limit is about 1 atm.
// when applied the hydrostatic pressure correction dp,
// most likely we get a negative value (bhp + dp)to search in the VFP table,
// which is not desirable.
// we assume we can operate under defaulted BHP limit and will violate the THP limit
// when operating under defaulted BHP limit.
this->operability_status_.operable_under_only_bhp_limit = true;
this->operability_status_.obey_thp_limit_under_bhp_limit = false;
}
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
checkOperabilityUnderTHPLimit(const Simulator& ebos_simulator, const WellState& well_state, DeferredLogger& deferred_logger)
{
const auto& summaryState = ebos_simulator.vanguard().summaryState();
const auto obtain_bhp = this->isProducer() ? computeBhpAtThpLimitProd(well_state, ebos_simulator, summaryState, deferred_logger)
: computeBhpAtThpLimitInj(ebos_simulator, summaryState, deferred_logger);
if (obtain_bhp) {
this->operability_status_.can_obtain_bhp_with_thp_limit = true;
const double bhp_limit = WellBhpThpCalculator(*this).mostStrictBhpFromBhpLimits(summaryState);
this->operability_status_.obey_bhp_limit_with_thp_limit = (*obtain_bhp >= bhp_limit);
const double thp_limit = this->getTHPConstraint(summaryState);
if (this->isProducer() && *obtain_bhp < thp_limit) {
const std::string msg = " obtained bhp " + std::to_string(unit::convert::to(*obtain_bhp, unit::barsa))
+ " bars is SMALLER than thp limit "
+ std::to_string(unit::convert::to(thp_limit, unit::barsa))
+ " bars as a producer for well " + name();
deferred_logger.debug(msg);
}
else if (this->isInjector() && *obtain_bhp > thp_limit) {
const std::string msg = " obtained bhp " + std::to_string(unit::convert::to(*obtain_bhp, unit::barsa))
+ " bars is LARGER than thp limit "
+ std::to_string(unit::convert::to(thp_limit, unit::barsa))
+ " bars as a injector for well " + name();
deferred_logger.debug(msg);
}
} else {
this->operability_status_.can_obtain_bhp_with_thp_limit = false;
this->operability_status_.obey_bhp_limit_with_thp_limit = false;
if (!this->wellIsStopped()) {
const double thp_limit = this->getTHPConstraint(summaryState);
deferred_logger.debug(" could not find bhp value at thp limit "
+ std::to_string(unit::convert::to(thp_limit, unit::barsa))
+ " bar for well " + name() + ", the well might need to be closed ");
}
}
}
template<typename TypeTag>
bool
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
allDrawDownWrongDirection(const Simulator& ebos_simulator) const
{
bool all_drawdown_wrong_direction = true;
for (int perf = 0; perf < this->number_of_perforations_; ++perf) {
const int cell_idx = this->well_cells_[perf];
const auto& intQuants = *(ebos_simulator.model().cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, /*timeIdx=*/0));
const auto& fs = intQuants.fluidState();
const double pressure = this->getPerfCellPressure(fs).value();
const double bhp = this->primary_variables_.eval(Bhp).value();
// Pressure drawdown (also used to determine direction of flow)
const double well_pressure = bhp + this->connections_.pressure_diff(perf);
const double drawdown = pressure - well_pressure;
// for now, if there is one perforation can produce/inject in the correct
// direction, we consider this well can still produce/inject.
// TODO: it can be more complicated than this to cause wrong-signed rates
if ( (drawdown < 0. && this->isInjector()) ||
(drawdown > 0. && this->isProducer()) ) {
all_drawdown_wrong_direction = false;
break;
}
}
const auto& comm = this->parallel_well_info_.communication();
if (comm.size() > 1)
{
all_drawdown_wrong_direction =
(comm.min(all_drawdown_wrong_direction ? 1 : 0) == 1);
}
return all_drawdown_wrong_direction;
}
template<typename TypeTag>
bool
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
canProduceInjectWithCurrentBhp(const Simulator& ebos_simulator,
const WellState& well_state,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger)
{
const double bhp = well_state.well(this->index_of_well_).bhp;
std::vector<double> well_rates;
computeWellRatesWithBhp(ebos_simulator, bhp, well_rates, deferred_logger);
const double sign = (this->isProducer()) ? -1. : 1.;
const double threshold = sign * std::numeric_limits<double>::min();
bool can_produce_inject = false;
for (const auto value : well_rates) {
if (this->isProducer() && value < threshold) {
can_produce_inject = true;
break;
} else if (this->isInjector() && value > threshold) {
can_produce_inject = true;
break;
}
}
if (!can_produce_inject) {
deferred_logger.debug(" well " + name() + " CANNOT produce or inejct ");
}
return can_produce_inject;
}
template<typename TypeTag>
bool
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
openCrossFlowAvoidSingularity(const Simulator& ebos_simulator) const
{
return !this->getAllowCrossFlow() && allDrawDownWrongDirection(ebos_simulator);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
computePropertiesForWellConnectionPressures(const Simulator& ebosSimulator,
const WellState& well_state,
std::vector<double>& b_perf,
std::vector<double>& rsmax_perf,
std::vector<double>& rvmax_perf,
std::vector<double>& rvwmax_perf,
std::vector<double>& surf_dens_perf) const
{
std::function<Scalar(int,int)> getTemperature =
[&ebosSimulator](int cell_idx, int phase_idx)
{
return ebosSimulator.model().cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, 0)->fluidState().temperature(phase_idx).value();
};
std::function<Scalar(int)> getSaltConcentration =
[&ebosSimulator](int cell_idx)
{
return ebosSimulator.model().cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, 0)->fluidState().saltConcentration().value();
};
std::function<int(int)> getPvtRegionIdx =
[&ebosSimulator](int cell_idx)
{
return ebosSimulator.model().cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, 0)->fluidState().pvtRegionIndex();
};
std::function<Scalar(int)> getInvFac =
[&ebosSimulator](int cell_idx)
{
return ebosSimulator.model().cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, 0)->solventInverseFormationVolumeFactor().value();
};
std::function<Scalar(int)> getSolventDensity =
[&ebosSimulator](int cell_idx)
{
return ebosSimulator.model().cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, 0)->solventRefDensity();
};
this->connections_.computePropertiesForPressures(well_state,
getTemperature,
getSaltConcentration,
getPvtRegionIdx,
getInvFac,
getSolventDensity,
b_perf,
rsmax_perf,
rvmax_perf,
rvwmax_perf,
surf_dens_perf);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
ConvergenceReport
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
getWellConvergence(const WellState& well_state,
const std::vector<double>& B_avg,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger,
const bool relax_tolerance) const
{
// the following implementation assume that the polymer is always after the w-o-g phases
// For the polymer, energy and foam cases, there is one more mass balance equations of reservoir than wells
assert((int(B_avg.size()) == this->num_components_) || has_polymer || has_energy || has_foam || has_brine || has_zFraction || has_micp);
std::vector<double> res;
ConvergenceReport report = this->StdWellEval::getWellConvergence(well_state,
B_avg,
this->param_.max_residual_allowed_,
this->param_.tolerance_wells_,
this->param_.relaxed_tolerance_flow_well_,
relax_tolerance,
res,
deferred_logger);
checkConvergenceExtraEqs(res, report);
return report;
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
updateProductivityIndex(const Simulator& ebosSimulator,
const WellProdIndexCalculator& wellPICalc,
WellState& well_state,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
auto fluidState = [&ebosSimulator, this](const int perf)
{
const auto cell_idx = this->well_cells_[perf];
return ebosSimulator.model()
.cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, /*timeIdx=*/ 0)->fluidState();
};
const int np = this->number_of_phases_;
auto setToZero = [np](double* x) -> void
{
std::fill_n(x, np, 0.0);
};
auto addVector = [np](const double* src, double* dest) -> void
{
std::transform(src, src + np, dest, dest, std::plus<>{});
};
auto& ws = well_state.well(this->index_of_well_);
auto& perf_data = ws.perf_data;
auto* wellPI = ws.productivity_index.data();
auto* connPI = perf_data.prod_index.data();
setToZero(wellPI);
const auto preferred_phase = this->well_ecl_.getPreferredPhase();
auto subsetPerfID = 0;
for (const auto& perf : *this->perf_data_) {
auto allPerfID = perf.ecl_index;
auto connPICalc = [&wellPICalc, allPerfID](const double mobility) -> double
{
return wellPICalc.connectionProdIndStandard(allPerfID, mobility);
};
std::vector<EvalWell> mob(this->num_components_, {this->primary_variables_.numWellEq() + Indices::numEq, 0.0});
getMobilityEval(ebosSimulator, static_cast<int>(subsetPerfID), mob, deferred_logger);
const auto& fs = fluidState(subsetPerfID);
setToZero(connPI);
if (this->isInjector()) {
this->computeConnLevelInjInd(fs, preferred_phase, connPICalc,
mob, connPI, deferred_logger);
}
else { // Production or zero flow rate
this->computeConnLevelProdInd(fs, connPICalc, mob, connPI);
}
addVector(connPI, wellPI);
++subsetPerfID;
connPI += np;
}
// Sum with communication in case of distributed well.
const auto& comm = this->parallel_well_info_.communication();
if (comm.size() > 1) {
comm.sum(wellPI, np);
}
assert ((static_cast<int>(subsetPerfID) == this->number_of_perforations_) &&
"Internal logic error in processing connections for PI/II");
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
computeWellConnectionDensitesPressures(const Simulator& ebosSimulator,
const WellState& well_state,
const std::vector<double>& b_perf,
const std::vector<double>& rsmax_perf,
const std::vector<double>& rvmax_perf,
const std::vector<double>& rvwmax_perf,
const std::vector<double>& surf_dens_perf,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger)
{
std::function<Scalar(int,int)> invB =
[&ebosSimulator](int cell_idx, int phase_idx)
{
return ebosSimulator.model().cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, 0)->fluidState().invB(phase_idx).value();
};
std::function<Scalar(int,int)> mobility =
[&ebosSimulator](int cell_idx, int phase_idx)
{
return ebosSimulator.model().cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, 0)->mobility(phase_idx).value();
};
std::function<Scalar(int)> invFac =
[&ebosSimulator](int cell_idx)
{
return ebosSimulator.model().cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, 0)->solventInverseFormationVolumeFactor().value();
};
std::function<Scalar(int)> solventMobility =
[&ebosSimulator](int cell_idx)
{
return ebosSimulator.model().cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, 0)->solventMobility().value();
};
this->connections_.computeProperties(well_state,
invB,
mobility,
invFac,
solventMobility,
b_perf,
rsmax_perf,
rvmax_perf,
rvwmax_perf,
surf_dens_perf,
deferred_logger);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
computeWellConnectionPressures(const Simulator& ebosSimulator,
const WellState& well_state,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger)
{
// 1. Compute properties required by computePressureDelta().
// Note that some of the complexity of this part is due to the function
// taking std::vector<double> arguments, and not Eigen objects.
std::vector<double> b_perf;
std::vector<double> rsmax_perf;
std::vector<double> rvmax_perf;
std::vector<double> rvwmax_perf;
std::vector<double> surf_dens_perf;
computePropertiesForWellConnectionPressures(ebosSimulator, well_state, b_perf, rsmax_perf, rvmax_perf, rvwmax_perf, surf_dens_perf);
computeWellConnectionDensitesPressures(ebosSimulator, well_state, b_perf, rsmax_perf, rvmax_perf, rvwmax_perf, surf_dens_perf, deferred_logger);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
solveEqAndUpdateWellState(WellState& well_state, DeferredLogger& deferred_logger)
{
if (!this->isOperableAndSolvable() && !this->wellIsStopped()) return;
// We assemble the well equations, then we check the convergence,
// which is why we do not put the assembleWellEq here.
BVectorWell dx_well(1);
dx_well[0].resize(this->primary_variables_.numWellEq());
this->linSys_.solve( dx_well);
updateWellState(dx_well, well_state, deferred_logger);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
calculateExplicitQuantities(const Simulator& ebosSimulator,
const WellState& well_state,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger)
{
updatePrimaryVariables(well_state, deferred_logger);
initPrimaryVariablesEvaluation();
computeWellConnectionPressures(ebosSimulator, well_state, deferred_logger);
this->computeAccumWell();
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
apply(const BVector& x, BVector& Ax) const
{
if (!this->isOperableAndSolvable() && !this->wellIsStopped()) return;
if (this->param_.matrix_add_well_contributions_)
{
// Contributions are already in the matrix itself
return;
}
this->linSys_.apply(x, Ax);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
apply(BVector& r) const
{
if (!this->isOperableAndSolvable() && !this->wellIsStopped()) return;
this->linSys_.apply(r);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
recoverWellSolutionAndUpdateWellState(const BVector& x,
WellState& well_state,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger)
{
if (!this->isOperableAndSolvable() && !this->wellIsStopped()) return;
BVectorWell xw(1);
xw[0].resize(this->primary_variables_.numWellEq());
this->linSys_.recoverSolutionWell(x, xw);
updateWellState(xw, well_state, deferred_logger);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
computeWellRatesWithBhp(const Simulator& ebosSimulator,
const double& bhp,
std::vector<double>& well_flux,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
const int np = this->number_of_phases_;
well_flux.resize(np, 0.0);
const bool allow_cf = this->getAllowCrossFlow();
for (int perf = 0; perf < this->number_of_perforations_; ++perf) {
const int cell_idx = this->well_cells_[perf];
const auto& intQuants = *(ebosSimulator.model().cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, /*timeIdx=*/ 0));
// flux for each perforation
std::vector<Scalar> mob(this->num_components_, 0.);
getMobilityScalar(ebosSimulator, perf, mob, deferred_logger);
double trans_mult = ebosSimulator.problem().template rockCompTransMultiplier<double>(intQuants, cell_idx);
const double Tw = this->well_index_[perf] * trans_mult;
std::vector<Scalar> cq_s(this->num_components_, 0.);
computePerfRateScalar(intQuants, mob, bhp, Tw, perf, allow_cf,
cq_s, deferred_logger);
for(int p = 0; p < np; ++p) {
well_flux[this->ebosCompIdxToFlowCompIdx(p)] += cq_s[p];
}
}
this->parallel_well_info_.communication().sum(well_flux.data(), well_flux.size());
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
computeWellRatesWithBhpIterations(const Simulator& ebosSimulator,
const double& bhp,
std::vector<double>& well_flux,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
// iterate to get a more accurate well density
// create a copy of the well_state to use. If the operability checking is sucessful, we use this one
// to replace the original one
WellState well_state_copy = ebosSimulator.problem().wellModel().wellState();
const auto& group_state = ebosSimulator.problem().wellModel().groupState();
auto& ws = well_state_copy.well(this->index_of_well_);
// Set current control to bhp, and bhp value in state, modify bhp limit in control object.
if (this->well_ecl_.isInjector()) {
ws.injection_cmode = Well::InjectorCMode::BHP;
} else {
ws.production_cmode = Well::ProducerCMode::BHP;
}
ws.bhp = bhp;
// initialized the well rates with the potentials i.e. the well rates based on bhp
const int np = this->number_of_phases_;
const double sign = this->well_ecl_.isInjector() ? 1.0 : -1.0;
for (int phase = 0; phase < np; ++phase){
well_state_copy.wellRates(this->index_of_well_)[phase]
= sign * ws.well_potentials[phase];
}
// creating a copy of the well itself, to avoid messing up the explicit informations
// during this copy, the only information not copied properly is the well controls
StandardWell<TypeTag> well(*this);
well.calculateExplicitQuantities(ebosSimulator, well_state_copy, deferred_logger);
const double dt = ebosSimulator.timeStepSize();
bool converged = well.iterateWellEquations(ebosSimulator, dt, well_state_copy, group_state, deferred_logger);
if (!converged) {
const std::string msg = " well " + name() + " did not get converged during well potential calculations "
" potentials are computed based on unconverged solution";
deferred_logger.debug(msg);
}
well.updatePrimaryVariables(well_state_copy, deferred_logger);
well.computeWellConnectionPressures(ebosSimulator, well_state_copy, deferred_logger);
well.initPrimaryVariablesEvaluation();
well.computeWellRatesWithBhp(ebosSimulator, bhp, well_flux, deferred_logger);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
std::vector<double>
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
computeWellPotentialWithTHP(const Simulator& ebos_simulator,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger,
const WellState &well_state) const
{
std::vector<double> potentials(this->number_of_phases_, 0.0);
const auto& summary_state = ebos_simulator.vanguard().summaryState();
const auto& well = this->well_ecl_;
if (well.isInjector()){
const auto& controls = this->well_ecl_.injectionControls(summary_state);
auto bhp_at_thp_limit = computeBhpAtThpLimitInj(ebos_simulator, summary_state, deferred_logger);
if (bhp_at_thp_limit) {
const double bhp = std::min(*bhp_at_thp_limit, controls.bhp_limit);
computeWellRatesWithBhp(ebos_simulator, bhp, potentials, deferred_logger);
} else {
deferred_logger.warning("FAILURE_GETTING_CONVERGED_POTENTIAL",
"Failed in getting converged thp based potential calculation for well "
+ name() + ". Instead the bhp based value is used");
const double bhp = controls.bhp_limit;
computeWellRatesWithBhp(ebos_simulator, bhp, potentials, deferred_logger);
}
} else {
computeWellRatesWithThpAlqProd(
ebos_simulator, summary_state,
deferred_logger, potentials, this->getALQ(well_state)
);
}
return potentials;
}
template<typename TypeTag>
double
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
computeWellRatesAndBhpWithThpAlqProd(const Simulator &ebos_simulator,
const SummaryState &summary_state,
DeferredLogger &deferred_logger,
std::vector<double> &potentials,
double alq) const
{
double bhp;
auto bhp_at_thp_limit = computeBhpAtThpLimitProdWithAlq(
ebos_simulator, summary_state, alq, deferred_logger);
if (bhp_at_thp_limit) {
const auto& controls = this->well_ecl_.productionControls(summary_state);
bhp = std::max(*bhp_at_thp_limit, controls.bhp_limit);
computeWellRatesWithBhp(ebos_simulator, bhp, potentials, deferred_logger);
}
else {
deferred_logger.warning("FAILURE_GETTING_CONVERGED_POTENTIAL",
"Failed in getting converged thp based potential calculation for well "
+ name() + ". Instead the bhp based value is used");
const auto& controls = this->well_ecl_.productionControls(summary_state);
bhp = controls.bhp_limit;
computeWellRatesWithBhp(ebos_simulator, bhp, potentials, deferred_logger);
}
return bhp;
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
computeWellRatesWithThpAlqProd(const Simulator &ebos_simulator,
const SummaryState &summary_state,
DeferredLogger &deferred_logger,
std::vector<double> &potentials,
double alq) const
{
/*double bhp =*/
computeWellRatesAndBhpWithThpAlqProd(ebos_simulator,
summary_state,
deferred_logger,
potentials,
alq);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
computeWellPotentials(const Simulator& ebosSimulator,
const WellState& well_state,
std::vector<double>& well_potentials,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) // const
{
const int np = this->number_of_phases_;
well_potentials.resize(np, 0.0);
if (this->wellIsStopped()) {
return;
}
this->operability_status_.has_negative_potentials = false;
// If the well is pressure controlled the potential equals the rate.
bool thp_controlled_well = false;
bool bhp_controlled_well = false;
const auto& ws = well_state.well(this->index_of_well_);
if (this->isInjector()) {
const Well::InjectorCMode& current = ws.injection_cmode;
if (current == Well::InjectorCMode::THP) {
thp_controlled_well = true;
}
if (current == Well::InjectorCMode::BHP) {
bhp_controlled_well = true;
}
} else {
const Well::ProducerCMode& current = ws.production_cmode;
if (current == Well::ProducerCMode::THP) {
thp_controlled_well = true;
}
if (current == Well::ProducerCMode::BHP) {
bhp_controlled_well = true;
}
}
if (!this->changed_to_open_this_step_ && (thp_controlled_well || bhp_controlled_well)) {
double total_rate = 0.0;
const double sign = this->isInjector() ? 1.0:-1.0;
for (int phase = 0; phase < np; ++phase){
total_rate += sign * ws.surface_rates[phase];
}
// for pressure controlled wells the well rates are the potentials
// if the rates are trivial we are most probably looking at the newly
// opened well and we therefore make the affort of computing the potentials anyway.
if (total_rate > 0) {
for (int phase = 0; phase < np; ++phase){
well_potentials[phase] = sign * ws.surface_rates[phase];
}
return;
}
}
// does the well have a THP related constraint?
const auto& summaryState = ebosSimulator.vanguard().summaryState();
if (!Base::wellHasTHPConstraints(summaryState) || bhp_controlled_well) {
// get the bhp value based on the bhp constraints
double bhp = WellBhpThpCalculator(*this).mostStrictBhpFromBhpLimits(summaryState);
// In some very special cases the bhp pressure target are
// temporary violated. This may lead to too small or negative potentials
// that could lead to premature shutting of wells.
// As a remedy the bhp that gives the largest potential is used.
// For converged cases, ws.bhp <=bhp for injectors and ws.bhp >= bhp,
// and the potentials will be computed using the limit as expected.
if (this->isInjector())
bhp = std::max(ws.bhp, bhp);
else
bhp = std::min(ws.bhp, bhp);
assert(std::abs(bhp) != std::numeric_limits<double>::max());
computeWellRatesWithBhpIterations(ebosSimulator, bhp, well_potentials, deferred_logger);
} else {
// the well has a THP related constraint
well_potentials = computeWellPotentialWithTHP(ebosSimulator, deferred_logger, well_state);
}
const double sign = this->isInjector() ? 1.0:-1.0;
double total_potential = 0.0;
for (int phase = 0; phase < np; ++phase){
well_potentials[phase] *= sign;
total_potential += well_potentials[phase];
}
if (total_potential < 0.0 && this->param_.check_well_operability_) {
// wells with negative potentials are not operable
this->operability_status_.has_negative_potentials = true;
const std::string msg = std::string("well ") + this->name() + std::string(": has negative potentials and is not operable");
deferred_logger.warning("NEGATIVE_POTENTIALS_INOPERABLE", msg);
}
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
updatePrimaryVariables(const WellState& well_state, DeferredLogger& deferred_logger)
{
if (!this->isOperableAndSolvable() && !this->wellIsStopped()) return;
this->primary_variables_.update(well_state, deferred_logger);
// other primary variables related to polymer injection
if constexpr (Base::has_polymermw) {
this->primary_variables_.updatePolyMW(well_state);
}
this->primary_variables_.checkFinite(deferred_logger);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
double
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
getRefDensity() const
{
return this->connections_.rho();
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
updateWaterMobilityWithPolymer(const Simulator& ebos_simulator,
const int perf,
std::vector<EvalWell>& mob,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
const int cell_idx = this->well_cells_[perf];
const auto& int_quant = *(ebos_simulator.model().cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, /*timeIdx=*/ 0));
const EvalWell polymer_concentration = this->extendEval(int_quant.polymerConcentration());
// TODO: not sure should based on the well type or injecting/producing peforations
// it can be different for crossflow
if (this->isInjector()) {
// assume fully mixing within injecting wellbore
const auto& visc_mult_table = PolymerModule::plyviscViscosityMultiplierTable(int_quant.pvtRegionIndex());
const unsigned waterCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::waterCompIdx);
mob[waterCompIdx] /= (this->extendEval(int_quant.waterViscosityCorrection()) * visc_mult_table.eval(polymer_concentration, /*extrapolate=*/true) );
}
if (PolymerModule::hasPlyshlog()) {
// we do not calculate the shear effects for injection wells when they do not
// inject polymer.
if (this->isInjector() && this->wpolymer() == 0.) {
return;
}
// compute the well water velocity with out shear effects.
// TODO: do we need to turn on crossflow here?
const bool allow_cf = this->getAllowCrossFlow() || openCrossFlowAvoidSingularity(ebos_simulator);
const EvalWell& bhp = this->primary_variables_.eval(Bhp);
std::vector<EvalWell> cq_s(this->num_components_, {this->primary_variables_.numWellEq() + Indices::numEq, 0.});
double perf_dis_gas_rate = 0.;
double perf_vap_oil_rate = 0.;
double perf_vap_wat_rate = 0.;
double trans_mult = ebos_simulator.problem().template rockCompTransMultiplier<double>(int_quant, cell_idx);
const double Tw = this->well_index_[perf] * trans_mult;
computePerfRateEval(int_quant, mob, bhp, Tw, perf, allow_cf,
cq_s, perf_dis_gas_rate, perf_vap_oil_rate, perf_vap_wat_rate, deferred_logger);
// TODO: make area a member
const double area = 2 * M_PI * this->perf_rep_radius_[perf] * this->perf_length_[perf];
const auto& material_law_manager = ebos_simulator.problem().materialLawManager();
const auto& scaled_drainage_info =
material_law_manager->oilWaterScaledEpsInfoDrainage(cell_idx);
const double swcr = scaled_drainage_info.Swcr;
const EvalWell poro = this->extendEval(int_quant.porosity());
const EvalWell sw = this->extendEval(int_quant.fluidState().saturation(FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx));
// guard against zero porosity and no water
const EvalWell denom = max( (area * poro * (sw - swcr)), 1e-12);
const unsigned waterCompIdx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::waterCompIdx);
EvalWell water_velocity = cq_s[waterCompIdx] / denom * this->extendEval(int_quant.fluidState().invB(FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx));
if (PolymerModule::hasShrate()) {
// the equation for the water velocity conversion for the wells and reservoir are from different version
// of implementation. It can be changed to be more consistent when possible.
water_velocity *= PolymerModule::shrate( int_quant.pvtRegionIndex() ) / this->bore_diameters_[perf];
}
const EvalWell shear_factor = PolymerModule::computeShearFactor(polymer_concentration,
int_quant.pvtRegionIndex(),
water_velocity);
// modify the mobility with the shear factor.
mob[waterCompIdx] /= shear_factor;
}
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::addWellContributions(SparseMatrixAdapter& jacobian) const
{
this->linSys_.extract(jacobian);
}
template <typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::addWellPressureEquations(PressureMatrix& jacobian,
const BVector& weights,
const int pressureVarIndex,
const bool use_well_weights,
const WellState& well_state) const
{
this->linSys_.extractCPRPressureMatrix(jacobian,
weights,
pressureVarIndex,
use_well_weights,
*this,
Bhp,
well_state);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
typename StandardWell<TypeTag>::EvalWell
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
pskinwater(const double throughput,
const EvalWell& water_velocity,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
if constexpr (Base::has_polymermw) {
const int water_table_id = this->well_ecl_.getPolymerProperties().m_skprwattable;
if (water_table_id <= 0) {
OPM_DEFLOG_THROW(std::runtime_error, "Unused SKPRWAT table id used for well " << name(), deferred_logger);
}
const auto& water_table_func = PolymerModule::getSkprwatTable(water_table_id);
const EvalWell throughput_eval(this->primary_variables_.numWellEq() + Indices::numEq, throughput);
// the skin pressure when injecting water, which also means the polymer concentration is zero
EvalWell pskin_water(this->primary_variables_.numWellEq() + Indices::numEq, 0.0);
pskin_water = water_table_func.eval(throughput_eval, water_velocity);
return pskin_water;
} else {
OPM_DEFLOG_THROW(std::runtime_error, "Polymermw is not activated, "
"while injecting skin pressure is requested for well " << name(), deferred_logger);
}
}
template<typename TypeTag>
typename StandardWell<TypeTag>::EvalWell
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
pskin(const double throughput,
const EvalWell& water_velocity,
const EvalWell& poly_inj_conc,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
if constexpr (Base::has_polymermw) {
const double sign = water_velocity >= 0. ? 1.0 : -1.0;
const EvalWell water_velocity_abs = abs(water_velocity);
if (poly_inj_conc == 0.) {
return sign * pskinwater(throughput, water_velocity_abs, deferred_logger);
}
const int polymer_table_id = this->well_ecl_.getPolymerProperties().m_skprpolytable;
if (polymer_table_id <= 0) {
OPM_DEFLOG_THROW(std::runtime_error, "Unavailable SKPRPOLY table id used for well " << name(), deferred_logger);
}
const auto& skprpolytable = PolymerModule::getSkprpolyTable(polymer_table_id);
const double reference_concentration = skprpolytable.refConcentration;
const EvalWell throughput_eval(this->primary_variables_.numWellEq() + Indices::numEq, throughput);
// the skin pressure when injecting water, which also means the polymer concentration is zero
EvalWell pskin_poly(this->primary_variables_.numWellEq() + Indices::numEq, 0.0);
pskin_poly = skprpolytable.table_func.eval(throughput_eval, water_velocity_abs);
if (poly_inj_conc == reference_concentration) {
return sign * pskin_poly;
}
// poly_inj_conc != reference concentration of the table, then some interpolation will be required
const EvalWell pskin_water = pskinwater(throughput, water_velocity_abs, deferred_logger);
const EvalWell pskin = pskin_water + (pskin_poly - pskin_water) / reference_concentration * poly_inj_conc;
return sign * pskin;
} else {
OPM_DEFLOG_THROW(std::runtime_error, "Polymermw is not activated, "
"while injecting skin pressure is requested for well " << name(), deferred_logger);
}
}
template<typename TypeTag>
typename StandardWell<TypeTag>::EvalWell
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
wpolymermw(const double throughput,
const EvalWell& water_velocity,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
if constexpr (Base::has_polymermw) {
const int table_id = this->well_ecl_.getPolymerProperties().m_plymwinjtable;
const auto& table_func = PolymerModule::getPlymwinjTable(table_id);
const EvalWell throughput_eval(this->primary_variables_.numWellEq() + Indices::numEq, throughput);
EvalWell molecular_weight(this->primary_variables_.numWellEq() + Indices::numEq, 0.);
if (this->wpolymer() == 0.) { // not injecting polymer
return molecular_weight;
}
molecular_weight = table_func.eval(throughput_eval, abs(water_velocity));
return molecular_weight;
} else {
OPM_DEFLOG_THROW(std::runtime_error, "Polymermw is not activated, "
"while injecting polymer molecular weight is requested for well " << name(), deferred_logger);
}
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
updateWaterThroughput(const double dt, WellState &well_state) const
{
if constexpr (Base::has_polymermw) {
if (this->isInjector()) {
auto& ws = well_state.well(this->index_of_well_);
auto& perf_water_throughput = ws.perf_data.water_throughput;
for (int perf = 0; perf < this->number_of_perforations_; ++perf) {
const double perf_water_vel = this->primary_variables_.value(Bhp + 1 + perf);
// we do not consider the formation damage due to water flowing from reservoir into wellbore
if (perf_water_vel > 0.) {
perf_water_throughput[perf] += perf_water_vel * dt;
}
}
}
}
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
handleInjectivityRate(const Simulator& ebosSimulator,
const int perf,
std::vector<EvalWell>& cq_s) const
{
const int cell_idx = this->well_cells_[perf];
const auto& int_quants = *(ebosSimulator.model().cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, /*timeIdx=*/ 0));
const auto& fs = int_quants.fluidState();
const EvalWell b_w = this->extendEval(fs.invB(FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx));
const double area = M_PI * this->bore_diameters_[perf] * this->perf_length_[perf];
const int wat_vel_index = Bhp + 1 + perf;
const unsigned water_comp_idx = Indices::canonicalToActiveComponentIndex(FluidSystem::waterCompIdx);
// water rate is update to use the form from water velocity, since water velocity is
// a primary variable now
cq_s[water_comp_idx] = area * this->primary_variables_.eval(wat_vel_index) * b_w;
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
handleInjectivityEquations(const Simulator& ebosSimulator,
const WellState& well_state,
const int perf,
const EvalWell& water_flux_s,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger)
{
const int cell_idx = this->well_cells_[perf];
const auto& int_quants = *(ebosSimulator.model().cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, /*timeIdx=*/ 0));
const auto& fs = int_quants.fluidState();
const EvalWell b_w = this->extendEval(fs.invB(FluidSystem::waterPhaseIdx));
const EvalWell water_flux_r = water_flux_s / b_w;
const double area = M_PI * this->bore_diameters_[perf] * this->perf_length_[perf];
const EvalWell water_velocity = water_flux_r / area;
const int wat_vel_index = Bhp + 1 + perf;
// equation for the water velocity
const EvalWell eq_wat_vel = this->primary_variables_.eval(wat_vel_index) - water_velocity;
const auto& ws = well_state.well(this->index_of_well_);
const auto& perf_data = ws.perf_data;
const auto& perf_water_throughput = perf_data.water_throughput;
const double throughput = perf_water_throughput[perf];
const int pskin_index = Bhp + 1 + this->number_of_perforations_ + perf;
EvalWell poly_conc(this->primary_variables_.numWellEq() + Indices::numEq, 0.0);
poly_conc.setValue(this->wpolymer());
// equation for the skin pressure
const EvalWell eq_pskin = this->primary_variables_.eval(pskin_index)
- pskin(throughput, this->primary_variables_.eval(wat_vel_index), poly_conc, deferred_logger);
StandardWellAssemble<FluidSystem,Indices,Scalar>(*this).
assembleInjectivityEq(eq_pskin,
eq_wat_vel,
pskin_index,
wat_vel_index,
cell_idx,
this->primary_variables_.numWellEq(),
this->linSys_);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
checkConvergenceExtraEqs(const std::vector<double>& res,
ConvergenceReport& report) const
{
// if different types of extra equations are involved, this function needs to be refactored further
// checking the convergence of the extra equations related to polymer injectivity
if constexpr (Base::has_polymermw) {
WellConvergence(*this).
checkConvergencePolyMW(res, Bhp, this->param_.max_residual_allowed_, report);
}
}
template<typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
updateConnectionRatePolyMW(const EvalWell& cq_s_poly,
const IntensiveQuantities& int_quants,
const WellState& well_state,
const int perf,
std::vector<RateVector>& connectionRates,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
// the source term related to transport of molecular weight
EvalWell cq_s_polymw = cq_s_poly;
if (this->isInjector()) {
const int wat_vel_index = Bhp + 1 + perf;
const EvalWell water_velocity = this->primary_variables_.eval(wat_vel_index);
if (water_velocity > 0.) { // injecting
const auto& ws = well_state.well(this->index_of_well_);
const auto& perf_water_throughput = ws.perf_data.water_throughput;
const double throughput = perf_water_throughput[perf];
const EvalWell molecular_weight = wpolymermw(throughput, water_velocity, deferred_logger);
cq_s_polymw *= molecular_weight;
} else {
// we do not consider the molecular weight from the polymer
// going-back to the wellbore through injector
cq_s_polymw *= 0.;
}
} else if (this->isProducer()) {
if (cq_s_polymw < 0.) {
cq_s_polymw *= this->extendEval(int_quants.polymerMoleWeight() );
} else {
// we do not consider the molecular weight from the polymer
// re-injecting back through producer
cq_s_polymw *= 0.;
}
}
connectionRates[perf][Indices::contiPolymerMWEqIdx] = Base::restrictEval(cq_s_polymw);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
std::optional<double>
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
computeBhpAtThpLimitProd(const WellState& well_state,
const Simulator& ebos_simulator,
const SummaryState& summary_state,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
return computeBhpAtThpLimitProdWithAlq(ebos_simulator,
summary_state,
this->getALQ(well_state),
deferred_logger);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
std::optional<double>
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
computeBhpAtThpLimitProdWithAlq(const Simulator& ebos_simulator,
const SummaryState& summary_state,
const double alq_value,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
// Make the frates() function.
auto frates = [this, &ebos_simulator, &deferred_logger](const double bhp) {
// Not solving the well equations here, which means we are
// calculating at the current Fg/Fw values of the
// well. This does not matter unless the well is
// crossflowing, and then it is likely still a good
// approximation.
std::vector<double> rates(3);
computeWellRatesWithBhp(ebos_simulator, bhp, rates, deferred_logger);
this->adaptRatesForVFP(rates);
return rates;
};
double max_pressure = 0.0;
for (int perf = 0; perf < this->number_of_perforations_; ++perf) {
const int cell_idx = this->well_cells_[perf];
const auto& int_quants = *(ebos_simulator.model().cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, /*timeIdx=*/ 0));
const auto& fs = int_quants.fluidState();
double pressure_cell = this->getPerfCellPressure(fs).value();
max_pressure = std::max(max_pressure, pressure_cell);
}
auto bhpAtLimit = WellBhpThpCalculator(*this).computeBhpAtThpLimitProd(frates,
summary_state,
max_pressure,
this->connections_.rho(),
alq_value,
this->getTHPConstraint(summary_state),
deferred_logger);
auto v = frates(*bhpAtLimit);
if (bhpAtLimit && std::all_of(v.cbegin(), v.cend(), [](double i){ return i <= 0; }))
return bhpAtLimit;
auto fratesIter = [this, &ebos_simulator, &deferred_logger](const double bhp) {
// Solver the well iterations to see if we are
// able to get a solution with an update
// solution
std::vector<double> rates(3);
computeWellRatesWithBhpIterations(ebos_simulator, bhp, rates, deferred_logger);
this->adaptRatesForVFP(rates);
return rates;
};
bhpAtLimit = WellBhpThpCalculator(*this).computeBhpAtThpLimitProd(fratesIter,
summary_state,
max_pressure,
this->connections_.rho(),
alq_value,
this->getTHPConstraint(summary_state),
deferred_logger);
v = frates(*bhpAtLimit);
if(bhpAtLimit && std::all_of(v.cbegin(), v.cend(), [](double i){ return i <= 0; }))
return bhpAtLimit;
// we still don't get a valied solution.
return std::nullopt;
}
template<typename TypeTag>
std::optional<double>
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
computeBhpAtThpLimitInj(const Simulator& ebos_simulator,
const SummaryState& summary_state,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
// Make the frates() function.
auto frates = [this, &ebos_simulator, &deferred_logger](const double bhp) {
// Not solving the well equations here, which means we are
// calculating at the current Fg/Fw values of the
// well. This does not matter unless the well is
// crossflowing, and then it is likely still a good
// approximation.
std::vector<double> rates(3);
computeWellRatesWithBhp(ebos_simulator, bhp, rates, deferred_logger);
return rates;
};
return WellBhpThpCalculator(*this).computeBhpAtThpLimitInj(frates,
summary_state,
this->connections_.rho(),
1e-6,
50,
true,
deferred_logger);
}
template<typename TypeTag>
bool
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
iterateWellEqWithControl(const Simulator& ebosSimulator,
const double dt,
const Well::InjectionControls& inj_controls,
const Well::ProductionControls& prod_controls,
WellState& well_state,
const GroupState& group_state,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger)
{
const int max_iter = this->param_.max_inner_iter_wells_;
int it = 0;
bool converged;
bool relax_convergence = false;
this->regularize_ = false;
do {
assembleWellEqWithoutIteration(ebosSimulator, dt, inj_controls, prod_controls, well_state, group_state, deferred_logger);
if (it > this->param_.strict_inner_iter_wells_) {
relax_convergence = true;
this->regularize_ = true;
}
auto report = getWellConvergence(well_state, Base::B_avg_, deferred_logger, relax_convergence);
converged = report.converged();
if (converged) {
break;
}
++it;
solveEqAndUpdateWellState(well_state, deferred_logger);
// TODO: when this function is used for well testing purposes, will need to check the controls, so that we will obtain convergence
// under the most restrictive control. Based on this converged results, we can check whether to re-open the well. Either we refactor
// this function or we use different functions for the well testing purposes.
// We don't allow for switching well controls while computing well potentials and testing wells
// updateWellControl(ebosSimulator, well_state, deferred_logger);
initPrimaryVariablesEvaluation();
} while (it < max_iter);
return converged;
}
template<typename TypeTag>
std::vector<double>
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
computeCurrentWellRates(const Simulator& ebosSimulator,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
// Calculate the rates that follow from the current primary variables.
std::vector<double> well_q_s(this->num_components_, 0.);
const EvalWell& bhp = this->primary_variables_.eval(Bhp);
const bool allow_cf = this->getAllowCrossFlow() || openCrossFlowAvoidSingularity(ebosSimulator);
for (int perf = 0; perf < this->number_of_perforations_; ++perf) {
const int cell_idx = this->well_cells_[perf];
const auto& intQuants = *(ebosSimulator.model().cachedIntensiveQuantities(cell_idx, /*timeIdx=*/ 0));
std::vector<Scalar> mob(this->num_components_, 0.);
getMobilityScalar(ebosSimulator, perf, mob, deferred_logger);
std::vector<Scalar> cq_s(this->num_components_, 0.);
double trans_mult = ebosSimulator.problem().template rockCompTransMultiplier<double>(intQuants, cell_idx);
const double Tw = this->well_index_[perf] * trans_mult;
computePerfRateScalar(intQuants, mob, bhp.value(), Tw, perf, allow_cf,
cq_s, deferred_logger);
for (int comp = 0; comp < this->num_components_; ++comp) {
well_q_s[comp] += cq_s[comp];
}
}
const auto& comm = this->parallel_well_info_.communication();
if (comm.size() > 1)
{
comm.sum(well_q_s.data(), well_q_s.size());
}
return well_q_s;
}
template <typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
computeConnLevelProdInd(const typename StandardWell<TypeTag>::FluidState& fs,
const std::function<double(const double)>& connPICalc,
const std::vector<EvalWell>& mobility,
double* connPI) const
{
const auto& pu = this->phaseUsage();
const int np = this->number_of_phases_;
for (int p = 0; p < np; ++p) {
// Note: E100's notion of PI value phase mobility includes
// the reciprocal FVF.
const auto connMob =
mobility[ this->flowPhaseToEbosCompIdx(p) ].value()
* fs.invB(this->flowPhaseToEbosPhaseIdx(p)).value();
connPI[p] = connPICalc(connMob);
}
if (FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::oilPhaseIdx) &&
FluidSystem::phaseIsActive(FluidSystem::gasPhaseIdx))
{
const auto io = pu.phase_pos[Oil];
const auto ig = pu.phase_pos[Gas];
const auto vapoil = connPI[ig] * fs.Rv().value();
const auto disgas = connPI[io] * fs.Rs().value();
connPI[io] += vapoil;
connPI[ig] += disgas;
}
}
template <typename TypeTag>
void
StandardWell<TypeTag>::
computeConnLevelInjInd(const typename StandardWell<TypeTag>::FluidState& fs,
const Phase preferred_phase,
const std::function<double(const double)>& connIICalc,
const std::vector<EvalWell>& mobility,
double* connII,
DeferredLogger& deferred_logger) const
{
// Assumes single phase injection
const auto& pu = this->phaseUsage();
auto phase_pos = 0;
if (preferred_phase == Phase::GAS) {
phase_pos = pu.phase_pos[Gas];
}
else if (preferred_phase == Phase::OIL) {
phase_pos = pu.phase_pos[Oil];
}
else if (preferred_phase == Phase::WATER) {
phase_pos = pu.phase_pos[Water];
}
else {
OPM_DEFLOG_THROW(NotImplemented,
"Unsupported Injector Type ("
<< static_cast<int>(preferred_phase)
<< ") for well " << this->name()
<< " during connection I.I. calculation",
deferred_logger);
}
const auto zero = EvalWell{this->primary_variables_.numWellEq() + Indices::numEq, 0.0};
const auto mt = std::accumulate(mobility.begin(), mobility.end(), zero);
connII[phase_pos] = connIICalc(mt.value() * fs.invB(this->flowPhaseToEbosPhaseIdx(phase_pos)).value());
}
} // namespace Opm
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