freeipa/doc/designs/subordinate-ids.md

Central management of subordinate user and group ids

OUTDATED

The design document does not reflect new implementation yet!

Subordinate ids are a Linux Kernel feature to grant a user additional user and group id ranges. Amongst others the feature can be used by container runtime engies to implement rootless containers. Traditionally subordinate id ranges are configured in /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid.

To make rootless containers in a large environment as easy as pie, IPA gains the ability to centrally manage and assign subordinate id ranges. SSSD and shadow-util are extended to read subordinate ids from IPA and provide them to userspace tools.

Overview

Feature requests

• FreeIPA feature request #8361
• SSSD feature request #5197
• shadow-util feature request #154
• 389-DS RFE for DNA plugin rhbz#1938239

Man pages

• man subuid(5)
• man subgid(5)
• man user_namespaces(7)
• man newuidmap(1)

Articles / blog posts

• Basic Setup and Use of Podman in a Rootless environment
• How does rootless Podman work

Design choices

Some design choices are owed to the circumstance that uids and gids are limited datatypes. The Linux Kernel and userland defines uid_t and gid_t as unsigned 32bit integers (uint32_t), which limits possible values for numeric user and group ids to 0 .. 2^32-2. (uid_t)-1 is reserved for error reporting. On the other hand the user nobody typically has uid 65534 / gid 65534. This means we need to assign 65,536 subordinate ids to every user. The theoretical maximum amount of subordinate ranges is less than 65,536 (65536 * 65536 == 2^32). logins.def also uses 65536 as default setting for SUB_UID_COUNT.

The practical limit is far smaller. Subordinate ids should not overlap with system accounts, local user accounts, IPA user accounts, and mapped accounts from Active Directory. Therefore IPA uses the upper half of the uid_t range (>= 2^31 == 2,147,483,648) for subordinate ids. The high bit is rarely used. IPA limits general numeric ids (uidNumber, gidNumber, ID ranges) to maximum values of signed 32bit integer (2^31-1) for backwards compatibility with XML-RPC. logins.def defaults to SUB_UID_MAX 600,100,000.

A default subordinate id count of 65,536 and a total range of approx. 2.1 billion limits IPA to slightly more than 32,000 possible ranges. It may sound like a lot of users, but there are much bigger installations of IPA. For comparison Fedora Accounts has over 120,000 users stored in IPA.

For that reason we treat subordinate id space as premium real estate and don't auto-map or auto-assign subordinate ids by default. Instead we give the admin several options to assign them manually, semi-manual, or automatically.

Revision 1 limitation

The first revision of the feature is deliberately limited and restricted. We are aiming for a simple implementation that covers basic use cases. Some restrictions may be lifted in the future.

• subuid and subgids cannot be set independently. They are always set to the same value.
• counts are hard-coded to value 65536
• once assigned subids cannot be removed
• IPA does not support multiple subordinate id ranges, yet. Contrary to /etc/subuid, users are limited to one set of subordinate ids. The limitation is implemented with a unique index on owner reference and can be lifted in the future.
• subids are auto-assigned. Auto-assignment is currently emulated until 389-DS has been extended to support DNA with step interval.
• subids are allocated from hard-coded range [2147483648..4294901767] (2^31 to 2^32-1-65536), which is the upper 2.1 billion uids of uid_t (uint32_t). The range can hold little 32,767 subordinate id ranges.
• Active Directory support is out of scope and may be provided in the future.

Subid assignment example

>>> import itertools
>>> def subids():
...     for n in itertools.count(start=0):
...         start = SUBID_RANGE_START + (n * SUBID_COUNT)
...         last = start + SUBID_COUNT - 1
...         yield (start, last)
...
>>> gen = subids()
>>> next(gen)
(2147483648, 2147549183)
>>> next(gen)
(2147549184, 2147614719)
>>> next(gen)
(2147614720, 2147680255)

The first user has 65565 subordinate ids from uid/gid 2147483648 to 2147549183, the next user has 2147549184 to 2147614719, and so on. The range count includes the start value.

An installation with multiple servers, 389-DS' DNA plug-in takes care of delegating and assigning chunks of subid ranges to servers. The DNA plug-in guarantees uniqueness across servers.

LDAP

LDAP schema extension

The subordinate id feature introduces a new auxiliar object class ipaSubordinateId with five required attributes ipaOwner, ipaSubUidNumber, ipaSubUidCount, ipaSubGidNumber, and ipaSubGidCount. The attributes with number suffix store the start value of the interval. The count attributes contain the size of the interval including the start value. The maximum subid is ipaSubUidNumber + ipaSubUidCount - 1. The ipaOwner attribute is a reference to the owning user.

All count and number attributes are single-value INTEGER type with standard integer matching rules. OIDs 2.16.840.1.113730.3.8.23.8 and 2.16.840.1.113730.3.8.23.11 are reserved for future use.

attributeTypes: (
  2.16.840.1.113730.3.8.23.7
  NAME 'ipaSubUidNumber'
  DESC 'Numerical subordinate user ID (range start value)'
  EQUALITY integerMatch ORDERING integerOrderingMatch
  SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE
  X-ORIGIN 'IPA v4.9'
)
attributeTypes: (
  2.16.840.1.113730.3.8.23.8
  NAME 'ipaSubUidCount'
  DESC 'Subordinate user ID count (range size)'
  EQUALITY integerMatch ORDERING integerOrderingMatch
  SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE
  X-ORIGIN 'IPA v4.9'
)
attributeTypes: (
  2.16.840.1.113730.3.8.23.10
  NAME 'ipaSubGidNumber'
  DESC 'Numerical subordinate group ID (range start value)'
  EQUALITY integerMatch ORDERING integerOrderingMatch
  SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE
  X-ORIGIN 'IPA v4.9'
)
attributeTypes: (
  2.16.840.1.113730.3.8.23.11
  NAME 'ipaSubGidCount'
  DESC 'Subordinate group ID count (range size)'
  EQUALITY integerMatch ORDERING integerOrderingMatch
  SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.27 SINGLE-VALUE
  X-ORIGIN 'IPA v4.9'
)

The ipaOwner attribute is a single-value DN attribute that refers to user entry that owns the subordinate ID entry. The proposal does not reuse any of the existing attributes like owner or member, because they are all multi-valued.

attributeTypes: (
  2.16.840.1.113730.3.8.23.13
  NAME 'ipaOwner'
  DESC 'Owner of an entry'
  SUP distinguishedName
  EQUALITY distinguishedNameMatch
  SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.12
  SINGLE-VALUE
  X-ORIGIN 'IPA v4.9')

The ipaSubordinateId object class is an auxiliary subclass of top and requires all four subordinate id attributes as well as ipaOwner attribute``

objectClasses: (
  2.16.840.1.113730.3.8.24.4
  NAME 'ipaSubordinateId'
  DESC 'Subordinate uid and gid for users'
  SUP top
  AUXILIARY
  MUST ( ipaOwner $ ipaSubUidNumber $ ipaSubUidCount $ ipaSubGidNumber $ ipaSubGidCount )
  X-ORIGIN 'IPA v4.9'
)

The ipaSubordinateGid and ipaSubordinateUid are defined for future use. IPA always assumes the presence of ipaSubordinateId.

objectClasses: (
  2.16.840.1.113730.3.8.24.2
  NAME 'ipaSubordinateUid'
  DESC 'Subordinate uids for users, see subuid(5)'
  SUP top
  AUXILIARY
  MUST ( ipaOwner $ ipaSubUidNumber $ ipaSubUidCount )
  X-ORIGIN 'IPA v4.9'
 )
objectClasses: (
  2.16.840.1.113730.3.8.24.3
  NAME 'ipaSubordinateGid'
  DESC 'Subordinate gids for users, see subgid(5)'
  SUP top
  AUXILIARY
  MUST ( ipaOwner $ ipaSubGidNumber $ ipaSubGidCount )
  X-ORIGIN 'IPA v4.9'
)

Subordinate id entries have the structural object class ipaSubordinateIdEntry and one or more of the auxiliary object classes ipaSubordinateId, ipaSubordinateGid, or ipaSubordinateUid. ipaUniqueId is used as a primary key (RDN).

objectClasses: (
  2.16.840.1.113730.3.8.24.5
  NAME 'ipaSubordinateIdEntry'
  DESC 'Subordinate uid and gid entry'
  SUP top
  STRUCTURAL
  MUST ( ipaUniqueId ) MAY ( description ) X-ORIGIN 'IPA v4.9'
)

cn=subids,cn=accounts,$SUFFIX

Subordiante ids and ACIs are stored in the new subtree cn=subids,cn=accounts,$SUFFIX.

Index, integrity, memberOf

The attributes ipaSubUidNumber and ipaSubGidNumber are index for pres and eq with nsMatchingRule: integerOrderingMatch to enable efficient =, >=, and <= searches.

The attribute ipaOwner is indexed for pres and eq. This DN attribute is also checked for referential integrity and uniqueness within the cn=subids,cn=accounts,$SUFFIX subtree. The memberOf plugin creates back-references for ipaOwner references.

Distributed numeric assignment (DNA) plug-in extension

Subordinate id auto-assignment requires an extension of 389-DS' DNA plug-in. The DNA plug-in is responsible for safely assigning unique numeric ids across all replicas.

Currently the DNA plug-in only supports a step size of 1. A new option dnaStepAttr (name is tentative) will tell the DNA plug-in to use the value of entry attributes as step size.

IPA plugins and commands

The config plugin has a new option to enable or disable generation of subordinate id entries for new users:

$ ipa config-mod --user-default-subid=true

Subordinate ids are managed by a new plugin class. The subid-add and subid-del commands are hidden from command line. New subordinate ids are generated and auto-assigned with subid-generate.

$ ipa help subid
Topic commands:
  subid-find      Search for subordinate id.
  subid-generate  Generate and auto-assign subuid and subgid range to user entry
  subid-match     Match users by any subordinate uid in their range
  subid-mod       Modify a subordinate id.
  subid-show      Display information about a subordinate id.
  subid-stats     Subordinate id statistics

$ ipa subid-generate --owner testuser9
-----------------------------------------------------------
Added subordinate id "aa28f132-457c-488b-82e1-d123727e4f81"
-----------------------------------------------------------
  Unique ID: aa28f132-457c-488b-82e1-d123727e4f81
  Description: auto-assigned subid
  Owner: testuser9
  SubUID range start: 3922132992
  SubUID range size: 65536
  SubGID range start: 3922132992
  SubGID range size: 65536

$ ipa subid-find --owner testuser9
------------------------
1 subordinate id matched
------------------------
  Unique ID: aa28f132-457c-488b-82e1-d123727e4f81
  Owner: testuser9
  SubUID range start: 3922132992
  SubUID range size: 65536
  SubGID range start: 3922132992
  SubGID range size: 65536
----------------------------
Number of entries returned 1
----------------------------

$ ipa -vv subid-stats
...
ipa: INFO: Response: {
    "error": null,
    "id": 0,
    "principal": "admin@IPASUBID.TEST",
    "result": {
        "result": {
            "assigned_subids": 20,
            "baseid": 2147483648,
            "dna_remaining": 4293394434,
            "rangesize": 2147352576,
            "remaining_subids": 65512
        },
        "summary": "65532 remaining subordinate id ranges"
    },
    "version": "4.10.0.dev"
}
-------------------------------------
65532 remaining subordinate id ranges
-------------------------------------

Permissions, Privileges, Roles

Self-servive RBAC

The self-service permission enables users to request auto-assignment of subordinate uid and gid ranges for themselves. Subordinate ids cannot be modified or deleted.

• ACI: selfservice: Add subordinate id
• Permission: Self-service subordinate ID
• Privilege: Subordinate ID Selfservice User
• Role: Subordinate ID Selfservice Users
• role default member: n/a

Administrator RBAC

The administrator permission allows privileged users to auto-assign subordinate ids to users. Once assigned subordinate ids cannot be modified or deleted.

• ACI: Add subordinate ids to any user
• Permission: Manage subordinate ID
• Privilege: Subordinate ID Administrators
• default privilege role: User Administrator

Managed permissions

• System: Read Subordinate Id Attributes (all authenticated users)
• System: Read Subordinate Id Count (all authenticated usrs)
• System: Manage Subordinate Ids (User Administrators)
• System: Remove Subordinate Ids (User Administrators)

Workflows

In the default configuration of IPA, neither existing users nor new users will have subordinate ids assigned. There are a couple of ways to assign subordinate ids to users.

User administrator

Users with User Administrator role and members of the admins group have permission to auto-assign new subordinate ids to any user. Auto assignment can be performed with new subid-generate command on the command line or with the Auto assign subordinate ids action in the Actions drop-down menu in the web UI.

$ ipa subid-generate --owner myusername

Self-service for group members

Ordinary users cannot self-service subordinate ids by default. Admins can assign the new Subordinate ID Selfservice User to users group to enable self-service for members of the group.

For example to enable self-service for all members of the default user group ipausers, do:

$ ipa role-add-member "Subordinate ID Selfservice User" --groups=ipausers

This allows members of ipausers to request subordinate ids with the subid-generate command or the Auto assign subordinate ids action in the web UI (TODO not implemented yet). The command picks the name of the current user principal automatically.

$ ipa subid-generate

ipa-subid tool

Finally IPA includes a new tool for mass-assignment of subordinate ids. The command uses automatic LDAPI EXTERNAL bind when it's executed as root user. Other it requires valid Kerberos TGT of an admin or user administrator.

# /usr/libexec/ipa/ipa-subids --help
Usage: ipa-subids

Mass-assign subordinate ids

Options:
  --version             show program's version number and exit
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  --group=GROUP         Filter by group membership
  --filter=USER_FILTER  Raw LDAP filter
  --dry-run             Dry run mode.
  --all-users           All users

  Logging and output options:
    -v, --verbose       print debugging information
    -d, --debug         alias for --verbose (deprecated)
    -q, --quiet         output only errors
    --log-file=FILE     log to the given file

# # /usr/libexec/ipa/ipa-subids --group ipausers
Processing user 'testsubordinated1' (1/15)
Processing user 'testsubordinated2' (2/15)
Processing user 'testsubordinated3' (3/15)
Processing user 'testsubordinated4' (4/15)
Processing user 'testsubordinated5' (5/15)
Processing user 'testsubordinated6' (6/15)
Processing user 'testsubordinated7' (7/15)
Processing user 'testsubordinated8' (8/15)
Processing user 'testsubordinated9' (9/15)
Processing user 'testsubordinated10' (10/15)
Processing user 'testsubordinated11' (11/15)
Processing user 'testsubordinated12' (12/15)
Processing user 'testsubordinated13' (13/15)
Processing user 'testsubordinated14' (14/15)
Processing user 'testsubordinated15' (15/15)
Processed 15 user(s)
The ipa-subids command was successful

Find and match users by any subordinate id

The user-find command search by start value of subordinate uid and gid range. The new command user-match-subid can be used to find a user by any subordinate id in their range.

$ ipa subid-match --subuid=2147549183
------------------------
1 subordinate id matched
------------------------
  Name: asmith-auto
  Owner: asmith
  SubUID range start: 2147483648
  SubUID range size: 65536
  SubGID range start: 2147483648
  SubGID range size: 65536
----------------------------
Number of entries returned 1
----------------------------
$ ipa user-match-subid --subuid=2147549184
  Name: bjones-auto
  Owner: bjones
  SubUID range start: 2147549184
  SubUID range size: 65536
  SubGID range start: 2147549184
  SubGID range size: 65536
----------------------------
Number of entries returned 1
----------------------------

SSSD integration

• search base: cn=subids,cn=accounts,$SUFFIX
• scope: SCOPE_ONELEVEL (1)
• filter: (objectClass=ipaSubordinateId)
• attributes: ipaOwner ipaSubUidNumber ipaSubUidCount ipaSubGidNumber ipaSubGidCount

The attribute ipaSubUidNumber is always accompanied by ipaSubUidCount and ipaSubGidNumber is always accompanied by ipaSubGidCount. In revision 1 the presence of ipaSubUidNumber implies presence of the other three attributes. All four subordinate id attributes are single-value INTEGER types. Any value outside of range of uint32_t must treated as invalid. SSSD will never see the DNA magic value -1 in cn=accounts,$SUFFIX subtree. In revision 1 each user subordinate id entry is assigned to exactly one user and each user has either 0 or 1 subid.

IPA recommends that SSSD uses LDAP deref controls for ipaOwner attribute to fetch uidNumber from the user object.

Deref control example

$ ldapsearch -L -E '!deref=ipaOwner:uid,uidNumber' \
      -b 'cn=subids,cn=accounts,dc=ipasubid,dc=test' \
      '(ipaOwner=uid=testuser10,cn=users,cn=accounts,dc=ipasubid,dc=test)'

dn: ipauniqueid=35c02c93-3799-4551-a355-ebbf042e431c,cn=subids,cn=accounts,dc=ipasubid,dc=test
# control: 1.3.6.1.4.1.4203.666.5.16 false MIQAAABxMIQAAABrBAhpcGFPd25lcgQ3dWlk
 PXRlc3R1c2VyMTAsY249dXNlcnMsY249YWNjb3VudHMsZGM9aXBhc3ViaWQsZGM9dGVzdKCEAAAAIj
 CEAAAAHAQJdWlkTnVtYmVyMYQAAAALBAk2MjgwMDAwMTE=
# ipaOwner: <uidNumber=628000011>;uid=testuser10,cn=users,cn=accounts,dc=ipasubid,dc=test

ipaOwner: uid=testuser10,cn=users,cn=accounts,dc=ipasubid,dc=test
ipaUniqueID: 35c02c93-3799-4551-a355-ebbf042e431c
description: auto-assigned subid
objectClass: ipasubordinateidentry
objectClass: ipasubordinategid
objectClass: ipasubordinateuid
objectClass: ipasubordinateid
objectClass: top
ipaSubUidNumber: 3434020864
ipaSubGidNumber: 3434020864
ipaSubUidCount: 65536
ipaSubGidCount: 65536

Implementation details

• ipaSubordinateId object class does not subclass the other two object classes. LDAP supports SUP ( ipaSubordinateGid $ ipaSubordinateUid ) but 389-DS only auto-inherits from first object class.
• The idrange entry $REALM_subid_range has preconfigured base RIDs and SID so idrange plug-in and sidgen task ignore the entry. It's the simplest approach to ensure backwards compatibility with older IPA server versions that don't know how to handle the new range. The SID is S-1-5-21-738065-838566-$DOMAIN_HASH. S-1-5-21 is the well-known SID prefix for domain SIDs. 738065-838566 is the decimal representation of the string IPA-SUB. DOMAIN_HASH is the MURMUR-3 hash of the domain name for key 0xdeadbeef. SSSD rejects SIDs unless they are prefixed with S-1-5-21 (see sss_idmap.c:is_domain_sid()).
• The new $REALM_subid_range entry uses range type ipa-ad-trust instead of range type ipa-local-subid for backwards compatibility with older SSSD clients, see SSSD #5571.
• Shared DNA configuration entries in cn=dna,cn=ipa,cn=etc,$SUFFIX are automatically removed by existing code. Server and replication plug-ins search and delete entries by dnaHostname attribute.
• ipaSubordinateId entries no longer contains uidNumber attribute. I considered to use CoS plugin to provide uidNumber as virtual attribute. However it's not possible to objectClass: cosIndirectDefinition with cosIndirectSpecifier: ipaOwner and cosAttribute: uidNumber override for the task. Indexes and searches don't work with virtual attributes.

TODO

• enable configuration for dnaStepAttr
• remove fake_dna_plugin hack from baseuser plug-in.
• add custom range type for idranges and teach AD trust, sidgen, and range overlap check code to deal with new range type.

user-del --preserve

Preserving a user with ipa user-del --preserve currently fails with an ObjectclassViolation error (err=65). The problem is caused by configuration of referential integrity postoperation plug-in. The plug-in excludes the subtree nsslapd-pluginexcludeentryscope: cn=provisioning,$SUFFX. Preserved users are moved into the staging area of the provisioning subtree. Since the ipaOwner DN target is now out of scope, the plug-in attempts to delete references. However ipaOwner is a required attribute, which triggers the objectclass violation.

Possible solutions

• Don't preserve subid entries
• Implement preserve feature for subid entries and move subids of preserved users into cn=deleted subids,cn=accounts,cn=provisioning,$SUFFIX subtree.
• Change nsslapd-pluginexcludeentryscope setting